Why does pulmonary edema develop in dogs? Pulmonary edema in a dog: symptoms, causes and treatment. 24/7 Veterinary Care

Pulmonary edema in dogs- a condition that entails dire consequences up to death. Therefore, every owner who notices symptoms of respiratory disorders and pet behavior should urgently seek veterinary help, as the bill often goes to hours and minutes! When it is not possible to urgently deliver the animal to the hospital, the doctors of our emergency veterinary care center "I-VET" will arrive at your call and carry out medical measures at home using modern resuscitation facilities. After that, the dog will be taken to our hospital for recovery from a critical condition and adequate therapy.

What is pulmonary edema in dogs, how does it develop, for what reasons and what should the owner do before the doctor arrives?

Pulmonary edema in dogs: what happens?

The lungs are the most important organ of gas exchange between the body and the environment. In millions of pulmonary vesicles - alveoli, densely entangled with capillaries, blood is saturated with oxygen and released from carbon monoxide. Normally, this process is imperceptible and natural, like breathing itself. Pulmonary edema means overfilling of the blood vessels of the lungs. This disrupts the normal permeability of the capillaries, their walls begin to pass plasma and blood into the alveoli and the space between them, making normal gas exchange impossible. This process develops from the lower sections upwards gradually, therefore, with an early visit to the veterinarian, the dog can be saved. Pulmonary edema in dogs can develop rapidly, and you can not hesitate here!

Symptoms of the pathology of pulmonary edema in dogs

To diagnose in time

symptoms

The appearance of shortness of breath - the dog breathes often, abruptly, tensely, widely inflating nostrils. At the same time, you can see how the dog's stomach rises and falls.
The position of the dog - it selects a position for the maximum intake of air: spreads its paws, stretches its head forward, opens its mouth. When the condition worsens, the dog lies on its side.
The dog is depressed, lethargic, does not respond to treats, or vice versa, becomes very restless and agitated.
A dry cough, characteristic of "cores", may appear.
The so-called cyanosis develops - the mucous membranes first turn pale, and then turn blue due to a lack of oxygen.
Body temperature drops.
From the mouth and nostrils of the animal, a clear foamy liquid is released, sometimes with blood.

Not all symptoms may appear, therefore, it is the doctor who should understand them, so as not to confuse edema with pneumonia, asphyxia, airway obstruction, paralysis of the larynx and other diseases.

Pulmonary edema in dogs and its causes

In order to successfully manage the condition of acute pulmonary insufficiency, it is important to know the reasons causing pulmonary edema in a dog.

There are cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic forms of edema.

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs

coronary heart disease,
congenital heart disease
hypertension,
pulmonary artery thrombus, aortic or valvular dysfunction.

Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs

bronchitis or pneumonia;
asphyxia (suffocation);
head injury, tumor, blood clot or cerebral hemorrhage;
chest trauma;
inhalation of toxic substances or smoke;
electric shock;
sun or heat stroke;
allergic reaction, anaphylactic shock, drug overdose;
stretching of the esophagus, stomach, gallbladder or bladder;
acute renal failure.

Pulmonary edema in dogs: diagnosis and first aid

While waiting for the doctor, provide the dog with a comfortable position, access to fresh air, free the mouth and nostrils from secretions, calm the pet.

The veterinarian will listen to the lungs with a stethoscope and examine the clinical signs when examining the animal. In this case, X-ray examination is informative. Lungs suffering from edema will be less transparent than expected, the roots of the lungs will be lubricated and expanded. Laboratory tests will show an increased level of white blood cells, hyperazotemia (increased nitrogen levels in the blood), and liver enzyme activity.

Pulmonary edema in dogs: treatment

At the first sign of pulmonary edema in dogs, first of all, the animal needs to be provided with complete rest in order to minimize stress and exercise. If the dog is very restless, the veterinarian will apply a sedative. Oxygen therapy is mandatory to stop the state of acute respiratory failure, reduce oxygen deficiency in tissues and organs and prevent the development of shock. state of shock characterized by a critical decline in all vital signs: breathing becomes weak and shallow, the pulse is barely palpable, the pupils are constricted, the animal is motionless and does not respond to external influences. Therefore, it is so important to deliver the animal to the veterinary clinic on time or call an ambulance veterinary team at home. The doctors of our veterinary center will bring with them all the necessary equipment and medicines for the necessary resuscitation.

In addition, the dog will need medical support aimed at maintaining the heart muscle, expanding the venous bed, removing excess fluid and improving the condition of the bronchi. Diuretics, bronchodilators, glucocorticoid drugs, vasodilators are usually prescribed. If the edema is of non-cardiogenic origin, its cause is eliminated and the underlying disease is treated.

At home, the pet needs provide conditions conducive to recovery: emotional peace, a minimum of physical activity, a full-fledged special menu that the doctor will advise and timely medication.

Pulmonary Edema in Dogs: Prevention Measures

The best treatment, as we know, is the prevention of disease, prevention of pulmonary edema in dogs. So that such a disaster as pulmonary edema does not happen to your pet, provide her with a rational mode of exercise and rest, protect her from injury and overheating. If the dog is aged, monitor the condition of its heart and blood vessels, keep first aid kits for the heart in the first aid kit. Each dog is shown annual preventive examinations, necessary for the early diagnosis of serious diseases.

In our veterinary center "Ya-VET" you can get a full range of modern veterinary care from calling a doctor at home to providing prompt assistance at home and in the hospital. Veterinarians of narrow specialties work here, ready to advise and help in the treatment of the most complex diseases. You can get acquainted with all the services and prices for them by simply calling our phone. Compare and you will be pleasantly surprised, as we are constantly working to make our help accessible, convenient for you and as effective as possible for your pets.

It is especially comfortable in a busy city life to be able to call a veterinarian at home, because we are often limited in time, opportunities and forces, we work late, we have other household members on our hands, etc. With an on-site veterinary service ready to help even at night, these problems are easily solved. Call us and we will help you keep your pet healthy!

Just like people edema in a dog is a sign of excessive accumulation of fluid in the tissues of the body. This is a rather serious symptom, which can be the result of a banal insect bite or indicate the presence of a dangerous disease. To cure swelling in a dog, you need to find the reason for its occurrence.

Internal edema in dogs

Pulmonary edema in dogs, as well as other internal organs, is very dangerous, as it can lead to suffocation. There are many different causes of internal edema:

heart diseases;
shock state;
pneumonia;
poisoning with poisonous gaseous substances, etc.

If there's a chance edema in a dog, symptoms will be quite noticeable. When the lungs are affected, there is rapid heavy breathing, wheezing, and vomiting is possible. If fluid accumulates in the brain area, redness of the eyes, problems with the mucous membranes of the oral and nasal cavity, vomiting and other symptoms will be observed.

If there is suspicion of an internal edema in a dog, causes it is established by the doctor during an urgent examination. Treatment is carried out in several stages. First, it is necessary to alleviate the condition of the animal and eliminate the threat to life, that is, to remove the edema itself, and only then can one begin to treat the cause of the edema.

Peripheral edema in dogs

If a the dog is swollen paws or other parts of the body and this is visible to the naked eye, then we are talking about peripheral edema. It may be the result of:

trauma;
arthrosis;
allergies, etc.

Often dog paw swelling associated with an insect bite. If you are sure that the insect is not life-threatening, then such a symptom is not dangerous - it is enough to treat the bite site in the usual way and soon the swelling will subside. In other cases, treatment is required not only for the symptom, but also for the cause of its occurrence.

What to do with swelling in a dog

If a the dog is swollen paws or other parts of the body, and you do not have the opportunity to urgently contact a veterinary clinic, then we offer you call a veterinarian. An experienced specialist will conduct a clinical diagnosis of the animal and do everything necessary to alleviate its condition.

Don't delay calling your veterinarian! Don't expect complications!

Pathological conditions are conditionally divided into mild, moderate and critically severe. Pulmonary edema in dogs is a critically ill condition that is considered difficult to diagnose and treat. At home, the chances of saving the animal are small. In order to prevent negative consequences if necessary, consider the possible causes, symptoms and emergency first aid for pulmonary edema.

The lungs are the main organ and part of the respiratory system of humans, animals, birds, most amphibians and reptiles. The organ is divided into two "bosoms", which consist of segments. The main functional part of the body is the alveoli, in which gas exchange occurs - oxygen is taken into the blood and carbon dioxide is removed. For the full enrichment of the body with oxygen, the alveoli are shrouded in capillaries, which, in turn, are connected with blood vessels.

The root cause of pulmonary edema is the overflow of veins, vessels and capillaries with blood. Gradually, under the influence of arterial pressure or thinning of the vascular walls, plasma and blood are released through the capillary membrane, filling the interstitial space and alveoli. Filling occurs gradually, from the bottom up, therefore, with a timely reaction of the owners, the edema is successfully diagnosed and the animal can be saved. The predominant risk group among animals is dogs and horses.

There are acute and slow course of the disease, however, they have common signs:

Depressed state- the dog is depressed, does not respond to food or treats.

The appearance of shortness of breath- the dog tries to spread its front paws wider and stretch its neck, straightening the airways and straightening the ribs, can open its mouth. In a critical condition, the same signs appear, but the dog lies on its side.

Unnatural breathing- the dog takes jerky, frequent and intense breaths, strongly spreads its nostrils. Signs of "abdominal" breathing are visible to the naked eye.

Cough- may be obvious or in the form of wheezing. It sounds like a dry "hearty" cough of people.

Discoloration of mucous membranes and skin (cyanosis) Eyelids, gums and tongue turn pale or blue. The transition to "cyanosis" occurs quite quickly. With light pigmentation, a blue nose and ears are noticeable.

Decrease in body temperature.

Discharge from nostrils and mouth- at the time of coughing or spontaneous leakage of fluid. The consistency can vary from clear with a slight pink tinge to a bloody foam.

Decreased vesicular respiration- diagnosed with a stethoscope, practically not audible with wheezing. During normal breathing, throughout the entire inhalation, an even noise is heard, reminiscent of the sound of the letter "f", with swelling it is heard only at the beginning.

Muted response when tapping the chest- is not mandatory, can be observed when falling into an extremely serious condition.

Read also: Stomach ulcers are becoming more common in dogs

The presence of absolutely all the signs is not mandatory, depending on the causes of the development of the pathology, additional manifestations may be observed.

When diagnosing a disease, due to the similarity of symptoms, pulmonary edema is often confused with pneumonia, asphyxia (suffocation), and impaired gas exchange.

When one or more symptoms appear, the owner must be aware that the condition is serious, regardless of the future consequences, and qualified assistance to the animal will be provided only in a veterinary clinic.

The first thing to do is to stop panicking, you need to act quickly, clearly and without emotions.

On the way to the clinic, the dog should be helped in every possible way: maintain a comfortable posture, remove excess saliva and secretions, ensure the vehicle is ventilated, and calm the animal. For a more accurate diagnosis, if the condition allows, the dog is x-rayed. With successful intensive care, the dog should be under constant supervision, on the first day or longer, if possible, the animal remains in the clinic.

After returning home, the pet needs to provide a number of conditions:

Clean, moderately cool, well ventilated area.

Bedding of medium hardness, located at a distance from climatic devices.

Minimize stress and exercise.

Timely feeding and drinking, recommendations for which are given by a veterinarian.

Medical support:

Bloodletting - carried out only by a veterinarian.

Intravenous injections of calcium chloride and glucose are done only by a specialist.

Diuretic (diuretic) drugs.

Glucocorticoids are steroids that are normally produced by the adrenal glands.

Stimulants of the heart muscle - caffeine, cordiamine or adrenaline.

Expectorants – Herbs may be used.

Sedatives - with increased excitability of the nervous system.

Antibiotics - in case of pneumonia.

Read also: Adenovirus in dogs: symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Reasons for the development of pathology

The generally accepted cause of the development of pathology is considered to be diseases associated with the cardiovascular system. However, the possible spectrum is very wide and most often, the true cause, without a serious examination, cannot be established. Distinguish between cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs occurs due to increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation or heart failure. The reasons:

Congenital heart disease.

followed by an increase in the heart muscle or part of it.

Blockage of the pulmonary artery, dysfunction of the cardiac aorta or valve.

. Increased risk - childbirth; pregnant individuals experiencing toxicosis.

coronary heart disease.

Non-cardiogenic edema is not associated with the cardiovascular system, most often occurs due to thinning of the capillary tissue against the background of general disorders in the body.

From the side of the central nervous system, the reasons may be:

Head injury.
Tumor, inflammation, thrombus or cerebral hemorrhage.

From the respiratory system:

Closed and penetrating chest injuries.

Severe bronchitis or pneumonia.

Burns or tissue damage due to inhalation of poisonous chemical gases or smoke.

Choking (asphyxia).

Possible causes may be chronic renal failure or medical interventions: pulmonary edema in a dog after cervicothoracic surgery, reaction to an infusion or blood transfusion. Also, "domestic injuries" are not excluded:

Severe fear or shock.

Electric shock.

Bites of poisonous snakes or insects.

Stretching of hollow organs: esophagus, stomach, urinary or gallbladder.

Allergic reaction, drug overdose.

Difficulties with breathing are less common among our brothers, much more often than it seems at first glance. Pulmonary edema is in a special place. It is with this diagnosis that owners of dogs, cats and rodents of all sizes and breeds most often turn to us. The development of the disease leads to disturbances in gas exchange in the body, which entails damage to the cardiovascular, digestive and excretory systems. To avoid such impressive consequences, you need to contact a pulmonologist when the first symptoms appear. It is he who will be able to prescribe the right course of treatment.

Symptoms of pulmonary edema

Dyspnea.
Cough.
Hoarse breathing.
Temperature rise.
Lethargy, apathy.
Refusal of food.

With pulmonary edema in dogs, several of the listed symptoms are observed at once. Therefore, if you notice at least a couple of signs from the listed list, immediately contact your veterinarian for help.

What can be done to treat pulmonary edema at home?

Give your pet complete peace of mind.
Feed and drink only on demand.
Limit "communication" with other pets and people.
Humidify the air with special humidifiers.
Keep the room clean. Clean and vacuum your four-legged friend's bedding regularly.

How can a veterinarian help?

Pulmonary edema is so common in dogs that general treatment regimens have already emerged. The doctor will be able to choose the appropriate one based on the age, gender and condition of your four-legged friend.

First of all, the diagnosis will be performed:

Clinical examination.
Testing: blood, urine, sputum.
Bronchoscopy.
X-ray.

After receiving the results, the veterinarian will be able to prescribe a specific treatment, which will include certain medications.

Pulmonary edema in dogs can be severe. As a rule, this happens in cases where the owners do not dare to seek the advice of specialists until the last moment. Make an appointment with our clinic today, and you can not only avoid complications, but also save your pet from this dangerous disease forever.

Our clinics in St. Petersburg, Pskov, Veliky Novgorod work around the clock, contact professionals for treatment!

Pulmonary edema in dogs

Updated on 28.12.2013 17:36 28.12.2013 17:17

Pulmonary edema in dogs is an acute disease that requires immediate treatment and contact with a veterinarian. This disease occurs as a result of excessive accumulation of fluid in the lungs. If no action is taken, the dog may simply die.

Causes of pulmonary edema in dogs:

Infectious diseases
Heart disease
Sepsis
Pancreatitis
kidney failure
Cough
Chemical or carbon monoxide poisoning

Due to the fact that the tissues in the lungs are filled with excess fluid, and not air, as it should be, the dog does not receive the right amount of oxygen. At this time, oxygen starvation occurs and many vital organs suffer greatly.

Symptoms:

Breathing with an open mouth

blue tongue

blue skin

Rapid breathing

Fluid cough

When the first symptoms appear, do not hesitate, you should immediately contact the veterinary clinic. Because every second can threaten your dog with a fatal outcome.

Clinical symptoms of disease in dogs

Respiratory symptoms

COUGH

Definition. Cough - sharp reflex exhalations aimed at removing mucus and foreign bodies from the respiratory tract. There is a wet and dry, superficial and deep, acute and chronic cough. Sometimes a cough from a protective reaction turns into a pathological one.

The reasons. Respiratory tract diseases: tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, foreign body, bronchiectasis, helminths, tumor, compression of the trachea and bronchi. Pulmonary diseases: pneumonia, abscess, tumor, edema, pulmonary hypertension, pleurisy. Heart disease: left ventricular failure.

Most often, cough is noted with tracheobronchitis and pneumonia. Dog owners may mistake coughing and expectorant movements for vomiting. Symptomatic therapy. Antitussives (libexin, codeine), bronchospasmolytics (ephedrine, eufillin), mucolytic agents (mucaltin, terpinhydrate, bromhexine) are used. With allergic genesis - antihistamines (diprazine, suprastin, diphenhydramine) and glucocorticoids (prednisolone, triamcinolone).

NOSE BLEEDING

Symptomatic therapy. A 0.1% solution of adrenaline, 1% solution of mezaton, 0.1% solution of naphthyzine or galazolin, 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide are instilled into the nose. Vikasol, calcium gluconate are administered intramuscularly, calcium chloride is administered intravenously. In the absence of effect - locally 1% solution of silver nitrate, hemostatic sponge

hemoptysis

Definition. Hemoptysis - expectoration with sputum of scarlet blood in the form of streaks or foam. Blood may also be discharged from the oral cavity in a stream.

The most common causes are pneumonia, lung abscess, bronchiectasis. Symptomatic therapy. Intravenously - calcium chloride.

Intramuscularly - vikasol, calcium gluconate, analgin, diprazine. In heart failure (tachycardia), cardiotonic agents (cardiac glycosides, cordiamine, camphor), furosemide are used.

INCREASED BREATHING (SHORTHY)

Definition. Shortness of breath (dyspnea) - increased, difficult breathing. Distinguish between inspiratory dyspnea (difficulty inhaling), expiratory (difficulty exhaling), mixed. In addition, tachypnea (polypnea) is distinguished - an increase in the rate of breathing, hyperpnea - an increase in the rate and increase in the depth of respiratory movements.

Causes. The immediate causes of shortness of breath are: reduced oxygen concentration in the blood, fever, organic and functional diseases of the central nervous system, pain, changes in the sensitivity of respiratory muscle receptors, metabolic disorders.

In dogs, shortness of breath most often occurs with compression of the neck with a collar, elevated body temperature, pneumonia, encephalitis, and hypocalcemic tetany.

Symptomatic therapy. Apply caffeine, sulfokamphokain, camphor, aminofillin, glucocorticoids. With pneumonia, oxygen therapy is indicated. With hypocalcemia - calcium preparations and sedatives. In heart failure - cardiac glycosides. For pulmonary edema, furosemide.

sneezing and runny nose

Definition. Sneezing is a sharp reflex exhalation through the nose, aimed at removing mucus and foreign particles from the nasal cavities. Runny nose - expiration of serous, mucopurulent or muco-hemorrhagic exudate from the nostrils. It is usually bilateral.

The reasons. Sneezing occurs when the nasal mucosa is irritated by external factors (microorganisms, viruses, irritants, foreign particles) and internal (immune complexes).

The main causes of the common cold: viral infections, bacterial infections, mycoses, foreign body, tumor, trauma, pneumonia. Most often, a runny nose occurs with viral infections (canine distemper, adenovirus).

Sometimes liquid food is ejected through the nostrils. Such a pathology occurs with non-closure of the hard palate, cricopharyngeal achalasia (in puppies), achalasia of the cardia, diverticulum of the esophagus.

Symptomatic therapy. With serous exudate, treatment is not required. With the mucopurulent nature of the exudate, drops of dexamethasone with neomycin, Sofradex, 2% solution of boric acid, 0.1% solution of atonium, 0.5% solution of zinc sulfate, 2% solution of collargol or protargola; carefully lubricate the inside of the nasal mucosa with 5% synthomycin liniment, 1% erythromycin, polymyxin ointments.

Diseases accompanied by runny nose and cough:

Age 2-24 months the cause is an infection, the temperature is subfebrile, the duration is up to 2 months. Additional signs are conjunctivitis, hyperkeratosis of the nasal planum.

ADENOVEROSIS -

Age more than 4 months. cause - infection, temperature - subfebrile, duration 5-10 days. Additional signs are rare vomiting and diarrhea.

PNEUMONIA acute -

Any age, the cause is hypothermia, the temperature is high, the duration is up to 2 weeks. Additional signs are intoxication, shortness of breath.

BRONCHITIS acute -

Any age, the cause is hypothermia, the temperature is subfebrile, the duration is up to 2 weeks.

Digestive symptoms

SWALLOWING DISORDER (DYSPHAGIA)

Definition. Dysphagia is a swallowing disorder due to morphological, mechanical or functional disorders in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, brain, cranial nerves.

Causes: non-closure of the hard palate, foreign body in the oral cavity or pharynx, cricopharingeal achalasia, obstruction of the esophagus due to the ingress of a foreign body, narrowing, tumor; diverticulum of the esophagus, rupture of the esophagus, achalasia of the cardia, esophageal reflux, myasthenia gravis, rabies. Most often, dysphagia occurs due to the ingestion of a foreign body.

Symptomatic therapy. Until the cause of the swallowing disorder is eliminated, parenteral nutrition is prescribed: intravenously or subcutaneously 5% glucose solution in a daily dose of up to 40 ml / kg (preferably add 1 IU of insulin per 100 ml solution), hydrolysine solution; intravenously - alvesin, lipofundin.

CONSTIPATION

Definition. Constipation (constipation, obstipation) - a long delay in emptying the large intestine.

The reasons. The immediate causes of constipation are: intestinal atony, foreign body in the intestine, narrowing of the lumen of the intestine and anus, reflex delay in defecation. Constipation occurs in the following conditions and diseases: trauma and tumor of the spinal cord, intussusception of the intestine, poisoning with heavy metals, anticholinergics, adrenomimetics, anesthetics; foreign body in the intestines, coprolites, tumors of the intestines and prostate, proctitis, paraanal sinusitis, gluing of wool around the anus with feces.

Most often, constipation occurs as a result of dogs eating a large number of bones, especially bird bones, and also because of the pain of defecation with stagnation of the secretion of the paraanal glands and paraanal sinusitis.

Symptomatic therapy. First of all, if there are no contraindications, the dog is given an enema. In the absence of effect, laxatives are used: vegetable (buckthorn bark), salt (sodium and magnesium sulfate), oil (castor oil, sunflower, olive, vaseline), synthetic (purgen, bisacodyl). If constipation is caused by coprolite in the rectum, the oil is injected into the rectum and the coprolite is removed through the anus. To relieve spasm of smooth muscles, no-shpu, baralgin, as well as pararenal novocaine blockade are used. When the lumen of the excretory ducts of the paraanal glands is blocked, their contents are squeezed out by hand. After defecation, the dog is injected with rectal suppositories "Anestezol", "Anuzol", "Proctosedil" with glycerin 3 times a day into the rectum.

HICCUP

Definition. Hiccups are involuntary, repetitive breaths associated with diaphragmatic contraction.

Causes: overeating, dry food, helminthic invasion, pancreatitis and other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, damage to the central nervous system.

Most often, hiccups occur in puppies with overeating and helminthic infestation.

Symptomatic therapy is usually not required. You can stop an attack of hiccups with the introduction of metoclopramide (cerucal), as well as tranquilizers (tazepam, seduxen) and neuroleptics (chlorpromazine, etaperazine).

BLOOD IN SCOPE

Definition. Blood in the stool - blood in the stool. Blood can be discharged from the anus regardless of bowel movements. The farther the source of bleeding from the rectum and closer to the stomach, the darker the color of the feces. With diarrhea, stools turn red, regardless of the site of bleeding.

Causes: non-specific gastritis, enteritis, colitis, proctitis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, infectious diseases (parvovirus enteritis, adenovirus infections, leptospirosis), helminthiases, cystoisosporosis, allergies, poisoning, tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, K- and C-avitaminosis, hemorrhagic diathesis, hemorrhoids, coprolites.

The most common causes of blood in the stool are parvovirus enteritis and an allergic reaction.

Symptomatic therapy. Calcium chloride is administered intravenously, intramuscularly - calcium gluconate, vikasol, vitamin C, mezaton (can be rectally). Inside appoint astringents. In case of allergic genesis, antihistamines (diphenhydramine, diprazine), glucocorticoids (intramuscularly prednisolone or dexamethasone), adrenomimetics (adrenaline, ephedrine, mezaton) are prescribed.

INCREASED APPETITE

Definition. Increased appetite (bulimia) - the desire to eat large amounts of food. Not always accompanied by obesity.

Causes: preliminary starvation, diabetes mellitus, condition after an epileptic seizure, encephalitis, helminthiases. Symptomatic therapy has not been developed.

EATING INEDIBLE OBJECTS

Definition. Eating inedible objects (allotriophagy) - the desire to lick or swallow inedible objects.

May be physiological in puppies, especially during teething, and occasionally in older dogs.

Causes: deficiency of trace elements, especially calcium and phosphorus; hypo- and beriberi, rickets, gastritis, enteritis, liver disease, onset of parvovirus enteritis and adenovirus infections, helminthiases, rabies.

Most often it happens with rickets and helminthic invasion. Symptomatic therapy: in the absence of contraindications, tranquilizers and antipsychotics are sometimes used.

DIARRHEAS ACUTE

Definition. Diarrhea (diarrhea) acute - the release of liquid feces for up to 2 weeks.

The reasons. The immediate causes of diarrhea are increased intestinal peristalsis and liquefaction of its contents due to a decrease in the absorption of water from the intestine into the blood, or increased secretion of moisture into the intestinal lumen. Acute diarrhea occurs in the following diseases and conditions: acute nonspecific enteritis and pancreatitis, parvovirus, coronavirus, rotavirus, plague enteritis; adenovirus hepatitis, salmonellosis, colibacillosis, staphylococcosis, yersiniosis, helminthiases, cystoisosporosis, poisoning with organophosphorus compounds, heavy metals and other poisons; acute liver failure, hypoadrenocorticism. Short-term diarrhea occurs when feeding poor-quality feed, sometimes milk and fats.

Symptomatic therapy. Skip 1-2 feedings. Water is given freely. You can give slightly sweetened weak tea instead of water.

Astringents are prescribed: decoctions and infusions of St. John's wort, sage, rhizomes of burnet, cinquefoil, serpentine, blueberries, alder seeds, pomegranate peels. Set rice and oatmeal broth, activated charcoal. The use of antimicrobial agents is shown: biseptol, fthalazol, chloramphenicol, polymyxin M sulfate. In case of dehydration, an isotonic sodium chloride solution, Ringer's solution, 5% glucose solution, "rehydron" are prescribed orally, intravenously, subcutaneously. In the event of the appearance of blood in the feces, drugs are prescribed that increase blood clotting (see "Blood in the feces").

DIARRHEA CHRONIC

Definition. Chronic diarrhea (diarrhea) - frequent discharge of liquid feces for more than 2 weeks.

Causes: chronic gastritis, chronic enteritis, chronic colitis, pancreatitis, uremia, salmonella, proteus, staphylococcal infections; helminthiases, cystoisosporosis, intestinal dysbacteriosis, chronic intoxication, neoplasm, obstructive jaundice, intestinal dyskinesia, digestive enzyme deficiency, autoimmune diseases, A- and PP-avitaminosis.

Symptomatic therapy. Assign astringents (see "Acute diarrhea"), dermatol, chalk, activated charcoal, probiotics (lactobacterin, bifidumbacterin, bifikol), enzyme preparations (festal, panzinorm, solizim, digestal), biseptol, levomycetin, salazopyridazine, salazodimethoxin, trichopolum, nystatin, multivitamins, carsil, sirepar, essentiale

VOMIT

Definition. Vomiting is a reflex act of ejection of the contents of the stomach (sometimes the duodenum) through the esophagus and mouth out. Vomiting is usually preceded by nausea and salivation. In dogs, it occurs easily even with minor gag stimuli.

Vomiting occurs with direct excitation of the vomiting center, as well as with irritation of the sensitive nerve endings of the gastrointestinal tract and other organs. Prolonged vomiting leads to a loss of water and electrolytes in the dog's body.

The reasons. Infectious diseases: parvovirus enteritis, coronavirus enteritis, infectious hepatitis, leptospirosis, canine distemper (rarely), salmonellosis. Helminthiases, cystoisosporiasis, nonspecific enteritis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, peritonitis, gastritis, lesions of the central nervous system, allergic conditions, foreign body in the gastrointestinal tract, coprolites, intestinal obstruction, poisoning, acetonemia, pyometra, tumors, diaphragmatic hernia, strangulated umbilical hernia , uremia, hypoadrenocorticism, overeating, motion sickness.

Short-term vomiting, not associated with other symptoms, occurs when overeating, motion sickness, eating inedible objects. Constant and periodically recurring vomiting is more common with parvovirus enteritis, infectious hepatitis, helminthiases.

Symptomatic therapy. In case of poisoning, antiemetics are not prescribed. In other cases, metoclopramide, atropine sulfate, platyfillin hydrotartrate, diazepam, etaperazine, diprazine, chlorpromazine, analgin, diphenhydramine are used. In case of dehydration, solutions of glucose, Ringer, sodium chloride, etc. are administered orally, rectally, intravenously, subcutaneously.

VOMITING BLOODY

Definition. Bloody vomiting - vomiting with an admixture of blood in the vomit.

The reasons. Parvovirus enteritis, leptospirosis, infectious hepatitis, helminthiases, foreign body, allergies, poisoning (heavy metals, rodent control agents, analgesics: aspirin, indomethacin, brufen, butadione), gastric ulcer, hypoadrenocorticism, tumors, autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Most often, hematemesis occurs with parvovirus enteritis, poisoning and immediate-type hypersensitivity.

Symptomatic therapy. In addition to antiemetics (see "Vomiting"), hemostatic agents are prescribed: calcium preparations, vikasol, adrenaline, mezaton, ephedrine, inside - astringents (tannin, alum, decoctions and infusions of sage, St. John's wort, cinquefoil, burnet, etc.) . With allergic genesis - antihistamines (diphenhydramine, diprazine), glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone), glucose.

Diseases accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea.

PARVOVIRAL ENTERITIS -

At the age of 2-18 months. temperature below normal, duration 5-7 days. additional signs are refusal of food and water, tachycardia, high mortality.

ADENOVIROSIS, INF. HEPATITIS -

At any age at different temperatures up to 2 weeks, additional signs are keratitis, the liver is enlarged and painful.

ROTA-, KRONA-, VIRUS.ENTERIT -

At any age at subfebrile temperature lasting up to 7 days. additional signs - mild course.

HELMINTHOSIS -

At any age at normal temperature for a long duration, additional signs are vomiting after feeding, hiccups, emaciation.

Skin symptoms

HYPERKERATOSIS

Definition. Hyperkeratosis - excessive local keratinization and thickening of the skin and nasal planum.

Causes: canine distemper, demodicosis, epitheliotropic viruses, autoimmune conditions, delayed-type hypersensitivity, A- and H-hypovitaminosis, microelement deficiency (including zinc), mechanical irritation of the skin on the elbow and hock joints, idiopathy.

Symptomatic therapy. Prescribe multivitamin preparations, trace elements. Locally apply ointments containing glucocorticoids (not used for demodicosis), propolis. Inside glucocorticoids (prednisolone, triamcinolone, dexamethasone), raw egg yolks, multivitamins containing biotin.

Definition. Itching is a feeling of irritation of the skin, accompanied by a desire to scratch itchy places.

The reasons. The immediate cause of itching is the release of histamine and histamine-like substances from cellular depots and their effect on nerve endings.

Locally, it is better to use ointments containing, in addition to glucocorticoid, an antiseptic: Lorinden C, dermozolon, cortomycetin, gioksizon, lokakorten N. Other astringent, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic drugs are less effective - diphenhydramine, diprazine, diazolin, indomethacin, zinc oxide, boric acid, tannin, Burov's liquid .

Diseases accompanied by skin itching and scratching

ATOPIC DERMATITIS -

the cause is fleas and allergens, the course is seasonal and chronic, the duration is summer, autumn, localization is more often on the back, additional signs are crusts, dry skin, baldness.

ECZEMA -

The reason is allergens, the course is chronic, the duration is long, the localization is widespread, additional signs are a polymorphic rash.

SCABIES -

The reason is microscopic mites, the course is chronic, long duration, more often it is located on the muzzle, additional signs are baldness.

urticaria -

The reasons are allergens, the course is lightning fast, the duration is up to several hours, it can be common. everywhere, esp. Signs are blisters.

Skin diseases that occur without itching or with mild itching

DEMODEKOSIS -

Causes - microscopic mites, more often manifested under the age of 2 years, chronic, long duration, located on the face and limbs, additional signs - papules, pustules, scales, baldness.

DERMATOMYCOSIS -

The reason is microscopic mites, at any age, chronic course, long duration, located on the muzzle and limbs, additional signs are crusts, redness, baldness.

PYODERMA -

The reason is bacteria. at any age, the course is acute and less often chronic, of different duration, is located everywhere, additional signs are a polymorphic rash, pus.

CONTACT DERMATITIS -

The reason is damaging factors, at any age, the course is acute, the duration is limited by the damaging factor, it is located everywhere, additional signs are redness, blisters, rarely necrosis.

BALDING (ALOPECIA)

Definition. Baldness (alopecia) is local or widespread hair loss. Baldness does not include seasonal and birth-related shedding, as well as congenital, hereditary hairlessness. Very often, baldness is accompanied by skin itching.

The reasons. The immediate causes of pathological hair loss are inflammatory and degenerative processes in the hair follicles. Baldness occurs in the following diseases and conditions: ringworm, scabies, demodicosis, allergic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, eczema, autoimmune conditions, contact dermatitis, toxic dermatitis, pyoderma, hyperadrenocorticism, H-hypovitaminosis, stress.

Most often, baldness occurs due to the development of allergic (atopic) dermatitis caused by fleas and lice, and is localized along the spine, especially on the sacrum.

Symptomatic therapy: see "Skin symptoms. Itching". Additionally, multivitamin preparations containing biotin and raw egg yolks are prescribed.

BLUENESS (CYANOSIS)

Definition. Cyanosis (cyanosis) - staining of unpigmented skin and mucous membranes in a pale or cyanotic color due to a decrease in the concentration of oxidized hemoglobin in the blood and, accordingly, an increase in the concentration of reduced hemoglobin, less often methemoglobin and sulfhemoglobin. Best of all, cyanosis is noticeable on the conjunctiva of the eye and gums.

Reasons: decrease in pulmonary ventilation (obstructive bronchitis, bronchial asthma, atelectasis), decrease in diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the wall of the alveoli (pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pneumosclerosis), deterioration of blood supply to the lungs (heart failure, pulmonary embolism), impaired venous outflow, poisoning poisons that have an affinity for hemoglobin (nitrites, nitrates, aniline, phenacetin).

Symptomatic therapy: oxygen therapy, cordiamine, sulfocamphocaine, camphor, adrenomimetics (mezaton, ephedrine).

Definition. Rash (exanthema) - the appearance on the skin of areas that have changed color or shape. Rashes include: a spot (macula) - a limited, imperceptible change in skin color on palpation, associated mainly with the expansion of capillaries or hemorrhage; blister (urtika) - a cavityless protrusion of the skin resulting from swelling of the dermis; bubble (bulla) - a protrusion of the skin with a cavity, larger than a pea; vesicle (vesicle) - a protrusion of the skin with a cavity, ranging in size from a pinhead to a pea; abscess (pustule) - having a cavity filled with pus, protrusion of the skin, up to a pea size; nodule (papule) - a cavityless protrusion of the skin resulting from inflammatory infiltration, hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, acanthosis, etc .; knot (nodus) - large, up to the size of a chicken egg, a cavityless formation in the subcutaneous tissue.

The reasons. Various kinds of rashes are found in dogs with the following diseases: canine distemper, tuberculosis, leptospirosis, streptococcal and staphylococcal infections, ringworm, helminthiases, arachno-entomoses, autoimmune and allergic conditions, papillomatosis, tumors, dermatitis, eczema.

Symptomatic therapy. Apply antiseptics (brilliant green, gentian violet, potassium permanganate, chlorhexidine bigluconate), antibiotics, salicylic acid, zinc oxide, anti-inflammatory drugs.

JAUNDICE

Definition. Jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera, and mucous membranes due to a sharp increase in the concentration of bilirubin in the blood.

The reasons. The immediate causes of jaundice are impaired uptake, conjugation and excretion of bilirubin by the liver, as well as its excessive formation due to hemolysis.

Jaundice occurs in the following diseases and conditions: piroplasmosis, leptospirosis, infectious hepatitis, toxic hepatitis, allergic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, opisthorchiasis and other helminthiases, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis, tumors, poisoning.

Symptomatic therapy: diuretics, glucocorticoids, antihistamines, vitogepat, sirepar, LIV-52, vikasol, lipamide, glucose, essentiale, ascorbic acid. When vomiting - metoclopramide, atropine sulfate.

URINARY SYMPTOMS

BLOOD IN URINE (HEMATURIA AND HEMOGLOBINURIA)

Definition. Hematuria is the excretion of blood in the urine, hemoglobinuria is the excretion of hemoglobin in the urine.

Hematuria can be differentiated from hemoglobinuria by microscopy of the urine sediment.

Most often, hemoglobinuria occurs with piroplasmosis, and hematuria - with trauma or infection of the kidneys and urinary tract.

Symptomatic therapy. Intravenously administered calcium chloride, intramuscularly calcium gluconate, vikasol, vitamin C, mezaton (possible rectally).

Diseases associated with hematuria

AUTOMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPLE -

The causes are infectious agents and predisposition, the temperature is normal, the course is acute, the nature of hematuria is constant, additional signs are hemorrhagic diathesis, blood in the feces.

Glomerulonephritis and Pyelonephritis -

Causes - infectious agents and predisposition, fever, acute and chronic course, the nature of hematuria - periodic, additional signs - oliguria, proteinuria, kidney pain, paresis of the pelvic extremities.

urocystitis and urethritis

Causes - infectious agents and stones, subfebrile temperature, acute and chronic course, the nature of hematuria - periodic at the beginning of urination, additional signs - pain in the bladder, dysuria.

ANTICOAGULANT POISONING -

Causes - POISONS (zoocoumarin, dicoumarin), the temperature is normal, the course is acute, the nature of hematuria is constant, additional signs are hemorrhagic diathesis, blood in the feces.

Diseases accompanied by hemoglobinuria and jaundice

PYROPLASMOSIS -

The reasons are simple, the season is spring, summer, autumn, the anamnesis data is a tick bite, the temperature is high, the course is acute and chronic, the nature of hemoglobinuria is at the end of the disease, there are no additional signs.

LEPTOSPIROSIS -

Causes - leptospira, time of year - most often spring, summer, autumn, history data - bathing or drinking from reservoirs, eating raw meat, high temperature, acute course, nature of hemoglobinuria - occasionally, often intense yellow urine, additional signs - hemorrhagic diathesis , necrosis of the mucous membranes, vomiting, diarrhea.

AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA -

Causes - predisposition and infectious agents, at any time of the year, normal temperature, acute course, the nature of hemoglobinuria - throughout the disease, additional signs - are absent.

POISONING WITH HEMOLYTIC POISONS -

Causes - POISONS (phenothiazine, methylene blue, lead, copper) at any time of the year, history data - administration of medications, normal temperature, acute course, the nature of hemoglobinuria - throughout the disease, additional signs are absent.

URINATION IS FREQUENT OR DIFFICULT (dysuria)

Definition. Dysuria is frequent, difficult, or painful urination. Urine is excreted in small portions.

Causes: urocystitis, prostatitis, urethritis, vaginitis, stone in the ureter and bladder, tumors of the prostate, bladder, urethra, penis, vagina.

Symptomatic therapy. Heat is applied locally in the area of the bladder in the absence of blood in the urine. The introduction of antispasmodics (atropine, papaverine, no-shpa), analgesics (analgin, aspirin, paracetamol) is shown. It is better to use drugs that combine antispasmodic and analgesic effects: baralgin, trigan, maxigan, spazmalgin.

URINARY INCONTINENCE

Definition. Urinary incontinence (urine incontinence) is involuntary urination.

The reasons. Urinary incontinence in dogs can be with nervous excitement, for example, in males in the presence of a female in heat, as well as with overflow of the bladder, and is physiological. Pathological urinary incontinence occurs in the following diseases and conditions: diseases of the brain and spinal cord, damage to the spinal nerves, stones and tumors of the urethra, cystitis.

Symptomatic therapy. With urinary incontinence associated with emotional arousal, sedatives are sometimes used (valerian preparations, tranquilizers). In other cases, etiotropic therapy is indicated. Do not limit the amount of water your dog consumes.

INCREASED THIRST AND URINATION (POLYDIPSY AND POLYURIA)

Definition. Increased thirst and urination (polydipsia and polyuria) - increased water intake and increased urine output. These two symptoms are usually related, and both the first and the second can be primary. The density of urine and the intensity of its color are usually lowered.

Causes: glomerulonephritis, nephrosclerosis, amyloidosis of the kidneys, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, hyperadrenocorticism, pyometra, reaction to drugs (diuretics, glucocorticoids), poisoning.

In older dogs, polyuria + polydipsia syndrome is most often associated with diabetes, in bitches it is associated with pyometra.

Symptomatic therapy. Animals are provided with free access to water. With prolonged polyuria-polydipsia, instead of water, in order to prevent violations of the water-salt balance, dogs drink saline or isotonic sodium chloride solution. Due to the increased energy consumption, animals are provided with a high-calorie diet.

REDUCTION OR ABSENCE OF URINATION (OLIGURIA AND ANURIA)

Definition. Oliguria is a prolonged decrease in the volume of urine excreted. There are renal (renal) oliguria and extrarenal (extrarenal).

Anuria is the cessation of urine output. Anuria can be secretory (cessation of urine production) and excretory (cessation of urine flow to the bladder). Both symptoms, characteristic of acute renal failure, due to the possible development of uremia, require urgent veterinary intervention.

Causes: leptospirosis, parvovirus enteritis, dehydration, poisoning with heavy metals, acids, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, carbon tetrachloride and other exo- and endotoxins, heart failure, thrombosis and embolism of the renal vessels, massive blood loss, collapse, shock, chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, autoimmune diseases, obstruction of the ureters.

Symptomatic therapy. Apply caffeine, aminophylline, diuretics (furosemide), glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone), intravenously 40% and subcutaneously 5% glucose solution. Peritoneal dialysis is shown (see).

NERVE SYMPTOMS

AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR

Definition. Aggressive behavior is the act of a dog to harm people or animals. Aggressive behavior associated with defense or an attempt to assert one's superiority should be distinguished from pathological aggressiveness associated with any disease.

Causes: rabies, Aujeszky's disease, nervous form of plague, encephalitis, neuralgia, brain tumor, cerebral hypoxia, endocrine disorders.

Symptomatic therapy. Antipsychotics (chlorpromazine, pyrorthyl, xylazine), tranquilizers (diazepam, chlordiazepoxide), sedatives (valerian preparations), barbiturates (phenobarbital, reladorm) are used.

EXCITATION

Definition. Excitation - restless behavior of the dog, characterized by increased irritability and motor activity. Often associated with muscle tremors. It is necessary to distinguish the excited state of the dog, caused by any objective reasons (for example, in males that smell the bitch in the hunt), from the excitement associated with any disease or pathological condition.

Most often in dogs, arousal is associated with hypocalcemic tetany and flea bites.

Symptomatic therapy: prescribe calcium preparations, intramuscularly magnesium sulfate, antipsychotics, tranquilizers, sedatives and hypnotics.

INCREASED SKIN SENSITIVITY (HYPERESTHESIA)

Definition. Hyperesthesia - increased sensitivity of the skin to various stimuli.

Causes: nervous form of plague, dermatomyositis, inflammatory skin diseases, eczema, atopic dermatitis, myositis, sciatica, neuralgia, encephalitis, myelitis, meningitis.

Symptomatic therapy: glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (piroxicam, indomethacin, brufen, analgin), neuroleptics (chlorpromazine), tranquilizers (diazepam), vitamins B1, B6, B12, Bc, biotin, PP.

PARALLIES AND PARESIS OF THE LIMB

Definition. Paralysis is the complete impossibility of voluntary movements, paresis is a partial limitation of the strength and volume of voluntary movements due to a violation of innervation. May be accompanied by an increase (usually at the onset of the disease) and a decrease in musculoskeletal sensitivity. With a long course, muscle atrophy often develops. There are also monoplegia - paralysis (paresis) of one limb, tetraplegia - paralysis of four limbs, paraplegia - paralysis of two front or two hind limbs and hemiplegia - paralysis of the right or left half of the body.

The reasons. Monoplegia and paraplegia: infectious diseases (canine distemper, rabies), encephalitis, myelitis, meningitis, hemorrhages in the brain or spinal cord, spinal stroke, sciatica, plexitis, injuries of the limbs and spinal cord, tumors, bone fractures, intoxication, allergic polyneuropathy. Most often, dogs have paraparesis of the hind limbs due to sciatica.

Tetraplegia: infectious diseases (canine distemper, rabies), trauma of the cervical spine, polyneuropathy of infectious-allergic or toxic origin.

Symptomatic therapy. Apply glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone), non-narcotic analgesics (piroxicam, indomethacin), diuretics (furosemide), antispasmodics (no-shpa, baralgin), vitamins B1, B12, PP, glutamic acid. In infectious-allergic genesis, antihistamines (diphenhydramine, diprazine) are indicated. With reduced muscle tone, anticholinesterase drugs (oxazil, prozerin, galanthamine), strychnine nitrate, duplex, as well as nootropic drugs - piracetam, aminalon, pyriditol are used.

LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS (FINEC, COMA)

Definition. Fainting is a short-term loss of consciousness due to cerebral ischemia. Coma is a prolonged loss of consciousness or severe depression due to damage to the central nervous system. Fainting and coma may be accompanied by convulsions.

The reasons. Fainting: heart rhythm disturbances, a rapid transition from a horizontal to a vertical state, lung diseases, blood loss, poisoning with diuretics and antispasmodics.

Symptomatic therapy. In most cases, intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal administration of 5% glucose solution, isotonic sodium chloride solution, Ringer's solution, Ringer-Locke, 4% sodium bicarbonate solution, reopoliglyukin is indicated.

Solutions are administered in a single dose of up to 20 ml/kg. To maintain cardiac activity (in the absence of signs of excitation of the central nervous system), cordiamine, sulfocamphocaine, strophanthin, adrenomimetics - mezaton, ephedrine, adrenaline are used. In uremic coma, diuretics, peritoneal dialysis, and in case of vomiting, atropine and metoclopramide are indicated. For treatment of other types of coma, see the appropriate sections of the handbook.

CRAMPS

Definition. Cramps are involuntary muscle contractions.

There are convulsions - generalized jerky contractions of the muscles of the body; tonic convulsions - slow, prolonged muscle contractions; clonic convulsions - often repeated contractions and relaxation of muscles; epileptic seizure - an attack accompanied by a loss of consciousness of generalized clonic-tonic convulsions.

The reasons. Infectious diseases: canine distemper, rabies, tetanus; invasive diseases: toxoplasmosis, helminthiases; hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, cerebral hypoxia, hyperthermia, cerebral edema, cerebral hemorrhage, brain tumors, hydrocephalus, encephalitis, poisoning, uremia.

In dogs, convulsions without loss of consciousness most often occur with hypocalcemia, hypoxia, and helminthiases, and convulsions with loss of consciousness occur with epilepsy.

Symptomatic therapy. During an attack, magnesium sulfate, ketamine hydrochloride, xylazine, diazepam, chlorpromazine, diprazine (and other antihistamines), sodium thiopental, hexenal are used intramuscularly. In the period between attacks, difenin, carbamazepine, hexamidine, clonazepam are prescribed. Hypoxia is treated with oxygen therapy. With intoxication, hydrocephalus, uremia, cerebral edema - diuretics (furosemide). If hypocalcemic tetany is suspected (nursing bitch) - magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride (slowly intravenously) and calcium gluconate, vitamin D.

OTHER SYMPTOMS

BLEEDING FROM THE VAGINA

Definition. Bleeding from the vagina - discharge from the vagina of unclotting blood, blood clots, or an admixture of blood in the discharge from the vagina. In physiological quantities, blood is present in the discharge from the vagina during estrus and after childbirth. In the vast majority of cases, the source of bleeding is in the uterus.

Causes: endometritis, tumors, follicular cysts, persistence of follicles, spontaneous abortion, postpartum uterine hypotension, trauma.

Symptomatic therapy. Uterotonic agents are used: oxytocin, pituitrin, cotarnine chloride, methylergometrine, ergotal, ergotamine hydrotartrate, pachycarpine hydroiodide, spherofizin benzoate. Reducing the uterus drugs are contraindicated in pregnancy. Vikasol, calcium preparations are prescribed to increase blood clotting. Adrenomimetics (mezaton, adrenaline, ephedrine), ascorbic acid and ascorutin constrict and strengthen blood vessels. With prolonged bleeding, herbal preparations are prescribed inside: infusions and extracts of shepherd's purse, water pepper.

MULTIPLE BLEEDING (HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS)

Definition. Multiple bleeding (hemorrhagic diathesis) - a tendency to bleeding and hemorrhage.

1. Reduced blood clotting: hereditary deficiency of blood coagulation factors - II (hypoprothrombinemia), VII (hypoproconvertinemia), VIII (hemophilia A), IX (hemophilia B), X, XI; liver diseases leading to a deficiency of blood clotting factors; poisoning with anticoagulants - zoocides (zoocumarin, etc.); overdose of drugs - anticoagulants (heparin, neodicoumarin); autoimmune deficiencies of blood coagulation factors; avitaminosis K, hypocoagulative phase of disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome.

2. Thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopathy: hereditary thrombocytopenia, autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, splenomegalic thrombocytopenia, thrombasthenia, disaggregation thrombocytopathy, drug thrombocytopathy (aspirin, indomethacin, phenothiazine, etc.).

3. Increased capillary permeability: hemorrhagic vasculitis, infectious-allergic and toxigenic angiopathy.

Symptomatic therapy. Assign glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone), vikasol, calcium preparations, ascorbic acid, ascorutin. Transfusion of fresh donated blood is indicated. In case of poisoning with anticoagulants - forced diuresis.

MOTION DISORDERS (ATAXIA, ADYNAMIA)

Definition. Ataxia is a violation of coordination of movements, manifested, for example, by movement in a circle, unsteady gait, falls. Adynamia - muscle weakness, manifested by stagnation.

The reasons. Ataxia: internal otitis, neuritis of the VIII cranial nerve, head injury, tumor, hereditary pathology, poisoning, infectious and parasitic diseases.

Adynamia: any diseases and conditions that lead to exhaustion or loss of strength.

Symptomatic therapy. Ataxia: antibiotics, diuretics, anti-inflammatory drugs (prednisolone, piroxicam), vitamins B1, B6, B12, PP.

Adynamia: complete high-calorie feeding, glucose, extracts of eleutherococcus and leuzea, multivitamins, riboxin, retabolil, prozerin, strychnine nitrate.

EDEMAS PERIPHERAL

Definition. Edema peripheral - excessive accumulation of fluid in the soft tissues, mainly in the subcutaneous tissue of the chest, abdomen and extremities.

The reasons. Asymmetric local edema: trauma, infection, allergy, inflammation, compression of the limb, injection of a large amount of fluid, as well as irritating and necrotizing drugs, bites of poisonous animals.

Symmetrical edema: increased hydrostatic venous pressure and deterioration of venous outflow due to heart failure; a decrease in oncotic blood pressure due to loss of proteins in kidney diseases (amyloidosis, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome), enteropathy, prolonged bleeding, as well as a decrease in protein formation in liver diseases (cirrhosis) and starvation; increased capillary permeability in infections, intoxications, allergies; myxedema due to hypothyroidism.

Symptomatic therapy depends on the nature of the edema. With edema of inflammatory origin, antimicrobial agents and hypertonic solutions are used, allergic and toxic-allergic (bites of poisonous animals) - antihistamines (diphenhydramine), glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone), vitamin C, rutin (ascorutin), intravenous calcium chloride. In heart failure, cardiac glycosides (digitoxin), diuretics (furosemide) and potassium preparations are indicated.

With renal edema, diuretics (furosemide, eufillin), glucocorticoids, and a salt-free diet are prescribed.

INCREASED BODY TEMPERATURE

Definition. An increase in body temperature (fever) is a one-time, periodic or constant excess of normal rectal body temperature (in dogs - 39 degrees Celsius).

The reasons. A short-term increase in body temperature can occur in puppies due to the imperfection of the mechanisms of thermoregulation, in adult dogs - with intense muscular work in the hot season. As a reaction of the body, fever occurs in infectious diseases, invasive (less often), inflammatory processes in various organs, neoplasms (not always), poisoning with certain substances (ivomec, nitrofurans, vitamins D2 and D3, iodine, carbon tetrachloride, organochlorine pesticides, ethylene glycol ), hypocalcemic tetany, meningoencephalitis.

Symptomatic therapy. Since fever is a protective and adaptive reaction of the body, measures should not be taken to reduce body temperature if it does not exceed 40 degrees Celsius. Otherwise, antipyretics are used: amidopyrine, analgin, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), phenacetin, paracetamol, as well as combination drugs. Sometimes suppositories containing antipyretic substances ("Cefekon"), antihistamines (diphenhydramine, diprazine) and antipsychotics (chlorpromazine) are sometimes used. With an increase in body temperature to 42 degrees Celsius and the development of a coma as a result of this, they resort to dousing or immersing the body in cold water.

DECREASE IN BODY TEMPERATURE

Definition. A decrease in body temperature is a decrease in rectal body temperature of less than 37.5 degrees Celsius.

Causes: hypothermia, loss of strength due to severe pathological conditions, poisoning, enteritis (in most cases), dehydration, intense blood loss.

Symptomatic therapy. The dog is warmed by wrapping, blowing warm air, irradiation with infrared and visible light lamps, immersion in warm water. Of the medications, analeptics are used (cordiamin, sulfocamphocaine).

INCREASED LYMPHONODES

Definition. Enlargement of lymph nodes - local or widespread enlargement of the lymph nodes. At the same time, their consistency may change.

Causes: local inflammatory processes, lymphadenitis, sepsis, systemic mycoses, chronic bacterial infections, lymphosarcoma, leukemia, metastases, reactive hyperplasia of the lymph nodes.

Symptomatic therapy. In inflammatory lymphadenopathy, antimicrobial agents, analgesics, and, if necessary, surgical intervention are indicated. In neoplastic diseases, cytostatics and glucocorticoids are used.

LIMB JOINT ENLARGEMENT

Definition. Joint enlargement is an increase in the volume of one or more joints, observed or detected by palpation.

The reasons. Symmetrical increase in joints: increased growth of puppies, rickets, hip dysplasia (hereditary), infectious polyarthritis, infectious-allergic polyarthritis, autoimmune polyarthritis, polyhemarthrosis.

Asymmetric joint enlargement: arthritis, periarthritis, hemarthrosis, bone fracture, articular ligament rupture, joint dislocation, osteochondrosis, osteoarthritis, epiphyseal osteomyelitis, tumors.

Symptomatic therapy. In arthritis (synovitis) of infectious and infectious-allergic genesis, osteomyelitis, antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic agents are used. In aseptic inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the joints, especially of an allergic and autoimmune nature, glucocorticoids (prednisolone), non-narcotic analgesics (methindol), rumalon are used. With rickets - vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus preparations. With hemarthrosis due to reduced blood clotting and vascular fragility - vitamins C, P, ascorutin, vikasol, calcium preparations. With injuries - first locally cold, then warm. In any case, peace is shown.

INCREASED BODY

Definition. Abdominal enlargement - an increase in the volume of the abdomen.

Causes: pregnancy, eating a large amount of food, helminthiases, an increase in the volume of individual organs of the abdominal or pelvic cavity, including constipation and tumors; peritonitis, ascites.

In dogs, an increase in the volume of the abdomen due to the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites) is usually associated with liver disease and heart failure. Accumulation of gas occurs with peritonitis. In females, it is necessary to pay attention to the possibility of pregnancy, mixometers, pyometra.

Symptomatic therapy. With ascites, diuretics, cardiac glycosides, multivitamins are used. A puncture of the abdominal wall and fluid evacuation are indicated. In other cases, symptomatic therapy depends on the nature of the disease.

See also "Diseases of the cardiovascular system. Vascular insufficiency, syncope, shock."

Definition. Shock is a syndrome that includes a decrease in blood pressure, pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, a decrease in body temperature (rarely an increase), shortness of breath, tachycardia, weakness.

In the pathogenesis of shock, the leading role is played by a decrease in blood pressure and impaired blood supply to organs, as well as severe pain during injuries.

The reasons. The immediate causes of shock are a decrease in the volume of circulating blood with blood loss, vomiting, diarrhea; expansion of the vascular bed during anaphylaxis, intoxication; disseminated intravascular coagulation in septicemia, hemolytic anemia, intoxication; severe pain from injury. A state of shock can occur with the following diseases: parvovirus enteritis, leptospirosis, septicemia, piroplasmosis, peritonitis, pancreatitis, intoxication, anaphylaxis and other types of immediate hypersensitivity, trauma, burns, bleeding, diarrhea, acute heart failure.

Symptomatic therapy. Anaphylactic shock: parenteral adrenomimetics (adrenaline), glucocorticoids (prednisolone), antihistamines (diphenhydramine), aminophylline; infusion therapy. See also "Diseases of the immune system. Allergic reactions and diseases".

Hemolytic shock: parenteral antihistamines (diphenhydramine), glucocorticoids (prednisolone), 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, 5% glucose solution, Ringer's solution, furosemide, pararenal novocaine blockade. See also "Diseases of the blood system. Anemia".

Hemorrhagic shock: jet infusion of blood-substituting fluids (polyglucin, rheopolyglucin, Ringer's solution), 5% glucose solution; analeptics (cordiamin, sulfocamphocaine), adrenomimetics (adrenaline) are administered parenterally. In the future - multivitamins and iron preparations.

Hypovolemic shock: see Hemorrhagic shock.

Infectious-toxic shock: infusion therapy, always with glucose solutions, glucocorticoids, countercal, Gordox, analeptics (cordiamin). For the use of antimicrobial agents, see the sections "Manipulation. Antimicrobial chemotherapy", as well as "Pathology of the postpartum period. Sepsis".

Traumatic shock: infusion therapy (polyglucin, hemodez, Ringer's solution, 5% glucose solution), on the second day - heparin. Local anesthesia is indicated.

In all cases of shock, treatment should be started immediately and intensively. Doses of medicinal substances used to combat shock are usually 1.5-2 times higher than the average therapeutic doses. Glucocorticoids are used in the following daily doses: prednisone 10-30 mg/kg, triamcinolone 8-25 mg/kg, dexamethasone 6-15 mg/kg. After 1-2 days, the doses of glucocorticoids are reduced by 10 times or, after a sharp improvement in the dog's health, they are completely canceled.

Kuzmin A.A. "Diseases of dogs. Handbook of a practical doctor"

Pulmonary edema in dogs is common, it is not an independent disease, but only accompanies some pathological processes in the animal's body.

It is important to understand that the development of pulmonary edema threatens not only the general condition of the animal, but also its life.

The respiratory organs in dogs are divided into two sections: the upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract includes the nostrils, nasal passages with paranasal sinuses, and the larynx. The lower respiratory tract is located behind the glottis and is represented by the trachea, two main bronchi, small bronchioles, and the lungs directly. Distinguish between the right and left lungs, which occupy the corresponding sides of the chest.

Lung tissue in dogs is represented by lobes, separated by fairly deep interlobar fissures. The left lung is made up of the cranial (anterior) and caudal (posterior) lobes, they are approximately equal in size. The right lung has, in addition to the cranial and caudal, one more additional lobe.

In addition to the thoracic part of the trachea and lungs, the chest cavity contains the heart and the esophagus that passes into the abdominal cavity.

The chest cavity is airtight, the pressure in it, relative to atmospheric pressure, is negative. Due to this, the lungs, which are similar in structure to a delicate elastic sponge, passively follow the movements of the chest. The sliding of the lung tissue is ensured by the unhindered movement of the parietal (external) and visceral (internal, lining the organs of the chest cavity) pleura. This is how you inhale and exhale.

The smallest structural and functional unit of the lung tissue is the alveolus. It is a kind of small bubble, or a group of bubbles with the thinnest wall. It is in the alveoli that the most important stage of the breathing process takes place - gas exchange between atmospheric air and the blood of the body. Carbon dioxide produced in the process of tissue respiration enters the air, and the blood, in turn, is saturated with oxygen.

Causes of Pulmonary Edema in Dogs

There are three main mechanisms for the development of pulmonary edema:

The blood pressure in the vessels of the lung rises, the permeability of the vascular wall for fluid increases, as a result of which it sweats into the extravascular space. It accumulates in the alveoli, pulmonary edema develops.
This is the most common type - hydrostatic.
There is also a membranous type of pulmonary edema, in which the integrity of the alveolar wall or capillaries (alveocapillary membrane) of the lung is violated under the influence of toxic substances.
With a decrease in oncotic (protein) blood pressure: with an insufficient amount of protein molecules in the blood, its liquid part is not sufficiently retained in the bloodstream and begins to seep through the walls of blood vessels.

In any case, the area of \u200b\u200bthe lungs involved in gas exchange with air decreases, as a result of which an insufficient amount of oxygen enters the blood (hypoxemia), an excess of carbon dioxide accumulates (hypercapnia) and oxygen starvation of all body tissues (hypoxia). First of all, the brain and heart, as active consumers of energy, suffer from a lack of oxygen.

By the time of formation and accumulation of fluid in the lungs, edema usually develops quite quickly, that is, acutely; or slowly, chronically, which is observed in slowly progressive diseases (chronic renal failure, chronic diseases of the lungs themselves).

Pulmonary edema is a decompensated state of the body, when the forces and reserves to maintain balance (homeostasis) are exhausted. There are various physiological mechanisms that prevent both the emergence and development of such a critical condition. Thus, in an animal with pulmonary edema, it is required to identify the cause that led to such significant changes in the body.

As a rule, pulmonary edema is caused by the following conditions of the body:

decompensated heart failure;
kidney failure;
neoplasms;
intoxication;
allergic reactions (anaphylaxis);
various infectious diseases;
choking with water or other liquids;
entry into the lungs of foreign objects.

With heart failure, stagnation of blood occurs in the pulmonary circulation. It starts from the right ventricle of the heart, from which venous blood enters the lungs through the pulmonary arteries, where it is depleted in carbon dioxide, enriched with oxygen, and then through the pulmonary veins the same blood, which has become arterial, returns to the left atrium.

However, at this stage, with developed problems with the heart, it does not enter the left half of the heart in full, and with each cardiac cycle, the volume of unaccommodated blood increases, pressure rises and pulmonary edema develops.

Symptoms (clinical signs) of pulmonary edema in dogs

The main symptom of developed pulmonary edema is shortness of breath. The dog breathes often - tachypnea is noted. In severe cases, this may be accompanied by wheezing, coughing, foaming from the mouth and nose.

The animal breathes through an open mouth.

Activity decreases: the animal does not play, reacts poorly to external stimuli.

Attention should be paid to the visible mucous membranes of the oral cavity. Conjunctiva: they become pale (anemic) or develop a bluish color (cyanosis).

Diagnosis of pulmonary edema in dogs

Diagnosis to confirm the presence of pulmonary edema is possible using:

radiography;
ultrasound diagnostics;
auscultation;
trial puncture (thoracocentesis, pleural puncture);
tonometry (measurement of blood pressure);
studies of the gas composition of the blood, auscultation.

Pulmonary edema in a dog (X-ray)

In large dogs, it is possible to detect changes in percussion sound when percussion (percussion) of the chest with a percussion hammer on a plessimeter, however, this method of instrumental diagnostics is used quite rarely, and in small dogs it is not very informative.

A coagulogram that reflects blood clotting ability can indicate pulmonary edema that has developed as a result of pulmonary thrombosis.

The dog must be listened to with a stethoscope or phonendoscope. In the case of pulmonary edema, pathological hard breathing, wheezing is noted.

Emergency care for pulmonary edema

If you suspect that a dog is developing pulmonary edema, then first of all you should limit the animal's mobility: when moving, oxygen consumption by tissues increases, and when respiratory failure is present, the body is already lacking. The second point is the calmness of the dog and its owner. Do not panic yourself and calm the sick animal as much as possible. At this moment, it is difficult and painful for the dog to breathe, it becomes scary, panic grows, and against the background of stress, oxygen starvation of tissues progresses rapidly.

Ensure sufficient airflow: open windows, etc.). For emergency assistance, you can inject a diuretic drug - the loop diuretic Furosemide (aka Lasix).

Treatment of pulmonary edema in dogs

In the clinic, the dog is urgently placed in an oxygen box, or an oxygen mask is brought up. They receive either oxygen concentrated from the air, or oxygen from cylinders, which is in a liquefied state. Sometimes tracheal intubation is required, that is, the introduction of a special tube into it, through which passive ventilation of the lungs is possible.

Also, intravenous drugs are urgently administered to maintain cardiac and respiratory activity.

With a sufficiently large volume of accumulated fluid in the lungs, it is removed.

Prognosis for pulmonary edema in a dog

The development of pulmonary edema can aggravate the condition of the heart: in particular, acute heart failure.

As a result of insufficient oxygen supply to the tissues, internal organs such as the heart, brain, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and others can suffer.

The lungs themselves may also be affected, in which case they develop:

collapse of the lung (atelectasis);
germination by connective tissue (sclerosis);
emphysema;
pneumonia;
sepsis.

Directly in case of failure to provide timely urgent assistance to a dog that has signs of pulmonary edema, conditions such as:

lightning-fast form of pulmonary edema;
circulatory instability;
cardiogenic shock;
violation of the contraction of different parts of the heart
blockage of the airways.

With toxic pulmonary edema, the prognosis for a cure is quite good, however, the mortality rate is quite high as a result of rapid development.

Be attentive to your pets and remember: the treatment of developing pulmonary edema should be provided immediately and in the clinic - both in human medicine and in veterinary medicine.