Facts about the death of gogol. How Gogol actually died (2 photos). Gogol secrets. childhood fears
"Wonders and Adventures" 11/95
GOGOL DID NOT STARVE HIMSELF, DID NOT GO CRAZY, DID NOT DIE FROM MENINGITIS.
HE WAS POISONED BY DOCTORS!
Konstantin SMIRNOV
The work of Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (1808-1852) has long been recognized as a classic, and in the opinion of his descendants he has long been rooted as the greatest Russian writer. But there is no unanimity when it comes to assessing him as a person. In the memoirs of contemporaries, he is often characterized as a secretive, mysterious, crafty person, prone to hoaxes and deceptions. And this was said not only by enemies or casual acquaintances, but even by true admirers of his talent, friends who more than once rescued the writer in life's difficulties. When once Gogol asked Pletnev to openly express his opinion about him as a person, this oldest and most helpful friend of his wrote: “A secretive, selfish, arrogant, distrustful creature, and sacrificing everything for glory ...”
And Gogol, who lived and breathed only his writing and artistic inspiration, who doomed himself to poverty and homelessness and limited all his wealth to the “tiniest suitcase” with four changes of linen, was forced to listen to all this and turn to these same people for services. and even financial aid.
What prompted Gogol to endure these impartial assessments from his friends? What made him beg his friends for trust, assure them of his sincerity?
He was compelled to do so by the great goal set before himself: the completion of the second volume of Dead Souls, the main work of his life, which he decided to fulfill according to the ideal revealed as a result of religious quests. Labor, in which he decided to invest the whole truth about Russia, all his love for her, all the wealth of his soul.
My work is great, - he told his friends more than once, - my feat is saving!
With all the greater amazement and distrust, every unbiased researcher should treat those widespread conjectures and generally accepted opinions that now explain the reasons that prompted Nikolai Vasilyevich to burn the manuscript of his great work a few days before his death ...
DRAMA IN THE HOUSE ON NIKITSKY BOULEVARD
Gogol spent the last four years of his life in Moscow in a house on Nikitsky Boulevard. This house has survived to this day; two rooms on the first floor, which Nikolai Vasilievich occupied, have also been preserved; the fireplace, in which the writer, according to legend, burned the manuscript of the second volume of Dead Souls, has been preserved, although in a modified form ...
Gogol met the owners of the house - Count Alexander Petrovich and Countess Anna Georgievna Tolstyy at the end of the 30s, the acquaintance grew into a close friendship, and the count and his wife did everything to make the writer live freely and comfortably in their house. “Here Gogol was looked after like a child,” recalled one contemporary. “He cared about absolutely nothing. Lunch, breakfast, tea, supper were served where he ordered. His underwear was washed and put into chests of drawers by invisible spirits... In addition to the numerous servants at home, he was served in his rooms by his own man from Little Russia named Semyon, a very young, meek and extremely devoted fellow to his master. The silence in the wing was extraordinary. Gogol either walked around the room from corner to corner, or sat and wrote, rolling balls of white bread, about which he told his friends that they help to solve the most complex and difficult problems. It was in this house on Nikitsky Boulevard that the final drama of Gogol was played out.
On January 26, 1852, the wife of Gogol's friend, the famous Slavophil Khomyakov, died unexpectedly. The death of Ekaterina Mikhailovna, whom Gogol loved very much and considered the most worthy of the women he met in his life, shocked the writer. “The fear of death came over me,” he said to his confessor. And from that moment literally every day began to bring Gogol closer to death.
On Wednesday, January 30, after a memorial service ordered by him for Ekaterina Mikhailovna in the church of Simeon the Stylite, on Povarskaya, he went to the Aksakovs, where, among other things, he said that after the memorial service he felt better, but he was afraid of the moment of death. On February 1 and 3, he again visited the Aksakovs, complaining of being tired from reading the proofs of the collection of his works that was being prepared for publication. And already on Monday, February 4, he was seized by a breakdown: he told S. Shevyrev, who came to see him, that he now had no time for proofreading, because he felt bad and decided to fast and talk. The next day, February 5, Gogol complained to the same Shevyrev about "an upset stomach and the too strong effect of the medicine that was given to him."
On the evening of that day, he accompanied the famous preacher of the time, Archpriest Matthew Konstantinovsky, to the station, who severely reproached the writer for sinfulness and demanded that he strictly observe the fast. The harsh sermon had an effect: Nikolai Vasilievich quit his literary work, began to eat little, although he did not lose his appetite and suffered from deprivation of food, prayed at night, began to sleep little.
On the night from Friday to Saturday (February 8-9), after another vigil, he, exhausted, dozed off on the couch and suddenly saw himself dead and heard some mysterious voices. The next morning he called the parish priest, wanting to take unction, but he persuaded him to wait.
On Monday, February 11, Gogol was exhausted to such an extent that he could not walk and went to bed. He received friends who came to him reluctantly, spoke little, dozed off. But he also found the strength to defend the service in the house church of Count Tolstoy. At 3 o'clock in the morning from February 11 to 12, after a fervent prayer, he called Semyon to him, ordered him to go up to the second floor, open the stove valves and bring a briefcase from the closet. Taking a bunch of notebooks out of it, Gogol put them in the fireplace and lit a candle. Semyon begged him on his knees not to burn the manuscripts, but the writer stopped him: “None of your business! Pray! Sitting on a chair in front of the fire, he waited until everything had burned down, got up, crossed himself, kissed Semyon, returned to his room, lay down on the sofa and wept.
“That's what I did! - he said the next morning to Tolstoy, - I wanted to burn some things that had been prepared for a long time, but I burned everything. How strong the evil one is - that's what he moved me to! And I was there a lot of practical clarified and outlined ... I thought to send to friends as a keepsake from a notebook: let them do what they wanted. Now everything is gone."
AGONY
Stunned by what had happened, the count hurried to call the famous Moscow doctor F. Inozemtsev to Gogol, who at first suspected the writer had typhus, but then abandoned his diagnosis and advised the patient to simply lie down. But the doctor's equanimity did not calm Tolstoy, and he asked his good friend, the psychopathologist A. Tarasenkov, to come. However, Gogol did not want to receive Tarasenkov, who arrived on February 13 on Wednesday. “You must leave me,” he said to the count, “I know that I must die” ...
A day later, it became known that Inozemtsev himself fell ill, and on Saturday, February 16, Tolstoy, extremely alarmed by Gogol's condition, persuaded the writer to accept Tarasenkov. “When I saw him, I was horrified,” the doctor recalled. “Not even a month had passed since I dined with him; he seemed to me a man of flourishing health, vigorous, strong, fresh, and now before me was a man, as if exhausted to the extreme with consumption or brought by some kind of prolonged exhaustion to unusual exhaustion. He seemed dead to me at first sight. Tarasenkov urged Gogol to start eating normally in order to restore his strength, but the patient was indifferent to his exhortations. At the insistence of the doctors, Tolstoy asked Metropolitan Philaret to influence Gogol, to strengthen his confidence in the doctors. But nothing had an effect on Gogol; to all persuasions, he answered quietly and meekly: “Leave me; I'm good." He stopped taking care of himself, did not wash, did not comb his hair, did not dress. He ate crumbs - bread, prosphora, gruel, prunes. I drank water with red wine, linden tea.
On Monday, February 17, he went to bed in a dressing gown and boots and did not get up again. In bed, he proceeded to the sacraments of repentance, communion and unction, listened to all the gospels in full consciousness, holding a candle in his hands and crying. “If it pleases God that I live still, I will live,” he said to friends who urged him to be treated. On this day, the doctor A. Over, invited by Tolstoy, examined him. He gave no advice, rescheduling the conversation for the next day.
Moscow had already heard about Gogol's illness, so the next day, February 19, when Tarasenkov arrived at the house on Nikitsky Boulevard, the entire front room was filled with a crowd of Gogol's admirers, who stood in silence with mournful faces. “Gogol was lying on a wide sofa, in a dressing gown, in boots, turned to the wall, on his side, with his eyes closed,” Tarasenkov recalled. “Against his face is the image of the Mother of God; in the hands of a rosary; beside him is a boy and another attendant. He did not answer my quiet question... I took his hand to feel his pulse. He said, "Don't touch me, please!"
Soon M. Pogodin brought Dr. Alfonsky, who offered to resort to the services of a "magnetizer", and in the evening Dr. Sokologorsky, known for his psychic abilities, appeared at Gogol's bedside. But as soon as he, putting his hands on the patient's head, began to make passes, Gogol twitched his body and said irritably: "Leave me!" At this the session ended, and Dr. Klimenkov appeared on the stage, striking those present with rudeness and insolence. He shouted his questions to Gogol, as if in front of him was a deaf or unconscious person, trying to feel for a pulse by force. "Leave me!" Gogol told him and turned away.
Klimenkov insisted on active treatment: bloodletting, wrapping in wet cold sheets, etc. But Tarasenkov suggested that everything be postponed to the next day.
On February 20, a council gathered: Over, Klimenkov, Sokologorsky, Tarasenkov and the Moscow medical luminary Evenius. In the presence of Tolstoy, Khomyakov and other Gogol acquaintances, Over told Evenius the history of the disease, emphasizing the strangeness in the patient's behavior, allegedly indicating that "his consciousness is not in a natural position." “Leave the patient without benefits or treat him like a person who does not control himself?” Auvers asked. “Yes, you need to force-feed him,” Evenius said importantly.
After that, the doctors went to the patient, began to question him, examine, feel. Moans and cries of the patient were heard from the room. "Don't disturb me, for God's sake!" he finally shouted. But they no longer paid attention to him. It was decided to put two leeches to Gogol's nose, to do a cold dousing on his head in a warm bath. Klimenkov undertook to perform all these procedures, and Tarasenkov hurried to leave, "so as not to be a witness to the suffering of the sufferer."
When he returned three hours later, Gogol was already taken out of the bath, six leeches were hanging from his nostrils, which he tried to tear off, but the doctors forcibly held his hands. About seven in the evening, Over and Klimenkov arrived again, ordered to keep the bleeding as long as possible, put mustard plasters on the limbs, a fly on the back of the head, ice on the head, and inside a decoction of marshmallow root with laurel cherry water. “Their treatment was inexorable,” Tarasenkov recalled, “they ordered like a madman, shouted in front of him, as in front of a corpse. Klimenkov molested him, crushed, tossed, poured some kind of caustic alcohol on his head ... "
After their departure, Tarasenkov stayed until midnight. The patient's pulse dropped, breathing became intermittent. He could no longer turn around on his own, lay quietly and calmly when he was not being treated. Tried to drink. By evening he began to lose his memory, muttering indistinctly: “Come on, come on! Well, what is it? At eleven o'clock he suddenly shouted loudly: "Ladder, hurry, give me a ladder!" He made an attempt to get up. He was lifted out of bed and placed on a chair. But he was already so weak that his head could not hold and fell like a newborn baby. After this outburst, Gogol fell into a deep faint, around midnight his legs began to get cold, and Tarasenkov ordered jugs of hot water to be applied to them ...
Tarasenkov left so that, as he wrote, he would not run into the medical executioner Klimenkov, who, as they later said, tortured the dying Gogol all night, giving him calomel, covering his body with hot bread, which made Gogol groan and scream piercingly. He died without regaining consciousness at 8 am on February 21 on Thursday. When at ten o'clock in the morning Tarasenkov arrived at Nikitsky Boulevard, the deceased was already lying on the table, dressed in a frock coat, in which he usually walked. A memorial service was served over him, a plaster mask was removed from his face.
“For a long time I looked at the deceased,” wrote Tarasenkov, “it seemed to me that his face did not express suffering, but calmness, a clear thought carried into the coffin.” "Shame on him who is attracted to rotting dust..."
Gogol's ashes were buried at noon on February 24, 1852 by parish priest Alexei Sokolov and deacon John Pushkin. And after 79 years, he was secretly, thievishly removed from the grave: the Danilov Monastery was being transformed into a colony for juvenile delinquents, in connection with which its necropolis was subject to liquidation. It was decided to transfer only a few of the most dear to the Russian heart burials to the old cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent. Among these lucky ones, along with Yazykov, Aksakovs and Khomyakovs, was Gogol ...
On May 31, 1931, twenty to thirty people gathered at Gogol's grave, among whom were: historian M. Baranovskaya, writers Vs. Ivanov, V. Lugovskoy, Yu. Olesha, M. Svetlov, V. Lidin and others. It was Lidin who became almost the only source of information about the reburial of Gogol. With his light hand, terrible legends about Gogol began to walk around Moscow.
The coffin was not immediately found, - he told the students of the Literary Institute, - for some reason he was not where they were digging, but somewhat at a distance, to the side. And when they pulled it out of the ground - flooded with lime, seemingly strong, from oak planks - and opened it, bewilderment was added to the heart trembling of those present. In the fobo lay a skeleton with a skull turned to one side. No one has found an explanation for this. Someone superstitious, probably, then thought: “Well, after all, the publican - during his lifetime, as if not alive, and after death not dead, this strange great man.”
Lidin's stories stirred up old rumors that Gogol was afraid of being buried alive in a state of lethargy and, seven years before his death, bequeathed: “My body should not be buried until clear signs of decomposition appear. I mention this because even during the illness itself, moments of vital numbness came over me, my heart and pulse stopped beating. What the exhumers saw in 1931 seemed to indicate that Gogol's testament had not been fulfilled, that he was buried in a lethargic state, he woke up in a coffin and experienced nightmarish minutes of a new death...
In fairness, it must be said that Lidin's version did not inspire confidence. Sculptor N. Ramazanov, who took off Gogol's death mask, recalled: “I did not suddenly decide to take off the mask, but the prepared coffin ... finally, the incessantly arriving crowd of people who wanted to say goodbye to the dear deceased forced me and my old man, who pointed out signs of destruction, to hurry ... .” There was also an explanation for the rotation of the skull: the side boards at the coffin were the first to rot, the lid falls under the weight of the soil, presses on the dead man’s head, and it turns to its side on the so-called “Atlantean vertebra”.
Then Lidin launched a new version. In his written memoirs of the exhumation, he told a new story, even more terrible and mysterious than his oral stories. “This is what Gogol's ashes were like,” he wrote, “there was no skull in the coffin, and Gogol's remains began with the cervical vertebrae; the entire skeleton of the skeleton was enclosed in a well-preserved tobacco-colored frock coat... When and under what circumstances Gogol's skull disappeared remains a mystery. At the beginning of the opening of the grave at a shallow depth, much higher than the crypt with a walled coffin, a skull was found, but archaeologists recognized it as belonging to a young man.
This new invention of Lidin required new hypotheses. When could Gogol's skull disappear from the coffin? Who could need it? And what kind of fuss is raised around the remains of the great writer?
They remembered that in 1908, when a heavy stone was installed on the grave, a brick crypt had to be erected over the coffin to strengthen the foundation. It was then that the mysterious intruders could steal the writer's skull. As for interested parties, it was not without reason that rumors circulated around Moscow that the skulls of Shchepkin and Gogol were secretly kept in the unique collection of A. A. Bakhrushin, a passionate collector of theatrical relics ...
And Lidin, inexhaustible in inventions, amazed the listeners with new sensational details: they say, when the ashes of the writer were taken from the Danilov Monastery to Novodevichy, some of those present at the reburial could not resist and took some relics for themselves as a keepsake. One allegedly pulled off Gogol's rib, the other - the tibia, the third - the boot. Lidin himself even showed the guests a volume of a lifetime edition of Gogol's works, in the binding of which he inserted a piece of fabric, torn off by him from the coat of Gogol, who was lying in the coffin.
In his will, Gogol shamed those who "will be attracted by some kind of attention to rotting dust, which is no longer mine." But the windy descendants were not ashamed, violated the writer's testament, with unclean hands began to stir up "rotting dust" for fun. They did not respect his covenant not to erect any monument on his grave.
The Aksakovs brought to Moscow from the Black Sea coast a stone shaped like Golgotha, the hill on which Jesus Christ was crucified. This stone became the basis for the cross on the grave of Gogol. Next to him, a black stone in the form of a truncated pyramid with inscriptions on the edges was installed on the grave.
The day before the opening of the Gogol burial, these stones and the cross were taken away somewhere and sunk into oblivion. It was not until the early 1950s that Mikhail Bulgakov's widow accidentally discovered Gogol's Golgotha stone in a cutters' shed and managed to install it on the grave of her husband, the creator of The Master and Margarita.
No less mysterious and mystical is the fate of the Moscow monuments to Gogol. The idea of the need for such a monument was born in 1880 during the celebrations for the opening of the monument to Pushkin on Tverskoy Boulevard. And 29 years later, on the centenary of the birth of Nikolai Vasilyevich on April 26, 1909, a monument created by the sculptor N. Andreev was opened on Prechistensky Boulevard. This sculpture, depicting a deeply dejected Gogol at the moment of his heavy thoughts, caused mixed reviews. Some enthusiastically praised her, others furiously condemned her. But everyone agreed: Andreev managed to create a work of the highest artistic merit.
Disputes around the original author's interpretation of the image of Gogol did not continue to subside even in Soviet times, which could not bear the spirit of decline and despondency even among the great writers of the past. Socialist Moscow needed a different Gogol - clear, bright, calm. Not Gogol of Selected Places from Correspondence with Friends, but Gogol of Taras Bulba, The Government Inspector, Dead Souls.
In 1935, the All-Union Committee for Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR announced a competition for a new monument to Gogol in Moscow, which marked the beginning of developments interrupted by the Great Patriotic War. She slowed down, but did not stop these works, in which the largest masters of sculpture participated - M. Manizer, S. Merkurov, E. Vuchetich, N. Tomsky.
In 1952, on the centennial anniversary of Gogol's death, a new monument was erected on the site of the Andreevsky monument, created by the sculptor N. Tomsky and the architect S. Golubovsky. The Andreevsky monument was moved to the territory of the Donskoy Monastery, where it stood until 1959, when, at the request of the USSR Ministry of Culture, it was installed in front of Tolstoy's house on Nikitsky Boulevard, where Nikolai Vasilyevich lived and died. It took Andreev's creation seven years to cross the Arbat Square!
The controversy surrounding the Moscow monuments to Gogol continues even now. Some Muscovites are inclined to see the transfer of monuments as a manifestation of Soviet totalitarianism and party dictates. But everything that is done is done for the better, and Moscow today has not one, but two monuments to Gogol, equally precious for Russia in moments of both decline and enlightenment of the spirit.
IT LOOKS LIKE GOGOL WAS ACCIDENTALLY POISONED BY DOCTORS!
Although the gloomy mystical halo around Gogol's personality was largely generated by the blasphemous destruction of his grave and the absurd inventions of the irresponsible Lidin, much remains mysterious in the circumstances of his illness and death.
Indeed, from what could a relatively young 42-year-old writer die?
Khomyakov put forward the first version, according to which the root cause of death was a severe mental shock experienced by Gogol due to the fleeting death of Khomyakov's wife Ekaterina Mikhailovna. “Since then, he has been in some kind of nervous breakdown, which took on the character of religious insanity,” Khomyakov recalled. “He talked and began to starve himself, reproaching himself for gluttony.” This version seems to be confirmed by the testimonies of people who saw what effect the accusatory conversations of Father Matthew Konstantinovsky had on Gogol. It was he who demanded that Nikolai Vasilievich observe a strict fast, demanded from him special zeal in fulfilling the harsh instructions of the church, reproached both Gogol himself and Pushkin, whom Gogol revered, for their sinfulness and paganism. The denunciations of the eloquent priest shocked Nikolai Vasilyevich so much that one day, interrupting Father Matthew, he literally groaned: “Enough! Leave, I can’t listen any longer, it’s too scary!” Tertiy Filippov, a witness to these conversations, was convinced that Father Matthew's sermons set Gogol in a pessimistic mood, convinced him of the inevitability of imminent death.
And yet there is no reason to believe that Gogol has gone mad. An unwitting witness to the last hours of Nikolai Vasilyevich's life was the yard man of a Simbirsk landowner, paramedic Zaitsev, who in his memoirs noted that the day before his death Gogol was in a clear memory and sound mind. Having calmed down after the “therapeutic” tortures, he had a friendly conversation with Zaitsev, asked about his life, even made corrections in the poems written by Zaitsev on the death of his mother.
The version that Gogol died of starvation is not confirmed either. An adult healthy person can do without food for 30-40 days. Gogol, on the other hand, fasted for only 17 days, and even then he did not refuse food completely ...
But if not from madness and hunger, then could some infectious disease cause death? In Moscow in the winter of 1852, an epidemic of typhoid fever raged, from which, by the way, Khomyakova died. That is why Inozemtsev, at the first examination, suspected that the writer had typhus. But a week later, a council of doctors, convened by Count Tolstoy, announced that Gogol did not have typhus, but meningitis, and prescribed that strange course of treatment, which cannot be called anything other than "torture" ...
In 1902, Dr. N. Bazhenov published a small work, Gogol's Illness and Death. After carefully analyzing the symptoms described in the memoirs of the writer's acquaintances and the doctors who treated him, Bazhenov came to the conclusion that it was precisely this wrong, weakening treatment for meningitis that killed the writer, which in fact did not exist.
It seems that Bazhenov is only partly right. The treatment prescribed by the council, applied when Gogol was already hopeless, aggravated his suffering, but was not the cause of the disease itself, which began much earlier. In his notes, Dr. Tarasenkov, who first examined Gogol on February 16, described the symptoms of the disease as follows: “... the pulse was weakened, the tongue was clean, but dry; the skin had a natural warmth. For all reasons, it was clear that he did not have a feverish condition ... once he had a slight bleeding from the nose, complained that his hands were chilly, his urine was thick, dark-colored ... ".
One can only regret that Bazhenov, when writing his work, did not think of consulting a toxicologist. After all, the symptoms of Gogol's disease described by him are practically indistinguishable from the symptoms of chronic poisoning with mercury - the main component of the very calomel that everyone who started the treatment of Aesculapius stuffed Gogol with. In fact, in chronic calomel poisoning, thick dark urine and various kinds of bleeding are possible, more often gastric, but sometimes nasal. A weak pulse could be a consequence of both the weakening of the body from burnishing, and the result of the action of calomel. Many noted that throughout his illness, Gogol often asked for water: thirst is one of the characteristics of signs of chronic poisoning.
In all likelihood, the start of the fatal chain of events was an upset stomach and that "too strong effect of the medicine" about which Gogol complained to Shevyrev on February 5. Since gastric disorders were then treated with calomel, it is possible that the medicine prescribed for him was calomel and prescribed it by Inozemtsev, who, a few days later, fell ill himself and stopped observing the patient. The writer passed into the hands of Tarasenkov, who, not knowing that Gogol had already taken a dangerous medicine, could prescribe him calomel again. For the third time, Gogol received calomel from Klimenkov.
The peculiarity of calomel is that it does not cause harm only if it is relatively quickly excreted from the body through the intestines. If it lingers in the stomach, then after a while it begins to act as the strongest mercury poison of sublimate. This, apparently, happened to Gogol: significant doses of the calomel he took were not excreted from the stomach, since the writer was fasting at that time and there was simply no food in his stomach. The gradually increasing amount of calomel in his stomach caused chronic poisoning, and the weakening of the body from malnutrition, discouragement and Klimenkov's barbaric treatment only accelerated death ...
It would not be difficult to test this hypothesis by examining the mercury content of the remains using modern means of analysis. But let us not be like the blasphemous exhumers of the year 1931, and for the sake of idle curiosity we will not disturb the ashes of the great writer a second time, we will not again throw off the tombstones from his grave and move his monuments from place to place. Everything connected with the memory of Gogol, let it be preserved forever and stand in one place!
There are several versions of how N.V. Gogol died.
Gogol hasn't lost his mind
On the night from Friday to Saturday (February 8-9), after another vigil, he, exhausted, dozed off on the sofa and suddenly saw himself dead and heard some mysterious voices.
In the morning, in fear, he called the parish priest, wanting to take unction, but he persuaded him to wait.
He didn't die of meningitis
On Monday, February 11, Gogol was exhausted from meningitis to such an extent that he could not walk and went to bed. He received friends who came to him reluctantly, spoke little, dozed off. At 3 o'clock in the morning from February 11 to 12, after a fervent prayer, he called his friend to him, ordered him to go up to the 2nd floor, open the stove valves and bring a briefcase from the closet. Taking a bunch of notebooks out of it, Gogol put them in the fireplace and lit a candle. He was begged not to burn the manuscripts, but he did not listen to anyone. Sitting on a chair in front of the fire, he waited for everything to burn down, got up, crossed himself, returned to his room, lay down on the sofa and began to cry.
Don't starve yourself
His friends tried to build his trust in doctors. But nothing had an effect on Gogol; to all persuasions, he answered quietly and briefly: “Leave me; I'm good." He stopped taking care of himself, did not wash, did not comb his hair, did not dress. He ate crumbs - bread, gruel, prunes. I drank water and linden tea.
On Monday, February 17, Nikolai Vasilyevich went to bed in a dressing gown and boots and never got up again. In bed, he proceeded to the sacraments of repentance, communion and unction, listened to all the gospels in full consciousness, holding a candle in his hands and crying.
“If it pleases God that I live still, I will be alive,” he told his friends who urged him to be treated.
Gogol was dying... He was half-sitting in an armchair, throwing his head back on the high back, stretching his legs out on a chair that had been set aside. He was about to raise his head when the doctor entered, but she immediately fell helplessly.
N.V. Gogol died on February 18, 1852.
mental trauma
The first version of the death of N.V. Gogol was a mental trauma in connection with the fleeting death of his wife.
Since then, he has been in a kind of nervous breakdown, which has taken on the character of religious insanity. And he began to starve himself. In addition, he observed strict fasts. Therefore, it can be assumed that the cause of death was exhaustion.
typhoid epidemic
The second version of the writer's death was an infectious disease. After all, it was in 1852 that an epidemic raged in Moscow, namely typhoid fever. Therefore, when examining Gogol, doctors immediately suspected typhoid fever. But soon the doctors found that the writer had not typhus, but meningitis. Or the consequences of the wrong course of treatment for a leading outbreak of meningitis. In 1902, Dr. N. Bazhenov published the work "Gogol's Illness and Death" He came to the conclusion that the wrong diagnosis and treatment killed the writer.
Gogol's deadly dream
To reveal the secret of Gogol's death, experts opened the grave of the writer. At the autopsy, they saw that Gogol's head was turned to the side and the upholstery of the coffin was all scratched, which means the writer wanted to get out of the grave. From this it followed that the writer was buried alive.
Due to the many versions of the writer's death, scientists still cannot determine exactly what N.V. Gogol died from. Therefore, it is quite possible that several more versions of the writer's death will appear.
The mysterious story of the death of a genius impressed everyone so much that even after a century and a half, many different rumors continue to circulate about it.
What really happened
In January 1852, a close friend of Gogol's, Ekaterina Mikhailovna Khomyakova, died in Moscow. This death, caused by a serious illness, so impressed the writer that when he came to the memorial service, all he could say, looking into the face of the deceased, was: « It's all over for me..."
Immediately after this shock, Gogol fell into a severe depression, began to spend sleepless nights praying, refused food and, without saying a word, spent days only lying on his bed, not even bothering to take off his boots.
Modern researchers tend to argue that Gogol suffered from a severe form of bipolar affective disorder, or, as it is also called, manic-depressive psychosis. This disease consists in the alternation of two opposite phases of mood. Manic periods are accompanied by a very high spirits and irrepressible energy. But with the onset of the depressive phase, Gogol hit the opposite extreme - he lost motivation anything to do, suffered from thoughts that tormented him up to the complete disappearance of his appetite.
In the middle of the 19th century, this disease had not yet been described by anyone, so the doctors of that time did not connect the writer’s behavior with a mental disorder in any way, preferring to look for the cause in physical ailment. As a result, when by February Gogol's condition became extremely serious, the assembled council of the best doctors in Moscow treated him for anything, but not from exhaustion due to mental anguish.
When the patient's condition became worse than ever, the doctors gave him another incorrect diagnosis - meningitis, after which they began to forcibly treat the patient. They let the writer bleed from his nose, put leeches on his face and doused him with cold water, although Gogol himself resisted the procedures as best he could. But by common efforts, holding his arms and legs, the doctors continued to treat him for a non-existent ailment.
Against the backdrop of extreme exhaustion of the body and Gogol's poor health since childhood, such procedures worsened his condition so much that he eventually could not stand it. On the night of February 20-21, according to the old style, Gogol died. From that day on, all kinds of speculation about the death of a genius began, the cause of which was, for the most part, he himself.
What was said after
In 1839, while in Italy, Gogol fell ill with encephalitis, after which he began to experience prolonged fainting, turning into a lethargic sleep. Being in this state, Gogol could practically not show signs of life visible to an ordinary person - his pulse and breathing were barely noticeable, and there was no way to wake the sleeping person. These circumstances gave rise to a fairly common mental illness in Gogol - taphophobia, or the fear of being buried alive.
Photo of Gogol in Italy
History knows severalexamples when people plunged into a lethargic sleep were mistakenly recognized as dead and buried. Such a prospect frightened the writer so much that for 10 years he could not force himself to sleep in bed. Gogol spent the night on armchairs and couches, being in a sitting and semi-sitting position.
In his will, Gogol specifically requested that he not be buried until there were obvious signs of decomposition of the body. It was the will of the writer that was never fulfilled - namely due to of this fact, stories became popular that Gogol was nevertheless buried alive.
This version began to be widely discussed only in the second half of the 20th century and is associated with the fact of the writer's reburial in 1931. Then the Soviet authorities wished to remake the Danilovsky Monastery, where the grave of the writer was located, into a children's boarding school. It was decided to rebury Gogol at the Novodevichy cemetery.
The ceremony of exhumation of the body was attended by several significant writers of that time, including Vladimir Lidin. It was he who later said that after opening the coffin, everyone saw how Gogol's head lay turned on its side. At the same time, the inner lining of the coffin was allegedly torn to shreds, which could testify in favor of the version of being buried alive. But modern researchers do not take this version too seriously. And there are several strong arguments for that.
Firstly , the same Lidin told some acquaintances a completely different version - supposedly Gogol's skull was not in the coffin at all, since the famous Moscow collector Alexei Bakhrushin dug it up before. This rumor also became very popular, although those who could confirm it were never found.
The second argument suggests that in the 80 years that have passed since the writer's funeral, the lining of the coffin should have completely decayed. And if his head nevertheless turned out to be turned on its side, then there is a simpler explanation for this - due to subsidence of the soil, the coffin lid eventually falls and begins to put pressure on the head, since it is located above the rest of the body. A change in the position of the head of the deceased, found after the exhumation of graves, is a fairly common phenomenon.
And finally third , even despite the erroneous diagnosis, there is no doubt about the professionalism of the doctors who treated Gogol. They really were one of the best doctors in the Russian Empire. And the likelihood that all of them could incorrectly record the death of a person was extremely small, even if he fell into a very deep lethargic sleep. Many people knew about this feature of the writer's body and they simply could not help but check it.
Death mask of Gogol
In addition, the next morning after his death, the death mask was removed from Gogol's face. This procedure is accompanied by the application of a very hot material to the face, and if Gogol were alive, his body could not help but react to such an irritant. Which, of course, didn't happen. That is why, despite the writer's will, the decision to bury him was made almost immediately.
But, despite all the rational arguments, you can be sure that rumors about the mysterious death of a genius will not disappear anywhere. And it's not just the need of society for this kind of speculation. No matter how paradoxical it may sound, Nikolai Gogol, in part, himself became the author of rumors about his mysterious death. And it will be discussed as long as the classic himself is remembered.
Associate Professor of the Perm Medical Academy M. I. Davidov, analyzed 439 documents, studying Gogol's disease.
Mikhail Ivanovich, even during the life of the writer, rumors circulated in Moscow that he was suffering from "madness". Did he have schizophrenia, as some researchers claim?
No, Nikolai Vasilievich did not have schizophrenia. But during the last 20 years of his life, he suffered, in the language of modern medicine, manic-depressive psychosis. At the same time, he was never examined by a psychiatrist, and the doctors did not suspect that he had a mental illness, although close acquaintances suspected this. The writer had periods of unusually cheerful mood, the so-called hypomania. They were replaced by bouts of severe melancholy and apathy - depression.
Mental illness proceeded, masquerading as various somatic (bodily) illnesses. The patient was examined by the leading medical luminaries of Russia and Europe: F. I. Inozemtsev, I. E. Dyadkovsky, P. Krukkenberg, I. G. Kopp, K. G. Karus, I. L. Shenlein and others. Mythical diagnoses were made: "spastic colitis", "catarrh of the intestines", "damage to the nerves of the gastric region", "nervous disease" and so on. Naturally, the treatment of these imaginary diseases had no effect.
Until now, many people think that Gogol died truly horribly. He allegedly had a lethargic dream, taken by others for death. And he was buried alive. And then he died from lack of oxygen in the grave.
These are nothing more than rumors that have nothing to do with reality. But they regularly appear on the pages of newspapers and magazines. Nikolai Vasilyevich himself is partially to blame for the appearance of these rumors. During his lifetime, he suffered from taphephobia - the fear of being buried alive, since since 1839, after suffering malarial encephalitis, he was prone to fainting, followed by prolonged sleep. And he was pathologically afraid that during such a state he might be mistaken for the deceased.
For more than 10 years he did not go to bed. He dozed at night, sitting or reclining in an armchair or on a sofa. It is no coincidence that in "Selected places from correspondence with friends" he wrote: "I bequeath my body not to be buried until clear signs of decomposition appear."
Gogol was buried on February 24, 1852 in the graveyard of the Danilov Monastery in Moscow, and on May 31, 1931, the ashes of the writer were transferred to the Novodevichy cemetery.
There are statements in the periodical press that during the exhumation it seemed to be discovered that the lining of the coffin seemed to be all scratched and torn. The body of the writer is unnaturally twisted. This is the basis of the version that Gogol died already in the coffin.
To understand its inconsistency, it is enough to reflect on the following fact. The exhumation was carried out almost 80 years after the burial. At such times, only bone structures that are not connected to each other remain from the body. And the coffin and upholstery change so much that it is absolutely impossible to determine any "scratching from the inside".
There is also such a point of view. Gogol committed suicide by taking mercury poison shortly before his death...
Yes, indeed, some literary critics believe that about two weeks before his death, Nikolai Vasilyevich took a calomel pill. And since the writer was starving, she was not excreted from the stomach and acted like a strong mercury poison, causing fatal poisoning.
But for an Orthodox, deeply religious person, like Gogol, any suicide attempt was a terrible sin. Besides, one pill of calomel, a common mercury-containing medicine of the time, could not have been harmful. The judgment that drugs stay in the stomach for a long time in a starving person is erroneous. Even during fasting, drugs, under the influence of contraction of the walls of the stomach and intestines, move through the digestive canal, changing under the influence of gastric and intestinal juices. Finally, the patient had no symptoms of mercury poisoning.
The journalist Belysheva put forward a hypothesis that the writer died of an abdominal type, an outbreak of which was in 1852 in Moscow. It was from typhus that Ekaterina Khomyakova died, whom Gogol visited several times during her illness.
The possibility of typhoid fever in Gogol was discussed at a consultation held on February 20 with the participation of six well-known Moscow doctors: professors A. I. Over, A. E. Evenius, I. V. Varvinsky, S. I. Klimenkov, doctors K. I. A. T. Tarasenkova. The diagnosis was categorically rejected, because Nikolai Vasilyevich really had no signs of this disease.
What conclusion did the council come to?
The writer's physician A. I. Over and Professor S. I. Klimenkov insisted on a diagnosis of meningitis (inflammation of the meninges). This opinion was shared by other members of the council, with the exception of the late Varvinsky, who diagnosed him with gastroenteritis due to exhaustion. However, the writer had no objective symptoms of meningitis: no fever, no vomiting, no tension in the occipital muscles... The conclusion of the consultation turned out to be erroneous.
By that time, the writer's condition was already difficult. There was a pronounced emaciation and dehydration of the body. He was in a state of so-called depressive stupor. Lying on the bed right in a dressing gown and boots. Turning his face to the wall, not talking to anyone, immersed in himself, silently waiting for death. With sunken cheeks, sunken eyes, a dull look, a weak, accelerated pulse...
What was the reason for such a difficult situation?
Exacerbation of his mental illness. The traumatic situation - the sudden death of Khomyakova at the end of January - caused another depression. The most severe melancholy and despondency seized Gogol. There was an acute unwillingness to live, characteristic of this mental illness. Gogol had something similar in 1840, 1843, 1845. But then he was happy. The state of depression spontaneously passed.
From the beginning of February 1852, Nikolai Vasilievich almost completely deprived himself of food. Severely limited sleep. Refused to take medication. He burned the almost finished second volume of Dead Souls. He began to retire, wishing and at the same time fearfully waiting for death. He firmly believed in the afterlife. Therefore, in order not to end up in hell, he exhausted himself with prayers all night long, kneeling before the images. Lent began 10 days earlier than expected according to the church calendar. In essence, it was not a fast, but a complete famine that lasted three weeks, until the death of the writer.
Science says that you can survive for 40 days without food.
This term is hardly unconditionally fair for healthy, strong people. Gogol was a physically weak, sick man. After suffering from earlier malarial encephalitis, he suffered from bulimia - a pathologically increased appetite. He ate a lot, mostly hearty meat dishes, but due to metabolic disorders in the body, he did not gain weight at all. Until 1852, he practically did not observe fasts. And here, in addition to starvation, he sharply limited himself to liquids. Which, together with food deprivation, led to the development of severe alimentary dystrophy.
How was Gogol treated?
according to a misdiagnosis. Immediately after the end of the consultation, from 3 pm on February 20, Dr. Klimenkov began to treat "meningitis" with those imperfect methods that were used in the 19th century. The patient was forcibly placed in a hot bath, and ice water was poured over his head. After this procedure, the writer was shivering, but he was kept without clothes. Bloodletting was performed, 8 leeches were put to the nose of the patient to increase nosebleeds. The treatment of the patient was cruel. They yelled at him harshly. Gogol tried to resist the procedures, but his hands were wrung with force, causing pain...
The patient's condition not only did not improve, but became critical. At night he fell into unconsciousness. And at 8 o'clock in the morning on February 21, in a dream, the writer's breathing and circulation stopped. There were no medical workers around. A nurse was on duty.
The participants of the consultation held the day before began to gather by 10 o'clock and instead of the patient they found the corpse of the writer, from whose face the sculptor Ramazanov removed the death mask. Doctors clearly did not expect such a rapid onset of death.
What caused it?
Acute cardiovascular insufficiency caused by bloodletting and shock temperature effects on a patient suffering from severe alimentary dystrophy. (Such patients do not tolerate bleeding very well, often not at all large. A sharp change in heat and cold also weakens cardiac activity). Dystrophy arose due to prolonged starvation. And it was due to the depressive phase of manic-depressive psychosis. Thus, a whole chain of factors is obtained.
Doctors frankly harmed?
They were conscientiously mistaken, making a wrong diagnosis and prescribing an irrational, debilitating treatment for the patient.
Could the writer have been saved?
Force-feeding highly nutritious foods, drinking plenty of water, subcutaneous infusions of saline solutions. If this had been done, his life would certainly have been spared. By the way, the youngest member of the council, Dr. A. T. Tarasenkov, was sure of the need for force-feeding. But for some reason, he did not insist on this and only passively watched the wrong actions of Klimenkov and Auvers, later severely condemning them in his memoirs.
Now such patients are necessarily hospitalized in a psychiatric hospital. Force-fed high-nutrient mixtures through a stomach tube. Salt solutions are injected subcutaneously. They also prescribe antidepressants, which were not yet available in Gogol's time.
The tragedy of Nikolai Vasilyevich was that his mental illness during his lifetime was never recognized.
Nikolai Ramazanov's letter on Gogol's death
"I bow to Nestor Vasilyevich and inform you of extremely sad news ...
That afternoon, after dinner, I lay down on the sofa to read, when suddenly the bell rang and my servant Terenty announced that Mr. Aksakov and someone else had arrived and asked to remove the mask from Gogol. This accident struck me so much that for a long time I could not come to my senses. Although yesterday Ostrovsky used to say to me that Gogol was seriously ill, but no one expected such a denouement. At that moment, I got ready, taking my molder Baranov with me, and went to Talyzin's house, on Nikitsky Boulevard, where Nikolai Vasilyevich lived with Count Tolstoy. The first thing I met was a crimson velvet coffin roof /.../ In a room on the ground floor, I found the remains of someone taken by death so early.
In a minute the samovar boiled, the alabaster was diluted and Gogol's face was covered with it. When I felt the crust of the alabaster with my palm to see if it had warmed up and strengthened enough, I involuntarily remembered the will (in letters to friends), where Gogol says not to bury his body in the ground until all signs of decomposition appear in the body. After removing the mask, one could be fully convinced that Gogol's fears were in vain; he will not come to life, this is not lethargy, but an eternal deep sleep /.../
When leaving Gogol's body, I came across two legless beggars at the porch, who were standing on crutches in the snow. I gave it to them and thought: these poor poor things are living, but Gogol is no more!"
Well-known literary critic, editor-in-chief of the academic complete works N.V. Gogol, RSUH professor Yuri MANN commented on this document.
When and under what circumstances did this letter become known?
It was first published in the collection of M.G. Danilevsky, published in 1893 in Kharkov. The letter was not given in full, without specifying the addressee, and therefore was out of the attention of researchers who studied the circumstances of Gogol's death. About two years ago I worked in the manuscript department of the National Library of Russia (the former library named after Saltykov-Shchedrin), fund 236, item 195, sheet 1-2, where I collected materials for the second volume of Gogol's biography. (The first volume - "Through the Laughter Visible to the World..." The Life of N.V. Gogol. 1809-1835. - came out in 1994.) I found this document among others.
Why were you silent for so long?
All this time I have been working on a book where the letter will be published in full. I was forced to provide fragments of the letter for publication by the fact that by the recent sad date, the version that Gogol was buried alive again went for a walk through the pages of newspapers.
What exactly in this letter testifies that Gogol was not buried alive?
Let's start with the facts. Gogol was treated by the best doctors of that time. If, from the point of view of modern medicine, not everything was done as it should, after all, they were not charlatans, not idiots, and, of course, they could distinguish the dead from the living. In addition, Gogol himself warned the doctors accordingly, or rather, his will, where it was said: “Being in the full presence of memory and common sense, I state here my last will. I bequeath my body not to be buried until there are clear signs of decomposition ."
But there is nothing in the letter about these signs ...
And it couldn't be. Gogol died at 8 o'clock in the morning, Ramazanov appeared immediately after dinner. He was a wonderful sculptor, he knew Gogol personally and, of course, he paid full attention to the assigned work. Removing a mask from a living person is impossible. Ramazanov was convinced that Gogol's fears were in vain, and with the greatest regret stated that this was an eternal dream. The reliability of his conclusion is increased by the fact that attention was directed accordingly, that is, Gogol's testament. Hence the categorical conclusion.
Why, after all, did Gogol's head turn out to be turned?
It happens that in the coffin the lid shifts under pressure. In doing so, she touches the skull, and it turns.
And yet, the version that Gogol was buried alive is circulating...
The reason for this is the circumstances of life, character, psychological appearance. Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov said that Gogol's nerves were upside down. Everything could be expected from him. It must also be taken into account that two mysteries were involuntarily conjugated: "Dead Souls" was supposed to reveal the secret of Russian life, the destiny of the Russian people. When Gogol died, Turgenev said that some secret was hidden in this death. As often happens, the lofty mystery of Gogol's life and work was reduced to the level of cheap fiction and melodramatic effect, which are always fit for mass culture.
The mystery of Gogol's death still haunts both a huge number of scientists and researchers, and ordinary people, including even those who are far from the world of literature. Probably, it was this general interest and widespread discussion with many different assumptions that caused so many legends to arise around the death of the writer.
Some facts from the biography of Gogol
Nikolai Vasilyevich lived a short life. He was born in 1809 in the Poltava province. Gogol's death occurred on February 21, 1852. He was buried in Moscow, in a cemetery located on the territory of the Danilov Monastery.
He studied at a prestigious gymnasium, but there, as he believed with his friends, the students received insufficient knowledge. Therefore, the future writer was carefully engaged in self-education. At the same time, Nikolai Vasilievich already then tried his hand at writing, however, he worked mainly in poetic form. Gogol also showed interest in the theater, he was especially attracted to comic works: already in his school years he had an unsurpassed sense of humor.
According to experts, contrary to popular belief, Gogol did not have schizophrenia. However, he suffered from manic-depressive psychosis. This illness manifested itself in different ways, but its strongest manifestation was that Gogol was terribly afraid that he would be buried alive. He did not even go to bed: he spent his nights and hours of daytime rest in armchairs. This fact was overgrown with a huge number of speculations, which is why many people thought that this is exactly what happened: the writer, they say, fell asleep in a lethargic sleep, and he was buried. But this is not so at all. The official version for a long time is that Gogol's death took place even before his burial.
In 1931, it was decided to dig up the grave in order to refute the rumors that had spread then. However, false information has surfaced again. It was said that Gogol's body was in an unnatural position, and the inner lining of the coffin was scratched with nails. Anyone who is able to analyze the situation even a little, of course, doubts this. The fact is that for 80 years the coffin, along with the body, if not completely decomposed in the ground, then certainly would not have retained any traces and scratches.
Gogol's death itself is also a mystery. The last few weeks of his life, the writer felt very bad. Not a single doctor then could explain what was the reason for the rapid withering. Due to excessive religiosity, which became especially aggravated in the last years of his life, in 1852 Gogol began fasting 10 days ahead of schedule. At the same time, he reduced the consumption of food and water to an absolute minimum, thereby bringing himself to complete exhaustion. Even the persuasion of friends who begged him to return to a normal way of life did not affect Gogol.
Even after so many years, Gogol, whose death was a real shock for many, remains one of the most widely read writers not only in the post-Soviet space, but throughout the world.
Secrets of the death of Nikolai Gogol
The fate of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is still striking in its mystical side. His life seems to be full of accidents and mysteries. But most of all, the mystery of his death, which has not been revealed so far, is interesting.
It is widely known that Nikolai Gogol suffered from the so-called taphophobia - the fear of being buried alive. We know this not only from the reports of contemporaries, but also from the personal diaries of the writer. He had this fear in his youth, after he had been ill with malarial encephalitis. The disease was very difficult and was accompanied by deep fainting. Gogol was very afraid that during one of these attacks he would be taken for dead and buried alive. Already in the last years of his life, this fear reached its climax - the writer practically did not sleep and never went to bed. The maximum that he could afford was to take a nap in an armchair.
Now more and more often they say that Gogol's fears justified themselves, and the writer was really buried alive. These rumors went after the reburial of Gogol's body. After opening the coffin, it was noticed that the skeleton lies in an unnatural position - slightly leaning to the side. They also say that the lid of the writer's coffin was scratched from the inside, which suggests that the buried person was still alive. However, these are just rumors and it is difficult to know which of them is really true.
A curious story is known, which is still told at the grave of Nikolai Vasilyevich. In 1940, another famous Russian writer, Mikhail Bulgakov, who always considered himself a student of Nikolai Gogol, died. His wife, Elena Sergeevna, went to choose a stone for her dead husband's tombstone. Randomly, from a pile of blank gravestones, she chose only one. It was lifted up to engrave the name of the writer on it, but it was immediately realized that it already had another name on it. When they saw what was written there, they were even more surprised - it became obvious that this was a tombstone that had disappeared from Gogol's grave. Thus, Gogol seemed to signal to Bulgakov's relatives that he was finally reunited with his outstanding student.
To this day, no one can find out the true cause of death of the great Russian writer Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. According to the official version, Nikolai Vasilyevich died at 8 am on February 21, 1852, in Moscow. But there are also many versions put forward by both the writer's contemporaries and researchers who lived much later. Many versions contradict each other, many prove that the date of death was much later, and some scholars generally argue that the great Russian classic was buried while still alive.
Let's start with the official version and the last days of the writer's life. A few days before his death, Gogol stops leaving the house, hardly eats and hardly sleeps. On the night of February 11-12, 1852, he burns the second volume of Dead Souls. All this time, doctors and relatives help him, but the writer himself is already preparing for death and asks him not to disturb him. Nevertheless, on February 20, a council meets and the writer is going to be forcibly treated, as a result, the writer still dies. The funeral took place on February 24, 1852 at the cemetery of the Danilov Monastery in Moscow.
Along with the thousands of immortal works left by the writer, there are also thousands of versions of his death.
One of the versions of the death of N.V. Gogol was traumatized in connection with the fleeting death of the sister of a close friend.
Another no less original version is that Gogol committed suicide. It is very easily refuted due to the strong faith of the writer. For him it was a terrible sin.
Also original is the version of death from lack of oxygen due to being buried alive. This conclusion was made on the basis of exhumation after 80 years of burial. The writer V. Lidin became the first source of information about the exhumation of Gogol. It was he who stated that the writer's coffin was well preserved, the inside of the coffin was torn and scratched, while in the coffin there was an unnaturally twisted skeleton with its head turned.
And in 1852 Gogol died due to very mystical, hitherto controversial circumstances.
Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol was a big fan of practical jokes. After leaving this world, he left us many amazing, sometimes mystical, mysteries.
As you know, authoritative professors of medicine, called to the bed of a dying writer, could not find the reason for his rapid extinction. Assumptions were very different - from meningitis, typhoid fever or malaria - to mental insanity or religious mania.
Sources: fb.ru, pwpt.ru, kokay.ru, medconfer.com, video.sibnet.ru
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