International Research Journal Archive. For which the Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation may be deprived of the title of Doctor of Historical Sciences. Why did a scientific journal from Yekaterinburg get into the new Dissernet database and now threatens to imprison its founders

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"Direct plagiarism, self-plagiarism, mysterious authorship"

Why did a scientific journal from Yekaterinburg get into the new Dissernet database and now threatens to imprison its founders

Andrei Zayakin (sitting in the center) and his associates have declared a crusade against journals that help stamp fake dissertations Jaromir Romanov / website

The International Scientific Research Journal, published in Yekaterinburg, has threatened criminal prosecution against the Russian Dissernet community, which has been fighting plagiarism in candidate and doctoral dissertations for four years. Threats to prosecute for libel followed the Yekaterinburg magazine's appearance in a new section on the community portal, Andrey Zayakin, one of Dissernet's founders, told the site. The project is designed to bring to light periodicals that contribute to the appearance of dubious scientific works and together earn up to 20 billion rubles a year on this.

"Garbage" signs

"Disseropedia of Journals" became the third main activity of "Dissernet", which first looked for incorrect borrowings in individual scientific papers, and later took up universities that turned out to be especially friendly to plagiarists. The new section on the community portal contains a constantly updated database of Russian-language scientific periodicals with signs that may indicate an incorrect editorial policy. At the same time, the community portal emphasizes that Dissernet does not provide an ethical assessment or scientific characterization of journals. It is only about collecting and providing questionnaire information that may be in demand by members of the scientific community. After all, signs of an incorrect editorial policy generally reduce the level of the periodical, and in particular give reason to suspect it of collaborating with plagiarists.

Now in "Disseropedia" there are already about a hundred scientific journals (in total, more than 800 have already been studied according to various criteria), falling under the signs of dubious periodicals. Their publishers, apparently, were attentive to the appearance of a new base, otherwise it is difficult to explain the quick reaction from one of the Yekaterinburg magazines. “Representatives of the editorial office immediately contacted us and threatened to initiate a criminal case on the grounds of slander,” Andrey Zayakin told the site.

Why the Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation may be deprived of the title of Doctor of Historical Sciences

Challenging Dissernet, the International Research Journal (ISJ), as stated on its official website, provides an opportunity to publish their scientific achievements to students, graduate students and university professors, as well as holders of academic degrees. In addition, the journal is open for cooperation with public figures, representatives of the spheres of culture and education, politicians and economists, not only from Russia, but also from the CIS countries and far abroad.

It is especially noted that all publications in the MNIZH receive international status. Published materials fall into AGRIS - the International Information System for Agriculture and Related Industries, created back in 1974 by one of the UN structures. According to Andrey Zayakin, for him this is more a minus than a plus: he considers AGRIS a “specific place” with a special concentration of “junk” magazines. “Unfortunately, the problem is that getting into AGRIS guarantees almost automatic entry into the list of scientific publications recognized by the Russian VAK (Higher Attestation Commission. — Red.), as well as to international indexing databases,” says Zayakin. The MNIZh website indicates that its publications are placed in the depository of scientific publications of the University of Lund (Lund, Sweden).

website

Be that as it may, the Dissernet database is formed by checking publications according to more than 20 criteria, and questions arise for MNIZH on almost every one of them. They arose, for example, when it was discovered that the editorial board of the journal had five “disser- ders ” at once – this is how the anti-plagiarism community calls representatives of the scientific community who, perhaps, have never engaged in incorrect borrowing, but, as the investigations of Dissernet showed, ”, turned out to be involved in writing and defending other people's “fake” dissertations. In the community database, in particular, appears Doctor of Law Vladimir Kamyshansky, head of the department of civil law of the Kuban State Agrarian University. Andrei Zayakin personally deprived two of his dissertators of their academic degrees and regrets that the statute of limitations did not allow the exposure of several more who passed the defense under the leadership of Kamyshansky.

To date, Dissernet employees and volunteers have analyzed about 40,000 journal articles, identifying six articles with plagiarism at once, which were published on the pages of MNIZH. It also follows from the Disseropedia database that three articles came out with self-plagiarism. This is when the same text (perhaps with different titles and even minor edits) is published in several editions at once, which is considered another unacceptable violation of publishing ethics. Another six materials had the so-called mysterious authorship.

“It is difficult to establish it for certain, because in one place, say, Ivanov and Petrov can be indicated as authors, and in another, a certain Sidorov is added to them,” Andrey Zayakin explains. According to him, this usually indicates that the article was written for money or as a gift, but with any of these options, of course, it cannot be taken as a full-fledged scientific work.

The common sin of "garbage" publications is cheating citations. To analyze this criterion, Dissernet takes into account the impact factor, a numerical indicator of the importance of a scientific journal, determined by the average citation of the published material. The core of the impact factor is the same numerical indicator, but calculated based on the average citation of the same material exclusively in “good” journals. “Comparison of these two indicators gives quite an obvious picture. If your article is more likely to be cited by "bad" journals, while "good" journals are mostly overlooked, then you have a problem. But “bad” or, as we call them, “junk” journals were created in order to cite more often and more what is poorly read and recognized by the genuine scientific community,” Andrey Zayakin comments. According to him, with the maximum allowable citation cheat index of 20, this indicator for MNIZH exceeded 52.

"Bad" signs in "Dissernet" also include the "omnivorousness" of scientific journals: "MNIZH" specializes in as many as 16 scientific areas - from jurisprudence and philosophy to architecture and geology. Another unacceptable practice, according to the community, is the publication of materials from correspondence conferences, which are a priori considered by Dissernet to be an imitation of a scientific discussion. In addition, a journal begins to look suspicious if it provides the opportunity for accelerated publication of a work for a fee: usually the order involves waiting for articles in a queue. According to plagiarism fighters, some quantitative indicators of the publication are also an alarming signal: for example, if more than a thousand scientific papers are published in a journal a year, while the publications themselves are suspiciously small.

“This is especially bad in relation to the humanities. What can be said in a scientific work on sociology or political science if the volume of the text is less than 5.5 thousand characters with spaces - that is, less than three ordinary computer pages? Andrey Zayakin is perplexed.

Judging by the database of the "Disseropedia of Journals", the publication from Yekaterinburg falls under all of the listed "bad" signs. At the same time, Dissernet decided not to find fault with the issue of founding scientific journals, making allowances for the notorious Russian specifics. According to the founder of the community, respected publications in the West are established and published, as a rule, by prestigious universities or reputable scientific centers. The point is that such journals should serve science more than anyone else's commercial success, Zayakin believes. The founder and publisher of the "International Research Journal" in Yekaterinburg is Marina Vladimirovna Sokolova.

Science without a sign

In open sources, you can find at least two addresses of the MNIZH editorial office in Yekaterinburg. The magazine No. 6 (13) for 2013 mentions Listvennichnaya Street, 58. As it turned out, this is a cottage at the far end of a rather prestigious village, built in the Victorian style. There is no indication that the editorial office of the magazine is located here: an ordinary residential building, and by all external signs it is inhabited. Smoke swirls over the chimney, and a car regularly leaves the fenced yard, judging by the tread marks in the snow. But all attempts by our correspondent to reach out to the inhabitants were unsuccessful.

The second found address of the editorial office, already indicated on the MNIZH website, is Krasnoarmeiskaya Street, 4A, office 17. This is an old residential building, sandwiched between the Ural Research Institute of Metrology on the one hand and the Vysotsky business center on the other, in the very center of the city . Office 17 is a converted apartment on the ground floor. The intercom is disabled. Nevertheless, we managed to get through to the inhabitants of this room. There were two of them - a young man and a smiling girl. They confirmed that the editorial office of MNIZH is located here. But they did not answer any questions about the situation related to the Disseropedia.

Igor Pushkarev / website

The only thing that could be done was to hand over a note with a telephone number for the editor-in-chief of the publication, Anna Miller, who was not there. By the way, neither on the site nor on the pages of the magazine itself are any telephone numbers of the editorial staff indicated, communication with the outside world is based on e-mail. A few days earlier, the editors sent a request to comment on the conflict with Dissernet to this e-mail address, to which today, after the note was sent, a short answer came: “First of all, we have no conflict with the Dissernet society. We will consider all the criteria by which a given society included our journal in its list. Let us evaluate the objectivity of their analysis. And we will draw the appropriate conclusions. The commentary also notes that the editors are striving to improve the quality of the content of the journal. “Therefore, we treat criticism constructively,” is the end of the answer.

During the search for the editorial office of the magazine, a curious detail surfaced. The list of members of the MNIZh editorial board, according to the Disseropedia, mentions the head of the Department of Pedagogy and Psychology of the Chelyabinsk State University, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Nina Lezhneva. In the electronic version of the MNIZh available on the Internet (No. 5 (36) of June 2015), Lezhneva is also named among the members of the editorial board in the Pedagogy section. But at the request of the correspondent of the site to comment on the claims against the journal by Dissernet, Lezhneva answered verbatim the following: “I am not a member of the editorial board of this journal, I have never even heard of it.” In the editorial office itself, they expressed bewilderment about the words of Nina Lezhneva, attaching a scan of correspondence as evidence of the connection previously established between her and the editorial office.

Do not fall into the "garbage"

“The trouble is not only that someone does not want to honestly receive a scientific degree. After the recent reforms of Minister Livanov, university professors have become completely dependent on the number of publications that come out under their signature. They get paid for it. Accordingly, a certain demand arose, and in response to demand, supply arose, - says Andrey Zayakin. - If I have to publish three articles in a year, spending, say, 60 thousand rubles, but for this I will receive an increase of 10 thousand rubles a month, I probably agree to such conditions. This is an unethical but practical path that many do not consider it shameful to go.”

“It turns out that the editors of such magazines have three times more motivation to end us,” Zayakin jokes grimly. The database of the "Journal disserpedia" includes two more journals published in Yekaterinburg. These are the Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals, which is published on the initiative of the Ural State Agrarian University, and the journal Economics of the Region, founded by the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

In January, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation published a detailed 11-page manual with recommendations for preparing and publishing scientific articles in international indexed journals. On page 4, it contains an item “Signs of unscrupulous publications” of eight lines: “The journal asks the author to independently prepare or receive reviews of his text from colleagues; the editorial office offers agency services, such as the preparation of paid reviews; the journal sends spam with an offer to publish as soon as possible; the journal indicates false information about itself, gives false citation indices, does not indicate ISSN (a unique serial number that allows you to identify any periodical publication, regardless of where it is published, in what language, in what medium. — Note. ed.); hides the names and surnames of its employees, experts, members of the editorial board; offers services to increase scientometric indicators; the critically high volume of texts in the issue (from 40) and the critically low volume of the article (3-4 pages). As you can see, almost all of these features correlate with those operated by Dissernet.

The head of the scientometrics laboratory at the Ural Federal University, Mark Akoev, has his own five rules for distinguishing “garbage magazines” or “predatory” journals (doing business on large volumes of pseudoscientific publications) from really worthwhile publications. First and foremost, choose those publications that are trusted in scientific circles and whose readers are well known to you, Akoev recommends.

The second is the desirable inclusion of publications in respectable citation indices (Mark Akoev mentions Scopus and Web of Science). The third is to clearly understand what the magazine can ask for a fee for. It is one thing if they ask for money for publication, and another thing is for your work to be in the public domain for the rest of the scientific world. “The second is quite acceptable. The fourth point that distinguishes the “garbage magazines” is a small variety of countries that the authors of the journal represent, as well as the authors' affiliation to the same organization. Finally, one should be wary if publications cite mainly articles from the same publication.

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INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL

Periodical theoretical and scientific-practical journal. Published 12 times a year.

Journal founder: IP Sokolova M.V. Editor-in-Chief: Miller A.V.

Editorial address: 620036, Yekaterinburg, st. Listvennaya, d. 58.

Email: [email protected] Website: www.research-journal.org

Signed for publication on 01/16/2014. Circulation 900 copies.

Order 12024.

Printed from the finished original layout. Printed in the printing house of LLC "Impeks".

620075, Yekaterinburg, st. Tolmacheva, 16, office 12.

Meždunarodnyj naučno-issledovatel "skij žurnal

Collection based on the results of the XXII correspondence scientific conference Research Journal of International Studies.

The authors are responsible for the accuracy of the information provided in the articles. Full or partial reproduction or reproduction, by whatever means, of the materials published in this publication is allowed only with the written permission of the authors.

The number of the certificate of registration with the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media: PI No. FS 77 - 51217.

Members of the editorial board:

Philological sciences: Rastyagaev A.V. dr. philol. Sci., Slozhenikina Yu.V. dr. philol. Sciences, Shtreker N.Yu. Candidate of Philology, Verbitskaya O.M. PhD in Philology

Technical science: Pachurin G.V. Dr. tech. Sciences, prof., Fedorova E.A. Dr. tech. Sci., Prof., Gerasimova L.G., Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Kurasov V.S., Doctor of Engineering.

Sci., Prof., Oskin S.V., Doctor of Engineering sciences, prof.

Pedagogical Sciences: Lezhneva N.V. dr. ped. Sciences, Kulikovskaya I.E. dr. ped. Sci., Saykina E.G. dr. ped. Sciences, Lukyanova M.I. dr. ped. Sciences.

Psychological sciences: Mazilov V.A. Dr. Psychol. Sci., Rosenova M.I., Dr. of Psychology. Sciences, prof., Ivkov N.N. Dr. Psychol. Sciences.

Physical and mathematical Sciences: Shamolin M.V. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences, Glezer A.M. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences, Svistunov Yu.A., Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences, prof.

Geographic Sciences: Umyvakin V.M. Dr. Geogr. Sciences, Ph.D. prof., Brylev V.A. Dr. Geogr. Sci., prof., Ogureeva G.N., Dr. of Geogr. sciences, prof.

Biological Sciences: Bulany Yu.P. Dr. Biol. Sci., Anikin V.V., Doctor of Biol. Sciences, prof., Eskov E.K., Doctor of Biol. Sciences, prof., Sheudzhen A.Kh., Dr. of Biol.

sciences, prof.

Architecture: Yankovskaya Yu.S., Doctor of Architecture, prof.

Veterinary Sciences: Aliev A.S., Dr. veterinarian. Sci., prof., Tatarnikova N.A., Dr. veterinarian. sciences, prof.

Medical Sciences: Medvedev I.N., Dr. med. Sciences, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Prof. Nikolsky V.I., Doctor of Medical Sciences sciences, prof.

Historical Sciences: Meerovich M.G. dr ist. Sciences, PhD in Architecture, Prof. Bakulin V.I., Doctor of History Sciences, prof., Berdinskikh V.A., Dr. of History. Sciences,

Lyovochkina N.A., Candidate of Sciences, Ph.D.

Culturology: Kutsenkov P.A., Doctor of Culturology, Candidate of Art History.

Art history: Kutsenkov P.A., Doctor of Cultural Studies, Candidate of Art Studies.

Philosophical sciences: Petrov M.A., Doctor of Philosophy. Sciences, Bessonov A.V., Doctor of Philosophy. sciences, prof.

Legal Sciences: Grudtsina L.Yu., Doctor of Law Sciences, Prof., Kostenko R.V., Doctor of Law Sciences, Prof., Kamyshansky V.P., Doctor of Law. sciences, prof.,

Mazurenko A.P. Dr. jurid. Sciences, Meshcheryakova O.M. Dr. jurid. Sciences, Ergashev E.R., Doctor of Law. sciences, prof.

Agricultural Sciences: Vazhov V.M., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Sci., Prof., Rakov A.Yu., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Sci., Komlatsky V.I., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Sciences, prof., Nikitin V.V. dr

s.-x. Sci., Naumkin V.P., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences sciences, prof.

Sociological Sciences: Zamaraeva Z.P., Doctor of Sociology. Sciences, Prof., Solodova G.S., Doctor of Sociology. Sci., Prof., Korableva G.B., Doctor of Sociology. Sciences.

Chemical Sciences: Abdiev K.Zh., Dr. of Chem. Sci., prof., Meldeshov A. Dr. chem. Sciences.

Geosciences: Goryainov P.M., Doctor of Geol.-Mineral. sciences, prof.

Economic sciences: Burda A.G., Doctor of Economics nau, prof., Lyovochkina N.A., Doctor of Economics Sciences, Ph.D., Lamottke M.N., Ph.D.

Political science: Zavershinskiy K.F., Dr. of Polit. sciences, prof.

Pharmaceutical Sciences: Trineeva O.V. Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaisheva N.Sh., Doctor of Pharmacy Sci., Erofeeva L.N., Doctor of Pharm. sciences, prof.

Yekaterinburg - 2013

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY

Logvinenko O.V.

CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF CARBONATES FROM GOLD-SKARN OCKETS OF THE TOPOLNINSKOE ORE FIELD (GORNY ALTAI)

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The article presents data on the isotopic composition of carbonates of gold-skarn occurrences. It has been suggested that the formation of carbonates is related to the fluid formed as a result of the interaction of juvenile fluid with host carbonate rocks and mixing with meteoric waters.

Key words: carbon and oxygen isotopes, skarns, ore formation.

CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPES IN AU-SKARN DEPOSITS OF THE TOPOLNINSKOE GOLD AREA (GORNY ALTAI)

Isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen of Au-bearing skarns has been studied. The carbonate origin is related to fluid formed by interaction of the magmatic fluid with carbonate host rocks and with meteoric water.

Keywords: carbon and oxygen isotopes, skarns, ore formation.

Carbonates are one of the typomorphic minerals of metasomatites of late stages of mineral formation in skarn deposits. In the Topolninsky ore field, carbonates occur mainly in the composition of metasomatites of the propylite formation and compose late carbonate and quartz-carbonate veins.

Studies of carbon and oxygen isotopes were carried out in order to establish the sources of elements included in the rocks. Samples were taken from the carbonates of the groundmass of metasomatites and post-ore veinlets from two separated areas of the Topol’ninsky ore field and represent powder samples (fraction<0,25 мм) массой до 0,2 гр. Изотопный анализ проводился на оборудовании Института геологии и минералогии СО РАН (г. Новосибирск), состав измерялся на масс-спектрометре Finnigan MAT 253 с приставкой онлайн-пробоподготовки GasBench II с использованием стандартных методик пробоподготовки.

The isotopic composition of the studied carbonates is distinguished by a narrow range of δ18 O values ​​(+16.2…+19.0 ‰) and a wide range of δ13 С (+2.6…-7.0 ‰). Values ​​of δ13 С in calcites from veinlets and nests fit into the field from marble to near-magmatic calcite (Fig. 1, Table 1). The interpretation of these data indicates that the source of carbon dioxide at different stages of hydrothermal activity was different. Most likely, the source of carbon dioxide in the samples with δ13 С= -(7.0 and 6.9 ‰) values ​​was "mantle" fluids, which is typical for beresitization-propylitization processes. The remaining excellent values ​​of δ13С indicate the mixing of carbon from various sources during hydrothermal activity (for example, the interaction of the fluid with host rocks containing dispersed carbonaceous matter and with meteoric waters). Such calcites were formed at a late stage of hydrothermal activity, the manifestation of which was the formation of quartz-calcite veins.

The oxygen isotopic composition of calcites is characterized by very similar values ​​for different samples, which may indicate a single source of water during the formation of calcite.

Table 1 - Isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen in the carbonates of the Topolninsky ore field

Rice. 1 Correlation between δ18 O and δ13 С values ​​in carbonates from skarns from gold occurrence sites of the Topolninskoe ore field. 1 – plot Log 26, well 53; 2 – site Log 26, well 46; 3 – Bayanikha area, well 35.

It is conditionally accepted that the oxygen isotope composition of mantle water corresponds to the values ​​of δ18 O=+(6-8‰), and metamorphic - +(5-25‰). The δ18 O values ​​of the studied calcites (Oav = +17.78%) do not correspond to either freshwater

(δ18 O=+(20-25 ‰, SMOW)), nor marine (δ18 O=+(25-30 ‰, SMOW) carbonates.

It is known that the isotopic composition of oxygen in calcites is determined by the oxygen in the water of hydrothermal solutions. Using the equilibrium fractionation coefficients for the CaCO3-H2O system, the oxygen values ​​of the water from which calcite was formed were obtained at a specified temperature range of 150-235 0 С (the data were obtained from the results of studying the homogenization temperatures of gas-liquid inclusions in calcite). These values ​​vary from 1.99 to 2.40 ‰, which also indicates meteorogenic water undergoing oxygen exchange with host rocks at high temperatures of the hydrothermal solution.

Thus, the considered isotopic data on carbon and oxygen in calcite indicate a different source of matter.

It has been shown that the carbon isotopic composition of vein carbonates becomes heavier from the early stages of mineral formation to the later ones, due to the large influence of carbonate-bearing host rocks as a source of heavy carbon isotope. Intermediate isotope compositions of carbonates between marble and "igneous" calcite indicate mixing of juvenile fluid with a solution formed during interaction with host carbonate rocks and infiltration waters.

Literature

1. Kucherenko I.V., Gavrilov R.Yu. The phenomenon of accumulation of femophilic elements in gold-bearing beresites and the basaltogenic concept of mesothermal ore formation. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. - 2010. - T.

317. - No. 1. - S. 20-26.

2. Sokerina N.V., Zykin N.N. et al. Conditions for the formation of quartz veins of gold ore occurrences in the Manitanyrd region (Polar Urals) // Litosfera. - 2010. - No. 2. - With. 100–111.

3. Makarov V.P. Oil. New information about its composition. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.sworld.com.ua/index.php/ru/conference/the-content-of-conferences/archives-of-conferences/oct-2013 (accessed 12/20/2013).

4. Grabezhev A.I., Ronkin Yu.L. Isotopes of carbon, oxygen and strontium in carbonates copper-skarn deposits of the Urals // Litosfera. - 2007. - No. 4. - With. 102–114.

Rudmin M.A.

PhD student, Tomsk Polytechnic University

The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 13-05-98045.

Facies of ore-bearing deposits of the Bakcharsky iron ore occurrence (TOMSK REGION)

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It has been established that loose ores of the Bakchar iron ore occurrence, which can be developed by the method of borehole hydraulic mining, are confined to the oolitic sand facies. The data obtained are proposed to be used in forecasting prospective ores for hydraulic mining and differentiation of sedimentary deposits hosting oolitic iron ores.

Key words: Bakchar iron ore occurrence, West Siberian iron ore basin, oolitic ores, facies.

Postgraduate student, Tomsk Polytechnic University

FACIES OF ORE-HOSTING SEDIMENTS OF BAKCHAR IRON OREOCCURRENCE (TOMSK REGION)

It is found that friable iron ore of Bakchar occurence, which is possible to develop by hydraulic borehole mining, is confined to oolitic sands facies. The obtained data could be used to predict the perspective ore gorizonts for hydraulic mining and differentiate sediments containing oolitic iron ore.

Keywords: Bakchar iron ore occurrence, West Siberian iron ore basin, oolitic ore, facies.

The Bakchar iron ore occurrence is located in the southeastern part of the West Siberian iron ore basin. Administratively, it is located 200 km from the city of Tomsk to the northwest. Iron occurrences in the West Siberian iron ore basin are traced in a band 150 km wide and about 2000 km long (from the basins of the Turukhan and Bolshaya Kheta rivers in the northeast to the sources of the Om river in the southwest). The total basin area is 300,000 km2, including

on the territory of the Tomsk region about 80,000 km2. The total predicted reserves of iron ore in the basin with an iron content of more than 30% are estimated at 400 billion tons, which allows us to consider it the largest iron ore province in the world.

The iron-bearing deposits of the Bakchar ore occurrence are represented by typical sediments of coastal marine facies - gravelstones, oolitic ores, sandstones, siltstones and clays. Oolitic iron ores are characterized mainly by goethite-hydrogoethite oolites and belong to three horizons (from bottom to top): Narymsky, Kolpashevsky and Bakcharsky. The ore horizons occur in the corresponding suites: the Bakchar horizon is confined to the base of the Lyullinvor suite, the Kolpashev horizon to the Gankin suite, and the Narym horizon to the top of the Ipatov suite.

AT Currently, new technologies have appeared (borehole hydraulic mining (SHD)), which allow us to consider the development of the Bakchar iron ores as promising. The problem is that this technology does not allow the extraction of oolitic iron ores in full. From the distinguished types of ores of the Bakchar occurrence only loose oolitic ores can be mined using the SHD method. Thus, in the near future, a certain natural type of ores, namely "loose" ores, is of the greatest practical interest.

The purpose of this work is to establish areas of the ore field within which "loose" ores occur based on facies analysis.

AT this article describes the results of the study lithofacies features of the ore-bearing strata of the ore occurrence. To clarify the regularities in the distribution of iron ores, the author used facies analysis, one of the main results of which was the creation of facies schemes. Such schemes visually reflect the dynamics of changes in the conditions of sedimentation. As part of the task, the analysis of stratigraphic columns of wells, geological sections was carried out, and the work of predecessors was studied, accompanied by optical studies of samples of Bakchar ores. Facies schemes were created for certain stages of the development of the ore strata.

According to the mineral composition and textural and structural features of the ore occurrence, the following natural types of ores were distinguished:

hydrogoethite oolitic loose ore;

hydrogoethite oolitic ore with siderite cement;

hydrogoethite oolitic ore with chlorite-argillaceous cement;

hydrogoethite oolitic ore with hydromicaceous cement;

hydrogoethite oolitic ore with siderite-chlorite cement.

The bulk of the ore of these types is characterized by hydrogoethite oolitic aggregates of concentric-zonal structure. It can be concluded that the main difference between the distinguished types of ores lies in the nature and composition of cement, which is determined by the facies setting.

After the observations, we identified the following main facies of sedimentary deposits of the ore sequence (Fig. 1), which correspond to certain natural types of ores.

Beach sediment facies belongs to the group of littoral facies and is characterized by gray, often with a greenish tinge, fine-grained sands, silts and weakly cemented, fine-grained, gray sandstones. The number of ore oolites in the deposits of this facies rarely exceeds 20%. Facies of oolitic sands belongs to the group of littoral facies, but in comparison with the previous one, it is more distant from the coastline. The main distinguishing feature of this facies is the presence of uneven-grained, black, brownish-black oolitic sands, which successively pass into weakly cemented fine- to medium-grained oolitic sandstones with chlorite and clayey cement. Ore oolites of this facies are mainly characterized by a rhythmic-zonal structure, and small terrigenous fragments, goethite grains, clots of clay minerals, and chlorite serve as “seeds” (the central part of the grain). Facies of sandy-silty terrigenous sediments belongs to the group of neritic facies and is characterized by moderately, poorly cemented oolitic sandstones with chlorite, hydromicaceous, siderite cement, in most cases interbedded with thin greenish-gray siltstones and clays. Thin (up to 2 m) gravelite lenses are usually found in the top of the sandy-auleuritic facies. The ore oolites of this facies are characterized by a rhythmically zonal and homogeneous structure, and the “seeds” (the central part of the grain) contain not only small terrigenous fragments, goethite grains, clots of clay minerals, chlorite grains, but also iron sulfides and oxides (pyrite, marcasite, magnetite, ilmenite), indicating a more reducing environment. Silty clay facies belongs to the group of neritic facies of higher depths and includes layered, gray, often with a greenish tinge, clays, consistent with interbedding with gray siltstones.

The facies of oolitic sands is transitional to hypolithori, i.e., to open marine deposits of a shallow shelf and is located within the isobath of 30 ... 50 m. Taking into account the general flat relief of the coast of the ancient Cretaceous-Paleogene sea, this facies setting is characterized by weak dynamics of the aquatic environment, variable geochemical conditions (alkalinity, oxidizing potential, etc.) and is favorable for the formation of concentric-zonal oolites, clayey (montmorillonite) and chlorite minerals. The confinement of loose hydrogoethite ores to the facies of oolitic sands is indicated by the following main features: a good degree of sorting of allothigenic material, constancy of particle size distribution (0.2 ... 0.5 mm), the almost complete absence of siderite and glauconite, as well as the concentric-zonal structure of oolitic grains with hydrogoethite and quartz concentrates. In deeper conditions, leptochlorite-hydrogoethite oolites were formed, often with a cryptocrystalline structure, as well as micrograins of siderite and glauconite.

As has already been established, against the background of the general marine regime of the West Siberian iron ore basin in the Cretaceous Paleogene, the formation of each ore horizon occurred in a transgressive-regressive cycle. Based on these conditions, in the Bakchar and Kolpashev horizons, a gradual facies replacement of hard-cemented ores by weakly cemented and loose ores is noted.

AT as a result of the study of actual materials (core wells 2005–2013), we constructed facies maps (Fig. 1) in the area of ​​the Bakchar ore occurrence for the main stages of the formation of the ore-bearing strata (the top of the Ipatovskaya, the bottom and top of the Gankinskaya, the bottom of the Lyullinvor formations).

AT top of the Ipatovskaya Formation (Fig. 1, A; formation time about 70–80 Ma ago), facies of sandy-silty terrigenous sediments (80%) and silty clays (20%) were widespread throughout the entire area of ​​the ore occurrence, which explains the predominance of strongly cemented oolitic ores with siderite-chlorite cement in the Narym ore horizon. The facies of sandy-silty terrigenous sediments (70%) prevailed in the Gankinskaya suite (Fig. 1, B, C), however, at the top of the suite, moderately cemented oolitic sandstones pass into weakly cemented ones, which is a consequence of a change in the setting of sedimentation. The relative predominance of the oolitic sand facies (32%) at the base of the Lyullinvor suite (Fig. 1, D; formation time about 50 Ma) determined the presence of loose oolitic ores in the lower part of the Bakchar ore horizon.

Rice. Fig. 1. Facies schemes of ore-bearing deposits of the Bakchar iron ore occurrence: A – top of the Ipatovskaya suite; B - base of the Gankinskaya suite; B - top of the Gankinskaya suite; (d) base of the Lyullinvor Formation; 1 -facies of oolitic

sands; 2 – facies of sandy-silty sediments; 3 – facies of silty clays; 4 - inferred facies; 5 - the position of the wells on the plan

At the same time, it is important to understand that the successive facies of oolitic sands and sandy-silty terrigenous sediments correspond to a transitional marine setting (between littoral and neritic). Ore deposition took place in this environment against the background of pH changes from 4 to 7, with relatively weak dynamics of the aquatic environment, due to which oolites of a concentric-zonal structure were formed. The facies of oolitic sands localizes weakly cemented and loose ores, the facies of sandy-silty terrigenous sediments localizes hard and moderately cemented. The facies of oolitic sands is widespread in the eastern (to the south of the village of Bakchar) and western (near the village of Polynyanka) parts of the ore occurrence (Fig. 1, D), which makes it possible to consider these areas as the most promising for the development of free-flowing hydrogoethite ores.

As a result of the research, the facies of the ore-bearing strata were established and schemes were constructed, which marked the areas of distribution of these facies within the Bakchar iron ore occurrence. The confinement of the known natural types of ores to the identified facies is determined. Based on the granulometric and mineral composition, a good degree of sorting of sedimentary material, and the concentric-zonal structure of oolites, loose ores were assigned to the oolitic sand facies. The constructed diagrams show that the facies of sand oolites has a maximum distribution at the base of the Lyullinvor Formation and occupies the eastern and western parts of the ore occurrence. This made it possible to identify two most promising areas for the localization of loose ores (eastern (to the south of the village of Bakchar) and western (near the village of Polynyanka)), suitable for mining by the method of borehole hydraulic mining.

It is especially recommended to use the identified facies for predicting sedimentary iron ores in other areas of the West Siberian iron ore basin, where there are some actual materials (sections, cores built in the 60s of the last century), but there are no data on the content of iron.

Literature

1. Prospects for the development of the Bakchar iron ore deposit, Tomsk region / A.K. Mazurov, G.Yu. Boyarko, V.G. Emeshev, A.V. Komarov // Ores and metals. - 2006. - No. 2. - S. 64–70.

2. Babin A. A. Bakchar iron ore deposit (geology, distribution patterns and genesis of iron ores): dissertation for the degree of candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences - Tomsk, 1969. - 248 sheets.

3. West Siberian iron ore basin / ed. F.N. Shakhov. - Novosibirsk: SO RAN USSR, 1964. - 448 p.

4. Nikolaeva I.V. Bakchar deposit of oolitic iron ores.-Novosibirsk: Publishing house of SO AN USSR, 1967. - 129

5. Pshenichkin A.Ya., Domarenko V.A. Petrographic and geochemical features of the Bakcharskoe field // Bulletin

sciences of Siberia. - 2011. - No. 1(1). – P. 13–18. URL: http://sjs.tpu.ru/journal/article/viewPDFInterstitial/17/82 (Date of access: 12/20/2012)

6. Logvinenko N.V. Marine geology. - L.: Nedra, 1980. - 344 p.

7. Rudmin M.A. Features of sedimentary deposits containing iron ores of the Bakcharskoe deposit (Tomsk region) // Metallogeny of ancient and modern oceans-2013. Ore potential of sedimentary and volcanic complexes: materials of the Nineteenth Scientific Youth School - Miass, April 22–25, 2013. - Miass: Imin URO RAN, 2013 - P. 120–123.

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

Markova I.S.1 , Zasoba V.V.2 , Antonikova L.A.3

1 Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor; 2 Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor; 3 Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor; Novocherkassk State Reclamation Academy

PURE AND MIXED PLANTS OF THE ARZGIR FORESTRY OF THE STAVROPOL TERRITORY

The research was carried out in order to study the current state of pure and mixed stands of artificial origin in the Arzgir forestry. Based on the results of office processing of the data obtained, we concluded that, despite the difficult forest conditions, forest reclamation plantations of different ages and composition, even in a satisfactory condition, have an environmental reclamation effect on the surrounding areas. The most promising, well-established breeds in these habitat conditions are honey locust and black locust. As companion breeds, we recommend leather skumpia.

Key words: tree stand, inventory, pure stands, mixed crops

Markova I.S.1 , Zasoba V.V.2 ,Antonikova L.A.3

1 Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, associate prof.;2 Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, associate prof.;3 Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, associate prof. Novocherkassk state meliorativa academy

PURE AND MIXED PLANTATIONS АRZGIREFOREST DISTRICT OF THE STAVROPOL TERRITORY

annotation

Studies were conducted to study the current state of pure and mixed plantations of artificial origin in Arzgire forestry. According to the results post-processing of the data we concluded that despite the difficult growing conditions, forest reclamation plantations of different age and composition, are in satisfactory condition even provide services of nature ameliorative effect on neighborhoods. The most promising, well-established species in these conditions, the vegetation is Gleditsia triachanthos and Robinia psevdoacacia. As a related species recommend Cotinus coggugria.

Keywords: treestand, taxation, net plantation, mixed culture

The dry steppe zone is characterized by harsh natural conditions for afforestation and the almost complete absence of natural forests. From the point of view of agroforestry science, for forest-agricultural landscapes in each individual case, it is important to find the optimum forest cover, which will ensure complete protection of objects. At the same time, the most optimal is the creation of a complete system of forest belts along the boundaries of crop rotation fields. In the steppe zone, forest-agrarian landscapes are formed by artificial forest plantations. A large proportion of them are strip plantations, while steppe forests are represented by separate, small in area.

The aim of the research was to study the taxation characteristics of pure and mixed plantations of black locust, black locust and small-leaved elm as the most promising, well-established in these habitat conditions.

The Arzgir forestry, located in the northeastern part of the Stavropol Territory, on the so-called Scythian platform, in the most arid region of the Stavropol Territory, in the region of relic fescue-wormwood steppes, was chosen as the object. Natural vegetation has been preserved only in the bottoms of the ravines and along the banks of the rivers. It is represented by meadow and swamp species. According to the agro-climatic zoning, the Arzgir forestry of the Stavropol Territory belongs to the zone of extremely unstable moisture, which is characterized by a temperate continental climate, insufficient moisture, warm, dry summers, moderate winters and a long growing season. The average annual rainfall is about 300 mm. The climate of the Arzgir region determines the low possibilities for choosing an assortment of tree and shrub species.

The main forest-forming species in the Arzgir forestry are black locust, green ash, and three-thorny locust.

To characterize and compare pure and mixed plantations of these species, plots were selected according to quality classes, stock, age and density.

All plantations of the forestry of artificial origin, belong to the type of forest SKHDN, type of forest conditions D1, are characterized by density from 0.4 to 0.8, develop according to 1-5 class of quality. The age of plantings is from 4 to 46 years. Table 1 shows the characteristics of pure and mixed plantations of black locust.

Table 1 - Characteristics of pure and mixed robin plantations

Table 1 continued

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