In the smear, cervical leukocytes are elevated. An increase in leukocytes in a smear in women

In gynecological practice, such a diagnostic method as a smear is used very widely and is used frequently. This is one of the main standard procedures to help assess the condition of the organs of the reproductive system in women.

Of course, absolutely all pathologies cannot be detected using this diagnostic method, but at least many of them can be suspected based on the smear results. That is why the analysis is paramount: it allows you to determine the course of further diagnostics, to select deeper and more informative research methods.

What do they pay attention to when deciphering the analysis?

Smear analysis allows you to evaluate indicators: leukocytes, squamous epithelial cells, key cells, mucus in the biomaterial, as well as the content of normal, pathogenic and opportunistic flora. The latter category includes yeasts of the genus Candida. From pathogenic microorganisms, using a smear on the flora, Trichomonas and gonococci can be detected.

A very important diagnostic indicator is the content of leukocytes. These cells of the immune system protect the body from foreign agents, whether they are microorganisms or destroyed or altered own structural elements.

It is leukocytes or white blood cells that rush to the pathological focus of inflammation in the body, wherever it is. And if the pathology develops in the organs of the reproductive system, these cells will go there.

In women, leukocytes in a smear for flora are always present, and their norm is a rather arbitrary concept. The fact is that in different parts of the genitourinary system, their permissible value differs. Most of the white blood cells in the cervical region; their smallest content is normally noted in the urethra.

However, for the diagnosis of inflammatory processes, it is important to evaluate not so much the number of leukocytes as their morphology. This is due to the fact that white blood cells, which have fulfilled their function of “cleansing” the body of pathogens, are destroyed. These white blood cells are called neutrophils.

• Accordingly, the more of them in the smear, the stronger the inflammatory reaction.

In addition, it is important to take into account the fact that the concentration of white blood cells during the menstrual cycle changes under the influence of sex hormones, so if the white blood cells in the smear are slightly elevated, this is not necessarily a sign of a serious pathology.

In any case, the content of these cells should be evaluated only in conjunction with other diagnostic criteria: the composition of the normal flora and opportunistic microorganisms, the presence or absence of pathogenic bacteria, the number of epithelial and key cells.

Quick page navigation

As noted above, diagnostic material for a smear on the flora is collected from three points - the cervix, urethra and vagina.

And in each smear obtained, similar indicators are evaluated, but the norms of some of them differ depending on the area of ​​localization. Below is a table explaining what is the norm for the content of leukocytes, normal and pathogenic flora, cellular elements and mucus in a smear in women.

A smear that fully corresponds to the parameters of the norm is a rather rare phenomenon. However, minor deviations from the norm are allowed when it comes to the vagina. The urethra and cervix, if there are no pathologies, must be sterile - there should not be any microflora there. In relation to the vagina, the situation is ambiguous.

Depending on the content of various microorganisms, 4 degrees of purity are distinguished.

An ideal smear that does not contain leukocytes and pathogenic flora corresponds to the first. However, most women cannot boast of such results. Often in the vaginal discharge, individual leukocytes are found within the normal range (up to 10 pcs.), An insignificant content of epithelial cells and opportunistic bacteria. Such a picture is not characterized as pathological, and the smear belongs to the second degree of purity.

If gram-variable coccal flora, gram-negative rods or yeast cells are found in the vaginal discharge against the background of a decrease in the concentration of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria (Doderlein sticks), this is a reason for further diagnosis. Such a smear is referred to the third degree of purity. Leukocytes in it exceed the norm, and also contains a lot of mucus.

In a smear of the fourth degree of purity of the Doderlein sticks (normoflora), there is very little or none at all, leukocytes cover the entire field of view, the content of mucus and epithelial cells is increased. In addition, pathogenic microorganisms are found in large numbers. This condition requires prompt treatment.

Causes of elevated leukocytes in a smear

If leukocytes are increased in a woman's smear, the reasons for this are associated with inflammatory processes. The greater the concentration of these cells, the more pronounced the process. However, this indicator should be evaluated in conjunction with other diagnostic aspects.

For example, an increase in mucus content is noted with the development of infections. So the body seeks to "clear itself" of pathogens. An increase in the number of epithelial cells, as well as leukocytes, warns of inflammation.

According to some laboratories, the content of these elements is allowed up to 10 in the field of view, but this indicator varies depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle and its values ​​\u200b\u200bare not to be interpreted without regard to other diagnostic signs.

The key cells are called epithelial cells dotted with gardnerella bacteria. This is the so-called "bacterial sand". If such cells are detected in a smear, there is a high probability of developing bacterial vaginosis (gardnerellosis).

The detection of a large number of candida in a smear against the background of inhibition of normal flora is a sign of thrush. This is due to the fact that with a decrease in the concentration of Doderlein sticks that produce lactic acid, the pH of the vagina rises.

This condition leads to the active growth of opportunistic flora, including Candida. In an acidic environment, these microorganisms cannot multiply, and thus bifidobacteria and lactobacilli inhibit the process of vaginal colonization.

Gonococci and Trichomonas are pathogenic microorganisms. Under no circumstances should they be in the smear. The detection of these bacteria signals the development of gonorrhea or trichomoniasis.

Conception triggers a cascade of processes in a woman's body, and in order for all of them to proceed smoothly, a balanced work of the endocrine organs that produce hormones is important. Changing their balance causes powerful changes in the work of organs and systems.

So, sex hormones - progesterone and estrogens - stimulate the work of squamous epithelial cells. They begin to actively synthesize glycogen, which supports the reproduction of normoflora. By destroying this compound, Doderlein sticks produce a large amount of lactic acid, which acidifies the environment, and thus provides protection against infections.

However, against the background of a physiological decrease in immunity during pregnancy, this measure is often not enough. Many future mothers, when the balance of hormones changes, begin to suffer from thrush or other pathologies caused by opportunistic microorganisms.

Against this background, an increased content of leukocytes is noted in the smear. Often the concentration of such cells in the vagina in pregnant women exceeds the norm - up to 10 pcs. in one field of view.

• If their content is not more than 15-20, and the expectant mother does not experience any signs of pathology, and the rest of the smear indicators are normal, you should not worry.

It is important to note that the concentration of leukocytes in the urethra and cervix should not change. The norms of these indicators are the same as for non-pregnant women. Elevated white blood cells in the urethra are a sign of inflammation. This condition requires diagnosis and treatment.

During pregnancy, the white blood cell count should be monitored especially carefully, as it warns of the manifestation of chronic pathologies. It is better for a future mother to undergo an examination once again.

Proper preparation for a smear test

Like most diagnostic studies in medicine, a flora smear requires preparation. Going to the gynecologist, a woman should remember that the result of the analysis will be reliable only if the following recommendations are followed:

• observe sexual rest before the delivery of the biomaterial for at least 2 days;
• refuse to use lubricants, vaginal suppositories, creams on the eve of the study;
• do not wash with the use of gels and other means for intimate hygiene;
• refrain from taking the test after a course of antibiotics (at least 10 days);
• do not urinate less than 2 hours before visiting the gynecologist;
• do not take the test during menstruation.

Intimacy, any topical application, antibiotics distort the data on the real state of the microbial biocenosis of the genitourinary system in a woman.

In the process of urination, diagnostically significant objects of research are washed off: cellular elements, microorganisms, which also changes the overall picture. Menstruation, on the other hand, makes it difficult to obtain material for diagnosis - it will be "contaminated" by a large number of red blood cells.

Indications for taking a smear

A smear in women involves taking biomaterial not only from the vaginal mucosa. Samples for analysis are also taken from the urethra, cervix.

After the onset of sexual activity, every woman should undergo this diagnostic procedure regularly: at least 1 time per year. In addition to preventive examinations, a smear should also be taken during pregnancy. If there are no alarming symptoms, the expectant mother will have to undergo this procedure twice: at the very beginning of pregnancy when registering and in the third trimester, after 30 weeks.

However, a significant reason for taking a smear is the appearance in any woman of both a pregnant woman and no following symptoms:

• change in color and consistency of secretions;
• the appearance of discomfort during urination;
• itching in the groin area;
• unpleasant odor of discharge;
• burning sensation in the vagina;
• abdominal pain at rest or during intimacy.

In addition, it should be remembered that prolonged antibiotic treatment can affect the vaginal microflora in a negative way: cause the death of beneficial bacteria, which will be replaced by opportunistic inhabitants. Against this background, candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis often develop and they can be diagnosed using a smear on the flora. That is why it is advisable to take such an analysis after completing a course of antibiotic therapy.

At each visit to the gynecologist during the examination, tests are necessarily taken from the urogenital tract, regardless of whether the woman has complaints or not. A smear on the flora displays not only beneficial, opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria, but also leukocytes.

Often, it is the elevated leukocytes in a smear in women that indicate some kind of malfunction in the body, it requires finding out the cause of this condition, and, of course, treatment. It is important to remember that no self-treatment will help to cope with the problem, and sometimes it can lead to negative consequences.

Briefly about leukocytes

Leukocytes are white blood cells that protect the body from all types of harmful agents (bacteria, viruses, etc.). That is, the main function of leukocytes is the implementation of the protection of the body, both specific, for example, from a certain type of microorganisms, and nonspecific or general.

The concentration of leukocytes increases in areas of inflammation, where they capture and digest foreign agents. In the case of a large accumulation of pathogenic agents, white blood cells increase significantly in size and begin to break down. The process of destruction of leukocytes is accompanied by a local inflammatory reaction: edema and hyperemia of the damaged area, an increase in local temperature.

smear on flora

A swab for flora, as already mentioned, is taken from a woman at every visit to the antenatal clinic, that is, every six months, if the patient has complaints, and also after a long course of antibiotics, when planning a pregnancy, during the period of gestation and after childbirth. During pregnancy, a smear for microflora (in the absence of complaints) is examined three times: upon registration, before maternity leave (30 weeks) and at 36 weeks.

Preparation for the delivery of the analysis

In order for the results of a smear on the flora to be reliable, it is necessary to prepare in advance for the test:

• for 1 - 2 days to exclude sexual contact;
• douching is not allowed 2 days before the visit to the doctor;
• it is forbidden to use candles, tablets and creams at least a day in advance;
• a smear is not taken during menstruation, since menstruation changes the composition of the smear;
• 2-3 hours before visiting the gynecologist, refrain from urinating;
• should be washed on the eve of the reception, with warm water without soap.

If a woman is preparing for a preventive examination, then it is advisable to schedule a visit to the gynecologist in the first days after menstruation or before they begin.

Sampling and testing procedure

In a gynecological smear, the composition of the microflora of the contents of the urethra, vagina and cervix is ​​determined.

The material is taken with sterile disposable instruments. A swab is taken from the urethra with a bacteriological loop or a Volkmann spoon, from the vagina (posterior fornix) with a sterile gauze swab, and from the cervix with an Eyre spatula.

Symbols are indicated on the slides:

• U - smear taken from the urethra;
• C - smear from the cervix;
• V - smear from the vagina.

After the glasses are dry, they are sent to the laboratory for analysis. Laboratory assistants stain smears with special dyes (according to Gram), then examine them under a microscope. During the analysis, leukocytes and various opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria are counted, which are stained in different colors.

Deciphering smear analysis

The data that is indicated in the smear analysis:

Leukocytes

The rate of leukocytes depends on the place from which the smear was taken. Their content is normally small. In the urethra, the number of leukocytes is 0 - 5 - 10, in the vagina their concentration corresponds to 0 - 10 - 15, and in the cervical canal from 0 to 30.

During pregnancy, the content of leukocytes increases slightly and can range from 15 to 20 (in the vagina) in the field of view.

squamous epithelium

The squamous epithelium lines the vagina, urethra and cervical canal. In normal smears, the number of epithelial cells ranges from 5 to 10. With the disappearance of the epithelium (0 cells in the field of view), they speak of atrophy of the mucous membrane, and in the case of an increase in epithelial cells, inflammation.

Slime

Lactobacilli or Doderlein sticks

Normal smears are characterized by a large content of them in the vagina, while they are absent in the cervix and urethra. With a decrease in the number of lactic acid bacteria, they speak of.

Yeast

Mushrooms of the genus Candida are normally absent at all three points of swab sampling, but their single presence in the vagina is allowed. An increase in yeast-like fungi indicates thrush.

"Key" cells

They are conglomerates of squamous epithelial cells and bacteria - gardnerella. Normally absent, the presence of such cells is a sign of gardnerellosis or bacterial vaginosis.

Leptothrix

Refers to anaerobic (living without air) gram-negative bacteria, often found in mixed infections, such as thrush and bacterial vaginosis or trichomoniasis and chlamydia. If these bacteria are detected in a smear, an extended analysis for sexual infections is indicated.

Other

• Mobilunkus - also refers to anaerobic microorganisms and is present in candidiasis or bacterial vaginosis.
• Trichomonas - refers to the simplest, normally they are absent in the smear.
• Gonococci - cause a sexually transmitted disease - gonorrhea, respectively, are normally absent.
• coli- normally observed in a single number in a smear from the vagina. With an increase in the concentration of bacteria, bacterial vaginosis and neglect of personal hygiene are possible.
• Cocci - in gynecological smears are divided into gram-positive - stained blue and gram-negative - do not stain and remain pink. Gram-positive cocci include opportunistic bacteria: streptococci, staphylococci and enterococci, which are normally contained in smears in single quantities. With an increase in their concentration, they speak of nonspecific vaginitis (colpitis).

Degrees of purity of the vaginal smear

When talking about gynecological smears, they mean not only smears taken from the cervical canal, urethra and vagina, but also a separate type of smear that determines the degree of cleanliness of the vagina. The material is taken from the walls of the vagina and dried on a separate glass. There are 4 degrees of purity, but only degrees 1 and 2 are normal:

• 1 degree - leukocytes 0 - 5

Considered ideal. The number of leukocytes is small, the microflora is mainly (up to 95%) represented by lactic acid bacteria, epithelial cells are few.

• 2 degree - leukocytes 5 - 10

It also refers to the norm, but in a smear opportunistic microorganisms (cocci or single yeast fungi) are determined in a small amount. Lactobacilli prevail, leukocytes and mucus are moderate, epithelial cells are normal.

• 3 degree - more than 10 (up to 50)

The content of leukocytes increases, a lot of mucus and epithelium is determined. The concentration of Doderlein sticks decreases due to an increase in opportunistic flora.

• 4 degree - leukocytes completely (not countable)

Against the background of a huge number of leukocytes (the term “completely” is indicated in the description of the smear), pathogenic microorganisms (gonococci, Trichomonas) are determined. Doderlein's sticks are not determined, there are a lot of mucus and epithelial cells (a consequence of the inflammatory process).

When identifying 3 and 4 degrees of purity of the vaginal smear, it is necessary to establish the cause of the inflammation and treat it.

Causes of an increase in the content of leukocytes in a smear

If the leukocytes in a smear in women are increased, then the causes can be both diseases of the reproductive sphere, and malfunctions in the work of other internal organs and systems. Inflammation comes first among the causes of an increase in leukocytes in urogenital smears:

• inflammatory process in the cervical canal or;
• development of inflammation in the appendages (tubes and ovaries) or salpingo-oophoritis;
• inflammation of the uterine mucosa - endometritis;
• inflammatory process in the vagina - colpitis or vaginitis;
• the development of inflammation in the urethra - urethritis;
• malignant tumors of the genital organs (destruction of healthy tissues is accompanied by inflammation);
• intestinal and/or vaginal dysbacteriosis;
• infections that are sexually transmitted (both sexually transmitted diseases and latent sexual infections).

Pathogenic microorganisms - the culprits of inflammation

Why do leukocytes increase in a smear? Pathogenic microorganisms are involved in the development of the inflammatory process, which are difficult to detect in the usual way - by examining a urogenital smear, or activated representatives of conditionally pathogenic flora. To detect pathogens of latent sexual infections, they resort to a more complex examination - the PCR method (examination of blood, urine, secretions from the genital organs).

With a detailed study in smears or blood, the following can be detected:

• mycoplasma and ureaplasma;
• gonococci (see);
• Koch's stick (the causative agent of tuberculosis);
• pale treponema (pathogen);
• Donovan bodies (causative agents of inguinal granuloma);
• trichomonas (see);
• amoeba;
• human papillomavirus (cause);
• immunodeficiency virus;
• viruses;
• mushrooms of the genus Candida ();
• actinomycete fungi.

Other causes of an increase in white blood cells

Bacterial vaginosis or vaginal dysbiosis

Under certain conditions, conditionally pathogenic flora is activated and the growth of lactic acid bacteria is suppressed:

• disruptions in hormonal status (puberty or decline in reproductive function - pre- and menopause, pregnancy and spontaneous abortion, endocrine diseases);
• weakening of local and general immunity (hypothermia, antibiotic therapy);
• severe stress and overwork;
• microtrauma of the vagina due to intense sex;
• radiotherapy, chemotherapy;
• the use of spermicides in the form of ointments and suppositories;
• oral sex;
• a large number of sexual partners;
• excessive adherence to the rules of intimate hygiene, passion for douching;
• the entrance to the vagina deformed by scars (anatomical features, pathological childbirth, surgical interventions);
• imbalance of the intestinal microflora (dysbacteriosis);
• foreign bodies in the vagina (tampons).

Allergy

• allergies to drugs and herbs;
• intolerance to lubricants (gels, ointments);
• partner's sperm intolerance.

Irritation of the vulva and vagina

• neglect of intimate hygiene;
• temperature changes (hypothermia and overheating);
• mechanical injury (tight, synthetic underwear, thongs, rough sex, etc.);
• chemical burns (douching with acids and other drugs);
• common diseases (diabetes mellitus, pathology of the urinary system and others).

In addition, elevated leukocytes in urogenital smears can be observed within 24 hours after intercourse or for 7 to 10 days after the installation of an intrauterine device. If the cause of the increase in the content of leukocytes in smears cannot be established, a more thorough and detailed examination should be carried out, including for the detection of malignant tumors of the reproductive system.

Causes of an increase in leukocytes in pregnant women

Some increase in the level of leukocytes in a smear during pregnancy is considered normal. The normal content of white blood cells in vaginal smears corresponds to 15 - 20 per field of view.

Elevated leukocytes in pregnant women in a smear are explained by physiological factors:

• Firstly, during the period of gestation, the hormonal balance is restructured, progesterone and estrogens are produced in large quantities. Under the influence of estrogens, Doderlein sticks begin to actively multiply, which create an acidic environment in the vagina and prevent the reproduction of opportunistic and pathogenic flora, but contribute to the accumulation of leukocytes.
• Secondly, expectant mothers have reduced immunity, which prevents the rejection of the embryo as a foreign body. Due to weakened immunity, pathogenic bacteria easily penetrate the vagina or a latent infection is activated, which explains the increase in leukocytes in gynecological smears (a protective reaction during inflammation).

Quite often, a very high concentration of white blood cells in smears (50-100 or leukocytes entirely in the field of view) is detected, which, as a rule, is noted with thrush (urogenital candidiasis). In such cases, in addition to a large number of leukocytes, fungi of the genus Candida and mycelium in the form of white threads are found in the smear.

An excess of white blood cells in expectant mothers requires a thorough examination and appropriate treatment. The infectious process from the vagina can go to the cervix and cervical canal, penetrate the uterine cavity, which will lead to infection of the amniotic fluid and the fetus and end in miscarriage or premature birth.

Clinical manifestations

An increased level of leukocytes in secretions from the cervical and urethra and vagina often accompanies diseases of the urinary and reproductive organs of a woman:

• frequent and painful urination - a sign or;
• false urge to defecate indicate intestinal dysbacteriosis;
• discharge with an unpleasant odor, accompanied by itching and burning, may indicate vaginitis, cervicitis, or inflammation of the uterus and;
• purulent, foamy discharge or cheesy discharge are observed with vaginitis of a specific etiology (thrush, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis);
• possible with pathology of the cervix, uterus or appendages;
• in combination with an increase in leukocytes, it makes one think of inflammation of the appendages.

Diagnosis that determines the direction of treatment

Before you begin to deal with an increased level of white blood cells in smears, it is necessary to establish the cause of this phenomenon. It often happens that the content of leukocytes in a gynecological smear is high, although there is no activation and growth of opportunistic flora and, moreover, specific pathogens. What to do in such a case?

The gynecologist will recommend taking smears again, choosing the most successful day of the menstrual cycle and recommending that you properly prepare for the test (exclude sexual intercourse, taking medication, douching). If, upon re-smearing, leukocytes again have a high rate, an extended examination is performed:

A smear from the cervical canal and vagina on the tank. sowing

When sowing vaginal and cervical secretions on nutrient media, colonies of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms often grow. The pathogen is identified and its sensitivity to certain antibiotics is determined, which is necessary for further treatment.

PCR for latent sexually transmitted infections

The method is highly accurate and almost 100% reveals latent sexual infections, which may not manifest themselves clinically, but lead to irreversible consequences (infertility).

Ultrasound of the pelvic organs

In this case, preference is given to ultrasound performed by a transvaginal sensor. A possible cause of elevated leukocytes in the analyzes, in addition to inflammation of the uterus and appendages, can be various tumor-like formations (ovarian cysts, uterine fibroids or sarcoma, uterine polyps, etc.).

Colposcopy

Examination of the cervix under multiple magnification helps to diagnose diseases that are not visible to the naked eye, but are the cause of elevated leukocytes in the tests (leukoplakia, cervical dysplasia or cancer in the initial stage).

Consultations of related specialists

Appointed after the above examination. For example, consulting an endocrinologist and prescribing appropriate therapy to them will help normalize the level of leukocytes in diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, or overweight. A nephrologist will identify a disease of the urinary system (pyelonephritis, cystitis) and prescribe anti-inflammatory therapy (antibiotics, nitrofurans). The allergist will advise you to exclude irritating factors (synthetic underwear, the use of intimate sprays, deodorants and various lubricants). The neurologist will prescribe sedatives and drugs to eliminate neurosis, which can also cause an increase in leukocytes.

Anti-inflammatory treatment

Anti-inflammatory treatment is prescribed only if an infection is detected. How to treat, the doctor decides, depending on the results of the tests. Anti-inflammatory therapy includes:

• local treatment;
• general treatment;
• restoration of normal microflora of the vagina.

Local treatment consists in the appointment of douching:

• the course is short and lasts no more than 4 - 5 days
• drugs (solutions of potassium permanganate, chlorhexidine, miramistin)
• herbs (chamomile, sage, coltsfoot, calendula, St. John's wort). Cm. .

Candles:

• at the same time, candles with anti-inflammatory action are locally prescribed (hexicon, polygynax, betadine and others, see).
• if a diagnosis of urogenital candidiasis is made, it is recommended to use suppositories with an antifungal effect (clotrimazole, pimafucin, livarol, see). Suppositories are administered one to two times a day for 10 to 14 days.
• with an unstarted inflammatory process, treatment is limited to this.

Treatment of latent genital infections

If a viral infection, sexually transmitted diseases or latent genital infections are detected, systemic antibiotic therapy or antiviral drugs are prescribed. The choice of drug depends on the etiology of colpitis and / or cervicitis.

Restoration of the microflora

The final stage of therapy is the restoration of the normal microflora of the vagina (an increase in the content of lactic acid bacteria). For this purpose, the following are assigned:

• vaginal suppositories or tampons with probiotics (lactobacterin, bifidobacterin, acylact, colibacterin and others).

  A high content of white blood cells in smears during pregnancy is dangerous for premature termination of pregnancy (miscarriage or premature birth), intrauterine infection of the fetus, the development of chorioamnionitis (inflammation of the water and placenta), rupture of the birth canal during childbirth and the development of purulent-septic diseases in the postpartum period. Therefore, expectant mothers should carefully follow the recommendations of the doctor and carry out the prescribed or treatment with an increase in the content of leukocytes in the analyzes.

  Question:
  Is it possible to have sex with elevated leukocytes in smear tests?

  If a specific infection is not detected (gonorrhea, chlamydia, genital herpes and other diseases), then sex is not contraindicated.

  Question:
  Can I get pregnant with elevated leukocytes in smears?

  Yes, it is quite possible to get pregnant, but it is advisable to undergo preliminary treatment, since often a high white blood cell count in the analyzes indicates an inflammatory process in the genitals.

  Question:
  Is it possible to reduce the content of leukocytes in the analyzes using only traditional methods of treatment?

  You should not engage in self-medication, including treatment only with traditional medicine with a “bad” result of a smear analysis. Only a doctor can identify the cause of "bad smears" and prescribe the appropriate treatment. It is impossible to reduce leukocytes in tests only with the help of traditional medicine, since it is often necessary to treat with antibiotics or antiviral drugs, or to treat concomitant diseases.

If the leukocytes in the smear are contained in large quantities, then this indicates the presence of various infectious diseases in a person. Such diseases cause a failure of the reproductive function of the body.

Leukocytes are special cells found in human blood. Their main task is to provide a protective function that prevents harmful bacteria and various viruses from entering the body. In the case when pathogenic microorganisms penetrate into the circulatory system, this information instantly, in the process of blood flow, spreads to all human organs. This is an alarm signal for the body.

As a result of the signal received, immune cells begin to fight foreign organisms, while they themselves die. If there are a lot of harmful microorganisms, then the human body can no longer produce a large number of protective cells. This leads to various diseases and inflammation.

It should be noted that leukocytes perform a protective function in the urinary organs. In cases where ichor begins to stand out from them or pus appears, this indicates the presence of an acute infectious disease. But it should be noted that many sexually transmitted diseases can occur secretly, without visible symptoms. This also applies to cancer.

Therefore, in order to timely diagnose the onset of the disease, all people should undergo regular examinations in the hospital. Women are required to undergo an examination by a gynecologist 3-4 times a year. And men need to visit a urologist at least 1-2 times a year. Qualified specialists will conduct a bacterioscopic examination of patients. If they have elevated leukocytes in a smear, then this is direct evidence of the presence of an infectious disease. At the same time, in the early stages, the disease can have a local character. In a neglected form, it will lead to inflammation of the entire human genitourinary system.

Quantitative indicators of leukocytes

After studying the symptoms and conducting the necessary examination to understand whether the leukocytes in the sample obtained are elevated or not, the doctor can establish a diagnosis and prescribe the required treatment.

Based on information about the content of the number of leukocytes and knowledge of the accompanying symptoms, the doctor makes a diagnosis.

After that, he proceeds to treatment or, if necessary, conducts an additional examination. Thus, up to 85-90% of pathological processes occurring in the genitals of men and organs of the female reproductive system are detected. Including the detection of various cancerous tumors or sexually transmitted diseases.

Normal values ​​of white blood cells in different sexes have different values. The number of leukocytes in a smear from the female genitalia should not exceed 10 units in the vaginal area. When checking the cervical canal for leukocytes in a smear, their norm will be from 0 to 30 units. But in the urethra, these figures should not exceed 5 units. Male indicators in the urethra are similar to the female norm and are 0-5 units. In the prostate, the leukocyte count should not exceed 10.

White blood cell counts in a pregnant woman's smear will be completely different. Normally, they should be in the range of 10-20. If this indicator exceeds 25-30 units, then this indicates an inflammatory process. In this case, you should undergo a complete examination of the whole body. This will help a woman not only to protect her unborn child, but also to maintain her pregnancy.

It should be noted that if a woman has elevated leukocytes in a smear that does not manifest any disease, then this indicates her active sex life. This is due to the fact that spermatozoa lead to an increase in the leukocyte count. Therefore, if a lady is going to visit a gynecologist, then the day before she should refrain from unprotected sexual intercourse.

When checking the male half of the population for leukocytes in a smear, their rate may change after stimulation of the prostate using electrical discharges, ureteroscopy and catheterization. A change in this indicator occurs in 95 of all studied cases out of 100.

Why does leukocytosis occur?

The causes of leukocytosis are very different and differ in women and men. In women, in most cases, it occurs as a result of the following reasons:

• the occurrence of dysbacteriosis of the secretory fluid of the vagina;
• fungal and venereal diseases;
• the appearance of cervical erosion;
• uterine endometriosis.

In addition, it should be noted a frozen fetus during pregnancy, the occurrence of inflammation of the ovaries, cervical canal and fallopian tubes. Oncological diseases of the genitourinary system in 100% of cases cause a sharp increase in the number of leukocytes in both women and men.

In male leukocytosis, the causes are somewhat different. Among the main ones, prostatitis, the appearance of salt deposits in the kidneys or cystitis can be distinguished. At the same time, such diseases are quite difficult to diagnose. Therefore, at the slightest symptom of their appearance, you should immediately go to the hospital, where they will provide qualified medical care.

Almost all diseases of the genitourinary system have similar symptoms, which are manifested by severe pain in the lower abdomen. In the process of urination, purulent discharge will appear. On the genitals, there will be a curdled discharge that will exude a strong unpleasant odor.

In women, menstrual flow will go astray from its normal cycle and will cause severe pain. Moreover, there is severe itching and burning in the vagina. These symptoms can lead to difficulties in conceiving a child.

It is important to prevent any gynecological disease than to treat an advanced disease later. To do this, you need to regularly visit a gynecologist. He conducts an initial examination and takes a swab from the cervical canal. Its decoding will help to identify the level of epithelium, rods and leukocytes, the norm of which should be present in a healthy woman, and any deviations indicate the presence of an inflammatory pathology or cancer.

Cervical cancer is most often asymptomatic, so a cervical smear is the only way to detect the disease at an early stage. Distinguish smear on flora and smear on cytology. Every woman should know the decoding of the norm of leukocytes in a smear from the cervical canal in order to prevent the development of serious diseases.

• You can not visit a gynecologist during menstruation. The best time to visit a specialist is in the middle of the menstrual cycle (days 15-17) or 4-5 days after the end of bleeding.
• It is important that the microflora of the genital organs remains natural. Therefore, it is not worth washing them with detergents before analysis, as they violate the acidity of the medium. You can use ordinary soap.

• Before passing the analysis, you can not use candles, ointments, douches, etc.
• 2-3 hours before the appointment with the gynecologist, you can not go to the toilet. Urination must be done earlier.
• Two days before the appointment with the gynecologist, it is forbidden to have sex.
• Doctors recommend taking an analysis from the cervical canal once a year.

With the correct observance of the above recommendations, the smear from the cervical canal will be successful and will show normal results.

How is material collected?

The test is completely painless. A smear is taken on a gynecological chair using a special cervical brush - endobrush.

Before taking the material for analysis, the mucus is removed, and then the cervix is ​​​​treated with a special saline solution. The depth of insertion of the probe into the cervical canal reaches 1–1.5 cm. When removing the probe, do not touch the walls of the vagina.

If there is ectopia, leukoplakia or other changes on the cervix, a smear is taken from them, since these disorders are background diseases in cervical cancer.

After the test, dark brown bloody discharge may appear. This is a normal reaction of the body.

Result interpretation

The interpretation of the smear from the cervical canal is carried out by a gynecologist. If there are atypical cells that lead to inflammation and other diseases, in small quantities, the woman goes to the hospital.

In the case of a large number of atypical cells, the doctor makes a diagnosis of dysplasia, the 3rd degree of severity of which is considered cancer. In this situation, the woman is transferred to an oncologist in a dispensary.

The result of the analysis for flora

After taking a smear from the cervical canal, the doctor deciphers the result. Normally, there should be such indicators:

• V - data for the vagina;
• C - data for the cervix;
• U - data for the urethra.

Epithelial cells cover the inside of the vagina and cervix. In the cervical canal there is a columnar epithelium, the norm of which reaches a maximum of 15 units in the field of view. Exceeding the norm of epithelial cells indicates the development of the inflammatory process of the studied organ in acute or chronic form. But accurate diagnosis data can only be obtained in conjunction with other indicators.

A smear on the flora from the cervical canal includes leukocytes, the norm of which is up to 30 units per field of view. Leukocytes have a protective function, so their presence protects organs from infections and other extraneous negative effects. With an increase in the number of leukocytes, an inflammatory process is diagnosed (colpitis, urethritis or cervicitis).

The amount of mucus in the cervical canal can vary depending on the length of the menstrual cycle, from moderate to copious amounts. It is important when passing the analysis to tell the gynecologist the period of the menstrual cycle.

In the reproductive age of women, the microflora is inhabited by gram-positive rods - lactobacilli. The number of these bacteria in the cervical canal is negligible (much less than in the vagina). The presence of harmful or opportunistic microorganisms as a result of a smear indicates the presence of an inflammatory pathology.

Various cocci, fungi, chlamydia, etc., should be completely absent in the female body. Their presence indicates the development of the disease:

• yeast or yeast fungus - candidiasis;
• gonococci - gonorrhea;
• chlamydia - chlamydia;
• trichomonas - trichomoniasis.

Correct interpretation can only be provided by a specialist. If there are doubts about the obtained analyzes, a second study can be carried out.

Leukocytes - not normal

If the leukocytes in the analysis do not correspond to the norm, then the genitals are subject to the inflammatory process. Depending on the quantitative structure of leukocytes, an initial diagnosis can be established, which requires confirmation by additional studies.

An increase in the number of protective cells in the smear indicates the presence of an inflammatory process. The larger their number, the more severe and dangerous the pathology.

An increase in the normal level of white blood cells may suggest the possible presence of a sexually transmitted disease. The causes of the inflammatory process can be such diseases:

• mycoplasmosis;
• syphilis;
• herpes;
• ureaplasmosis;
• gonorrhea;
• thrush.

With such indicators, the gynecologist prescribes local preparations (candles, ointments, creams, douches, etc.). If local therapy does not help, antibiotics are prescribed.

An increase in the level of leukocytes in the genitourinary system, which can reach 100 units per field of view, can cause the development of serious diseases. Their list includes:

• endometritis (inflammation of the uterine walls);
• cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix);
• colpitis (inflammation of the vaginal walls);
• adnexitis (inflammation of the ovaries);
• urethritis (inflammation of the genitourinary system);
• cancerous diseases of the reproductive system;
• intestinal dysbacteriosis;
• vaginal dysbiosis.

With a very high number of leukocytes, the doctor conducts a series of additional studies. To identify the cause, an analysis by PCR diagnostics is prescribed. After an accurate diagnosis, rational treatment is prescribed.

An increase in the number of protective cells should not be ignored. With such results, it is imperative to find the cause of the inflammation and undergo the necessary course of treatment.

Decreased white blood cell count

A reduced number or complete absence of leukocytes in a smear is a very rare case. Their complete absence may be in old age, when sexual relations have completely disappeared.

The minimum number of leukocytes or their complete absence is dangerous for women's health. Such indicators indicate the absolute vulnerability of the genital organs from infections and a strong vulnerability to gynecological diseases. To restore the number of protective cells in the cervical canal, it is necessary to strengthen the body, namely the immune system.

To increase leukocytes it is necessary:

• observe intimate hygiene;
• regularly wash the genitals (every evening, before and after sex);
• use soap or other detergent that has a low level of acidity for washing;
• completely abandon liquid gels for intimate hygiene, as they contribute to the complete washing out of protective bacteria.

If after washing the external genitalia are dry, it is necessary to use a cream that contains the hormone estrogen. This remedy will relieve an unpleasant symptom, and will also help normalize the microflora of the vagina.

It is important to know that during sex, the level of white blood cells increases. Consequently, a large amount of sex enhances the protective function of a woman.

With a reduced number of leukocytes, the above recommendations should be followed. If this therapy did not help to increase the number of protective cells, you need to contact a specialized specialist for advice.

The norm of leukocytes for pregnant women

During pregnancy, the body undergoes hormonal failure, which raises the level of leukocytes in the microflora of the vagina and cervical canal. Therefore, normal rates for pregnant women are slightly higher.

If the increase is much more than normal, this indicates the presence of inflammatory pathologies that need to be urgently treated. Otherwise, it can seriously harm the child:

• infection of the baby during childbirth;
• childbirth before the appointed time;
• generic weakness;
• fetal rejection (miscarriage).

To prevent possible infection, a smear should be taken for analysis once a quarter. If unpleasant symptoms occur in the form of burning, itching, redness, etc., you should immediately take a smear and conduct additional studies.

After determining the type of inflammation, the woman is prescribed a course of treatment. It is important that the drugs at this time are selected with great care, as the wrong remedy can harm the unborn baby. Therefore, this situation completely rejects any self-treatment.

The purpose of a cytological study is to find atypical cells that are present in the body with diseases of the cervix - dysplasia or cancer. And also papillomavirus infection is determined.

A smear is taken from the outer vaginal part of the uterine cervix and from the cervical canal with a special spatula or brush. Then the material is transferred to a special glass slide and sent to the laboratory for analysis. The results are divided into 5 types of smears:

• Cytogram without features. This type determines the normal level of cells and bacteria in the cervix.
• There is a small inflammatory process that indicates mild dysplasia. After receiving such an analysis, anti-inflammatory treatment is carried out and a second analysis is prescribed.

• The cellular composition indicates the presence of moderate or severe dysplasia. This type implies a high risk for dysplasia, so additional studies (colposcopy, tissue biopsy or histological examination) are prescribed to confirm or refute the results of the smear.
• precancerous condition. This is a clear indication of cancer. With this result, the woman is sent to the oncologist for re-examination and additional research.
• Crayfish. The patient is transferred to an oncology dispensary, where she retakes a series of tests for laboratory tests, after which she is prescribed treatment.

In order to obtain the correct information on the results of a smear for cytology, it is necessary to rationally prepare. Preparation for a cytomorphological study does not differ from the above preparation for a flora study.

Appropriate preparation for testing and rational sampling of the material ensures the correct effectiveness of the smear and the establishment of a diagnosis. You should take care of women's health and undergo an examination by a gynecologist, not only in the presence of unpleasant symptoms, but also for the purpose of prevention (once every six months). This will help to detect possible infection in advance and prevent serious illness.

When you come to visit a gynecologist, you need to be prepared for the fact that the doctor will definitely take a smear on the flora. One of the main indicators of such a procedure is the detection of the number of leukocytes, a change in the number of which may indicate inflammation.

In this case, a simple smear allows you to identify the level of health of the female reproductive system and, if necessary, prescribe adequate treatment based on the data obtained.

Exist specific framework, which determine the exact number of bodies that can be in a healthy body. Since leukocytes will always be present in a woman's vagina, the normal number of bodies is 5 to 10. A smaller number may well be, but an increase in the indicator even by one unit requires a second study. If the indicators are again overestimated, it is worth taking care of further manipulations to identify the source of the disease.

When calculating, the specialist takes into account only those bodies that are in his field of vision after a multiple increase.

If there is an excessive number of white blood cells on the walls of the vagina, the wording " leukocytes line the walls of the vagina". This indicates a dangerous condition and severe inflammation, which is treated with antibiotics or the use of complex therapy.

The norm of leukocytes on the cervix

On the cervix, the permissible number of white bodies cannot exceed indicator of 15 units. Only this indicator is the norm. In those situations where the number of leukocytes is higher than recommended in a woman, one can suspect an erosive lesion, the presence of sexually transmitted diseases, as well as inflammatory processes in the walls of the vagina and cervix. Additional immunological studies will also reveal such diseases, like colpitis, endometritis, herpes.

Normal levels during pregnancy

During pregnancy, the number of white bodies in a woman's smear may be increased. for no apparent reason and the presence of some disease. This is due to a serious change in the hormonal background, due to which already old and dead white blood cells accumulate in the body of a pregnant woman. They will gradually come out of the vagina without causing any harm to the woman or fetus.

During the bearing of the baby, an increase in normal boundaries up to 20 units is allowed. But it is always worth playing it safe and prescribing a bacteriological culture, especially in those situations where before that the leukocyte counts were within the generally accepted.

A large number of white cells can adversely affect the course of pregnancy, cause its interruption and slow down the development of the baby. Early treatment allows eliminate all symptoms existing problems and give birth to a healthy child.

Causes of deviation from the norm

There are several reasons why the white blood cell count may be increased. They are very diverse, but all are detected by immunological examination, with the help of bacteriological culture and smears for infectious diseases. To the main reasons pathologies include:

• non-observance of personal hygiene, including the obligatory toilet of external organs and change of linen;
• the presence of inflammatory and infectious diseases that can affect the reproductive and urinary systems;
• sexually transmitted diseases, which include genital herpes, gonorrhea and mycoplasmosis;
• manifestation of endometritis and colpitis;
• in rare cases, it can also be cystitis, which is in the acute stage;
• thrush in the acute stage and in a chronic degree, while the disease most often affects pregnant women due to reduced immunity;
• vaginal dysbacteriosis, which can be caused by malnutrition and the ingress of harmful bacteria during bowel movements or with poor hygiene.

These diseases in some situations can occur without severe symptoms, which is especially dangerous during childbearing. At the first suspicion or change in vaginal discharge, it is worth measuring the level of leukocytes.

How to avoid leukocytosis in the vagina and on the cervix?

To return or preserve the normal flora of the vagina and cervix, it is mandatory improve personal hygiene. This is due to the fact that in the absence of a regular toilet of the genital organs and a change of linen, an ideal environment is created for the reproduction of bacteria and infections.

Visit your gynecologist regularly. Ideally, a swab for flora should be taken Twice a year This is the only way to notice the onset of the disease at an early stage. In addition, it is a good prevention of cancer.

Since sexual infections often become the cause of elevated leukocytes, it is worth using reliable contraception or have only one verified sexual partner. In the case of unprotected intercourse, it is worth not only being checked at the time of pregnancy, but also for a possible infection with STDs.

If there is a deviation from the norm even by a small number of units, it is worth undergoing an additional examination, which includes, without fail, bacteriological culture and immunological study. Only after that the doctor will be able to decide on the course of therapy and the advisability of using antibiotics.