Adjectives in Spanish table. The name is an adjective in Spanish. Gender and number of adjectives. food vocabulary

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adjectives in spanish

In Spanish, they almost always follow the noun they define and agree with it in gender and number. The plural of adjectives is formed according to the same rules as for nouns: if the word ends in a vowel, add -s-, and if it ends in a consonant, add -es-. For example:

By gender they are divided into:

- masculine adjectives (ending -O-), for example
blanco- white
fino- graceful
hermoso- beautiful

- feminine adjectives (ending -A-), for example
blanca- white
fina- graceful
hermosa- beautiful

(Thus, the adjective gets a masculine ending -о- paired with a masculine noun, for example: un restorán hermoso - a beautiful restaurant. And a feminine ending -а- paired with feminine nouns, for example: una calle hermosa).

Adjectives of the so-called common gender that end in -E- or a consonant. Such adjectives do not change their ending in the singular either when paired with feminine or masculine nouns, for example:
grande- big, la casa grande- big house; el teatro grande- Grand Theatre
Verde- green, la calle verde- green Street; el lapiz verde- green pencil
principal- main, chief la calle principal- the main street; el instinto princpal- the basic Instinct

An EXCEPTION to the above rules are adjectives denoting national and geographical reference, ending in a consonant. They build the feminine gender by adding -a-, for example:
Frances - francesa french - french
Ingles - inglesa English - English
Aleman - alemana german - german

If you put an article in front of such an adjective, it becomes a noun, for example:
un frances- French; una francesa- French
Un ingles- Englishman; una inglesa- Englishwoman
Un aleman- German; una alemana- German

Work out this material according to the textbook “Theoretical and practical grammar of the Spanish language with exercises on all normative grammar and tests”.

Qualitative and relative adjectives

As in Russian, Spanish adjectives are divided into qualitative and relative.

Qualitative adjectives express the qualities, signs and properties of various beings, objects and phenomena.

For example, adjectives handsome, smart. These adjectives can have degrees of comparison.
chica bonita - beautiful girl
hombre inteligente - smart man

Relative adjectives are adjectives that denote a feature of an object through its relation to another object, place, action or time.

Examples of such words are Russian, spring. These words do not have degrees of comparison, since a car, for example, cannot be more or less Russian, and days more or less spring.
carro ruso - russian car
días primaverales - spring days

A feature of the Spanish language is the much less widespread use of adjectives in speech. Instead of phrases like wooden house Spanish is spoken wooden house due to lack of an adjective wood in dictionary.

Also in Spanish there are no possessive adjectives like mother, father, etc.
Let's look at some adjectives.

Colors

teléfono negro - black phone
mesa negra - black table

Let's also learn some antonyms.

Now let's move on to the main part of our lesson:

gender of adjectives

Basic rule:

Additional rule:

Explanations for tables:

1. If the adjective ends in -o, then -a is added in the feminine form: blanco - blanca.
2. If the adjective ends in any vowel other than -o, or in a consonant, then the same form is retained for both masculine and feminine: verde, marron.
3. Adjectives denoting nationality and ending in masculine with -o change this ending to -a in feminine.
4. Adjectives ending in -án, -ón, -or add -a.

except for the words:

anterior - previous
exterior - external
inferior - lower, inferior
interior - internal
mejor - the best
peor - worst
posterior - subsequent
superior - upper, superior
ulterior - subsequent, distant

1. Adjectives that end in -án, -ón, -or should not be confused with nouns that end in the same form.

Compare:

El es traidor. - He's a traitor.
Es un acto traidor. “This is a traitorous act.
It's simple - adjectives always go in conjunction with a noun. The noun does not need any company.

1. Some diminutive adjectives that end in -ete, -ote change the final vowel to -a in the feminine: regordeta, gordota.

Number of adjectives

Explanation to the table

1. If the adjective ends in an unstressed vowel, then to form the feminine form, simply add the consonant -S, just as in the case of nouns: verde - verdes.
2. If the adjective ends in a stressed vowel or consonant, then the ending -ES is added: gris-grises, israelí-israelíes.
3. If the word ends in the consonant Z, then when forming the plural form, this consonant changes to the consonant C, and then the letters -ES are added to the word, just as in the case of nouns: feliz - felices.

Let's try to apply what we learned in this lesson, we will translate:

interesting movie boring movie
pelicula interesante – pelicula aburrida
interesting movies boring movies
pelicula s interesting s– pelicula s aburrida s

Not so difficult, right? Try to memorize words and remember that adjectives always have the same form as nouns, that is, they agree with them in gender and number. They also usually come before nouns.

Tasks for the lesson

Task 1. The following phrases

b) write in the plural;
c) Give their antonyms.

1. tall baby nino alto
2. short boy chico bajo
3. beautiful cat gato bonito
4. black dog perro negro
5. kind teacher professor amable
6. smart man hombre inteligente
7. young secretary secretario joven
8. fat seller vendedor gordo
9. new friend amigo nuevo
10. slow waiter camarero lento

Task 2. Translate into Spanish:

1. beautiful city
2. long street
3. boring book
4. beautiful children
5. new phone
6. Russian girlfriend
7. good workers
8. Red pen
9. new notebooks
10. Spanish

Exercise 1.

a) put in the feminine form;

1. nin a alt a
2. chic a baj a
3. gat a bonite a
4. perr a negr a
5. professor a amable
6. mujer intelligente
7. secretaries a joven
8. Vendor a proud a
9. amig a nuev a
10. camarer a lent a

b) write in the plural;

1. nino s alto s
2. chico s bajo s
3. gato s bonito s
4. perro s negro s
5. professor es amable s
6. hombre s intellectuale s
7. secretario s j ó Vene s
8. Vendor es proudly s
9. amigo s nuevo s
10. Camarero s lento s

c) Give their antonyms.

1. nina baja
2. chica alta
3. gata-fea
4. perra blanca
5. profesora malvada
6. mujer tonta
7. secretaria vieja
8. vendedora delgada
9. amiga-vieja
10. camarera rapida

Task 2. Translate into Spanish:

1. ciudad bonita
2. calle larga
3. libro aburrido
4. ninos bonitos
5. telefono nuevo
6. amiga rusa
7. obreros buenos
8. lapicero rojo
9. cuadernos nuevos
10. idioma español

Today we will get useful information about the name of the adjective in Spanish (Nombre adjetivo). The Spanish adjective is divided into two large subgroups:

• quality adjectives (calificativos):
• relative adjectives (relatives):

  el plan anual (annual plan),
  la región agrícola (agricultural region),
  el día estival (summer day)

This group of adjectives is similar in meaning to the adjectives of the Russian language. They denote the quality, properties and characteristics of the object or phenomenon that they describe.

Qualitative adjectives have 3 degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, superlative.

For example:

Relative adjectives

This group also indicates a sign of an object, but at the same time, an indication of its relation to a person, phenomenon, action, or another object is obligatory.

These adjectives are formed from the already existing names of objects, actions or phenomena through which they express a sign. They may point to:

• the material from which the object is made (férreo - iron);
• circumstances of time, place ... (madrileño - Madrid);
• attitude towards a person or animal (felino - feline);
• relation to an object or concept (marítimo - marine)
• relation to an action or concept (corriente - current).

Modern Spanish often uses the preposition de + noun, instead of one adjective, if they talk about the material from which the object is made: la caja de carton(carton) instead of la caja cartonera.

The peculiarity of Spanish adjectives is that there are much more quality adjectives than relative ones. And, plus everything, in Spanish there are no possessive adjectives, such as mother's, grandmother's, father's, and the like.

Coordination of adjectives with nouns

A Spanish adjective always has the noun it describes next to it. The noun usually comes before the adjective. The adjective also agrees with the noun in gender and number. The adjective, agreeing with the noun in gender, has the same ending as the noun (apart from some exceptions, about them a little later).

If the noun is feminine, then the adjective will have an ending - a. With a masculine noun, there will be an adjective with an ending - about. They are called adjectives of two endings.

For example:

el papel blanco (white paper)

la mesa blanca (white table)

Adjectives of one ending are characterized by the ending to any consonant or vowel except - o. Their endings do not change depending on the gender of the noun.

For example:

el libro común (general book)

la causa común (common cause)

el papel verde (green paper)

la mesa verde (green table)

la casa grande (large house)

el país grande (large country)

All adjectives with the final suffix -ista refer to adjectives with the same ending:

socialista (socialist)

idealista (ideological)

Adjectives that indicate nationality, ending in the masculine with a consonant, and adjectives that end in - an, - on, - or, in the feminine, add the ending - a:

For example:

el periódico inglés (English newspaper)

la revista inglesa (English magazine)

el baile andaluz (Andalusian dance)

la canción andaluza (Andalusian song)

From the position of the adjective relative to the noun (before or after), the meaning of the entire expression can change.

This applies to these adjectives:

For example:

un buen hombre (kind person)

un hombre bueno (good person)

un triste empleado (ordinary employee)

un empleado triste (sad office worker)

It should be remembered that if these adjectives are combined with an adverb or some other word, then in this case, regardless of the expressed meaning, they come after the noun. It would be right to say Juan es un hombre muy bueno(Juan is a very kind person). Instead of a phrase Juan es un muy buen hombre.

Truncated forms of adjectives

Sometimes there is a use of qualitative adjectives before a noun in the singular. In this case, the truncated form of the adjectives grande (great, big), malo (bad), bueno (good) should be used.

For example:

el gran hombre (great man)

un buen camino (good road)

el mal libro (bad book)

The adjectives bueno, malo can only be used in a truncated form before masculine nouns.

When describing the qualities of a group of nouns, the adjective usually agrees in gender and number only with the first noun in the group:

En el barrio hay nuevos almacenes, peluquería y cine (There are new shops, a hairdresser and a cinema in the quarter).

Spanish adjectives are not as difficult as they seem. The lexical meaning must, of course, be memorized, but the use and agreement with nouns with practice comes to automatism, and you can easily use them in speech. In learning any foreign language, the practice of using it in conversation is important.

You can also learn more about the rules for using adjectives here.

You will spend 30 minutes on this lesson. To listen to the word, please click on the Audio icon . If you have any questions regarding this course, please contact me by email: Learn Spanish.

Below is a list of the most commonly used words, the scope of which is: Adjectives. The table below has 3 columns (Russian, Spanish and pronunciation). Try to repeat the words after listening. This will help you improve your pronunciation and also help you remember the word better.

List of adjectives

Here is a list of sentences containing several vocabulary items shown above topic about: Adjectives. Sentences are added to help you understand how the structure of the entire sentence can affect the function and meaning of individual words.

Adjectives with examples

food vocabulary

This is a food vocabulary list. If you learn the following words by heart, it will make your conversation with the natives much easier and more enjoyable.

food vocabulary

daily conversation

Spanish phrases

Benefits of learning a language

Learning a language can advance your career. Today, the ability to communicate in two languages ​​is almost a prerequisite for getting a good job. Candidates with good language skills are in demand in all companies.

In Spanish, adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number, and can be gender-inflected or gender-inflected.

1. If the masculine adjective ends in -o, then in the feminine it will end in -a:

masculine: el papel blanco - white paper

feminine: la mesa blanca - white table

2. If adjectives end in any vowel except -o, or any consonant, they have the same form for feminine and masculine.

masculine: el papel verde - green paper, el cielo azul - blue sky

feminine: la mesa verde - green table, la pared azul - blue wall

An exception to the rule are adjectives denoting nationality. These adjectives can end in -o, and into a consonant, but in the feminine there will be an ending -a:

chinesco (Chinese) - chinesca

ruso (Russian) - rusa

japonés (Japanese) - japonesa

español (Spanish) - española

chileno (Chilean) - chilena

alemán (German) - alemana

Adjectives ending in -or, -an-or, -in, constitute another group of exceptions to the general rule. Although these adjectives end in a consonant, to form the feminine form, the word is added to the end -a:

trabajador (hard-working) - trabajadora

hablador (chatty) - habladora

dormilón (sleepy) - dormilona

holgazán (lazy) - holgazana

traidor (treacherous) - traidora

Some adjectives from this group have the same form as nouns derived from the same root: dormilón - sleepy, dormouse.

An exception to this rule are adjectives in the comparative degree (mejor - the best, peor - the worst), as well as words like:

exterior - external

interior - internal

anterior - previous

posterior - subsequent

inferior - lower

ulterior - further

They have the same form, both masculine and feminine.

If nouns have diminutive suffixes -ito, -ete or augmentative suffix -ote, then they change by gender as follows:

Ito -> -ita

Ete -> -eta

Oto -> -ota

For example:

negrito (black) -> negrita

regordete (plump) -> regordeta

grandote (hefty) -> grandota

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