Correct bite in humans. Correct bite in a person Teeth bite incorrect treatment

Deviations in the closure of the dentition of the lower and upper jaws - malocclusion - to varying degrees are observed in half of the inhabitants of the globe. Without adequate therapy, such anomalies lead to a deterioration in general health, cause speech defects, and change appearance. Timely detection of pathology and correction of atypical occlusion will help to avoid these complications.

What is malocclusion

The mutual arrangement of the lower and upper rows of human teeth in the position of tight connection, with the maximum number of contacts between them, is called bite. Orthodontists distinguish between physiological and pathological types of dentition closure.

Correct bite provides a functional and aesthetic optimum: distributing chewing pressure evenly, it relieves the jaw from overload. Physiological types of bites include: opistognathia, direct and orthognathic bite, physiological biprognathia.

Incorrect arrangement of teeth - a deviation from the norm, expressed:

• in violations of forms and functions,
• in closure defects during eating, talking, at rest;

Anomalies are formed under the influence of a number of factors and must be corrected in order to avoid serious consequences for the body.

Reasons for the development of pathological bite

Allocate acquired and congenital etiological factors for the occurrence of improper closing of the teeth.

Congenital causes that cause malocclusion are heredity (genetic defects transmitted from parents) and intrauterine pathologies of fetal development (infections, metabolic disorders, low hemoglobin levels in the mother). Malocclusion resulting from these factors is the most difficult to correct.

Acquired causes of malocclusion provoke the development of deviations in the location of the jaws immediately after birth or at a later age. In children, malocclusion is formed under the influence of:

• birth trauma;
• rickets;
• chronic ailments (pathologies of the respiratory system, endocrine diseases);
• increasing the duration of artificial feeding;
• bad habits (sucking a finger, biting lips);
• untimely weaning of the child from the pacifier (nipples);
• early extraction of teeth;
• lack of good nutrition (lack of fluorine, calcium, trace elements);
• lack of food products with coarse fibers (fruits, vegetables) - the result of a small load on the jaws is the incorrect formation of their closure;
• multiple lesions of milk teeth by a carious process;

In adult patients, normal bites change into pathological ones with periodontal diseases, after the loss of some of the permanent teeth or injuries to the facial bones. anomalies often develop due to improper prosthetics(non-compliance of implants with the anatomical features of the patient's masticatory apparatus).

How to determine the wrong bite

In order to independently assess the type of occlusion of the teeth and decide whether to contact a specialist for help, you need to know how to determine the correct bite and identify developmental anomalies. The initial assessment of occlusion at home is carried out visually. Its principles are shown in the table below.

Only an orthodontist can accurately determine the presence of pathologies.

If there is only deformation of the teeth in the oral cavity, then there are no external differences indicating orthodontic problems.

Determination of bite anomalies in a medical clinic is carried out using methods such as:

• symmetroscopy (study of the location of the teeth in the sagittal, transversal directions);
• MRI of the temporomandibular joints;
• electromyotonometry (determination of muscle tone).

To identify anomalies, a number of specialists are additionally involved fluoroscopy.

If an incorrect bite is detected, the doctor, taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient's disease, will advise the most appropriate type of correction of violations of the closure of the dentoalveolar system.

Types of malocclusion

Clinical orthodontics classifies malocclusion into 6 types: deep, cross, distal, mesial, low and open.

Deep incisive disocclusion is characterized by a significant overlap of the lower incisors by the anterior teeth of the upper jaw, i.e., dentoalveolar elongation. Visually, the signs of such an anomaly look like a thickened lower lip and a reduced facial area. There are 2 types of development of deviations from the correct bite:

• deep bite (lower incisors slip to the gum edge);
• the formation of a deep frontal overlap (this means that the cutting edges of the lower teeth articulate with the dental tubercles of the upper ones).

Vestibulocclusion

The cross type of malocclusion is manifested by a clear asymmetry of the face. In the oral cavity, unilateral underdevelopment of the jaw is noted. This causes crossover of the teeth in the top and bottom row. Lack of contact of molars during chewing - both unilateral and bilateral.

Mesial occlusion, progeny

Subdivided into:

• partial (displacement in the area of ​​the frontal teeth) and general;
• maxillary and dental.

It is possible to determine the presence (absence) of a mesial occlusion by the position of the lower teeth. With progeny, they are significantly advanced.

It is characterized by the presence of a gap between the teeth. With this type of malocclusion, they do not contact:

• only incisors;
• fangs and incisors;
• only the last molars are closed.

The diagnosis of "Prognathia" implies the presence of improper closing of the teeth, a crooked bite, in which a discrepancy in the ratio of the dentition is revealed due to the protrusion of the teeth of the upper jaw or the distal position of the teeth of the lower jaw. It is quite simple to determine this type of bite by external symptoms (there is a protruding upper lip, a small chin, a reduced lower third of the face).

underbite

A type of malocclusion, in which the result of abrasion of the teeth (lowering their height) is an underestimated closure.

Incorrect bite: the consequences of development

The crooked type of closure of teeth is the cause of a large number of pathologies. Among the most common are dental diseases (caries, soft tissue injuries, stomatitis, periodontal disease), caused by the lack of the possibility of high-quality and proper hygiene procedures.

Incorrect bite provokes abrasion and chipping of dental crowns, malfunctions in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, resulting from a violation of the chewing function. Diseases of the digestive system lead to a weakening of the immune system; this is the cause of the development of diabetes, hypertension.

The consequences of malocclusion include speech therapy pathologies (incorrect pronunciation of individual sounds), facial expression defects.

The result of malocclusion is frequent ENT diseases (sinusitis, sinusitis, otitis media), respiratory dysfunction, deformities of the cervical spine, and headaches.

The presence of crooked teeth often leads to complexes of a psychological nature, reduces the level of socialization of a person in society.

After detecting the first signs of atypical occlusion, you should immediately contact the medical clinic. Timely and correctly carried out correction will reduce the likelihood of the described ailments.

Treatment

It is impossible to correct the wrong bite on your own.

Bite correction takes a long time. Often therapy lasts more than a year. The age of the patient who applied to the doctor also means a lot: the earlier treatment is started, the faster the expected effect will be achieved.

Only an orthodontist can determine the method of correcting the crooked closing of the teeth. Moscow clinics offer the most modern methods of therapy, including the use of various devices (braces, orthodontic caps, palatal plates, veneers, Angle, Coffin, Hausser, Planas devices) and surgical intervention.

Installation of braces

Bracket systems are non-removable orthodontic constructions that contribute to the elimination of certain pathologies of occlusion development with the help of constant pressure. Will give an opportunity to correct alveolar prognathism.

The process is ensured by means of power arc structures fixed in the grooves. Made from ceramic, plastic, metal. It is allowed to install braces on the front surface of the dentition (vestibular type of apparatus) and on their inner side (lingual systems). Correction lasts from a year to 36 months; the duration of treatment is determined by the doctor.

The use of orthodontic caps

Special overlays for teeth change the wrong bite and align the dentition. The principle of action is a tight "fitting" of the teeth, pressure in the right direction. The use of orthodontic caps is ineffective for mesial, deep or distal types of malocclusion.

Use of veneers and palatal plates

Composite, ceramic veneers help hide small bite defects.

The use of bite plates is used to correct a deep bite. The design is divided into removable and non-removable types. The plate is installed on the teeth using a special (clasp) fastening. Affects by pressure on the dentition in a given direction. The specialist of the clinic will help you choose the right device.

Surgical intervention

It is carried out with pronounced deviations in the anatomy of the dentition and jaw bones. It is possible to remove part of the bone or build it up to the required size.

Qualified orthodontists will help you decide on the choice of correction method.

Incorrect bite: prevention

Preventive measures of abnormal occlusion are conditionally divided into 3 periods.

1. gestation period. During pregnancy, a woman should carefully monitor her health and nutrition. Enough level calcium and phosphorus in the food taken means the maximum reduction in the risk of pathologies in the development of the teeth of the fetus.
2. Age from 0 to 14 years. Until the child reaches one year of age, parents are obliged to monitor the correct feeding of the baby.

   Particular attention should be paid to the diameter of the hole in the nipple during artificial feeding. It is important to eliminate breathing problems in a timely manner (if the child breathes through the mouth, then the growth of the upper jaw changes, an open bite is formed). Starting from the age of two, you should control the bad habits of the baby, timely accustom him to oral hygiene.

3. Age from 14 years old. The time of the final formation of a permanent occlusion; any loss of teeth means a violation of the correct course of the process. If symptoms of anomalies develop, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Timely solution of problems with bite will minimize the development of complications and the period of correction of the pathology. Correction of deviations on molars is a long and expensive process. The main rule to prevent the occurrence of a problem is prevention and regular visits to the clinic.

Occlusion in dentistry is the mutual arrangement of the upper and lower dentition, when the jaws are tightly closed. Practically all bite anomalies entail serious, unpleasant and even dangerous consequences which can only be avoided by timely orthodontic treatment. Moreover, problems can arise both in childhood and much later.

Temporary

The formed temporary bite is the totality of all twenty milk teeth. Its development takes place in three stages - from about 6 months to 6 years, on each of which any anomalies may appear.

This is due to many factors, including heredity and bad habits.

Incorrect development of the upper and lower jaw

The consequences in this case of excessive growth of one of the jaws are noticeable even externally. Prognathic bite, when the lower jaw is pushed forward, creates a sullen expression.

With the mesial, on the contrary - the upper jaw dominates, and the chin is strongly beveled inward.

All this greatly affects the aesthetics of the face, normal chewing of food, can provoke diseases of the temporomandibular joint and abnormal growth of permanent teeth.

Removable

The entire period of loss of milk teeth and the growth of permanent ones - from 5-6 years to 11-13 years - the child has a removable bite. Permanent teeth erupt at a certain time and in a certain order. If these deadlines are strongly violated in one direction or another, this can lead to various consequences.

Incorrect eruption of permanent teeth

Too much early eruption can be a symptom of endocrine disorders and even testify to the growth of tumor formations in the jaw.

If, on the contrary, growth is seriously retarded, then such teeth are called impacted - formed, but not grown. Such a phenomenon can cause not only frequent neurological pain, affect the development and position of neighboring teeth, but also provoke the development of tumors.

Constant

After the eruption of the molars is completed, a permanent bite is formed in a person. This usually happens around 12-13 years of age. Early violations, bad habits, injuries and heredity can cause the formation of malocclusion.

photo: malocclusion in adults

The multiple complications of such disorders are described below., which can be avoided by timely seeking help from an orthodontist.

Decreased chewing activity

Incorrect ratio of dentition may affect the ability to chew food normally, significantly reducing chewing activity.

It is impossible to start this state, since poor chewing affects the absorption of nutrients from food.

In addition, swallowing becomes more difficult and carious and other similar processes begin to develop in the oral cavity.

Temporomandibular joint disease

Most temporomandibular joint problems difficult to treat, especially for advanced cases, if for a long time the patient did not seek help.

They provoke:

• headaches and earaches;
• muscle spasms;
• difficulty in opening the mouth;
• crunch and clicks when moving the lower jaw;
• dizziness and more.

The most common arthritis and arthrosis of this joint, as well as dislocations that were provoked by weakening of the ligaments.

Uneven chewing load on the teeth

Due to improper closure of the jaws, some groups or individual teeth may have a different amount of load.

This leads to abrasion of enamel, dentin, chips and early adentia.

In addition, the quality of chewing food decreases, which can cause malfunctions in the entire digestive system.

Uneven loading can lead to the formation of a wedge-shaped defect, when chips and damage to the enamel first appear at the base of the crown.

Increased enamel wear

Erasure of hard tissues of the tooth begins with the top layer - enamel. The longer the bite is not corrected, the more tissues are erased. Most often, the transition to damage to the dentin occurs much later than 30 years., however, the process can start much earlier.

If the tooth is damaged by more than half, the outlines of the face also begin to change - the lower third decreases, which causes wrinkles around the mouth.

Bone damage

Changes in the periodontium and constant incorrect distribution of pressure on the teeth can provoke the destruction and various damage to the bone tissue.

Such processes also lead to loss, that is, to a decrease in the volume of bone tissue. At the same time, the teeth themselves suffer - the ongoing destructive processes affect the quality of their attachment, therefore loosening may be observed. All this complicates prosthetics and treatment.

Periodontitis

With a deep and cross bite, the tissues surrounding the teeth - the periodontium - are almost always quite severely affected. It is he who serves to hold the roots in the alveolus. The most common periodontal disease - periodontitis - is characterized by the appearance of inflammatory processes in the gums.

In the absence of treatment and the transition of the disease to the later stages, the process of loosening of the teeth begins, which leads to prosthetics and early restorations.

Early tooth loss

Abnormal bite changes also lead to early loss of teeth. This is due to the fact that the teeth are subjected to improper load.

Some areas are more involved in the chewing process - here hard tissues of the tooth begin to wear out, loosen the roots and generally occur destructive processes. Ultimately, this causes other multiple violations.

Violation of diction

Dictionary disorders of varying degrees are almost always found in people with malocclusion.

This is due to the fact that the full functioning of the speech apparatus is difficult, one of the departments of which are fixed organs - teeth, palate, alveoli, pharynx, etc.

They are used to support the mobile and have the greatest impact on the technique of speech itself.

Disorders of diction can be different, depending on the specific clinical picture.

Aesthetic disorders

First of all, the smile itself becomes unattractive. In addition, the proportions of the face change, which greatly affects the aesthetics..

1. With distal bite and protrusion of the upper jaw, the chin becomes disproportionately small.
2. When diagnosing a mesial occlusion, the protruding lower jaw and, accordingly, the chin are observed.
3. An open bite is characterized by a constantly ajar mouth and a general asymmetry of features.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

In order for the digestive system to work properly, all stages of digestion are very important. The first of these is sufficient grinding of food with the teeth.

With bite anomalies, food is chewed poorly, and, therefore, an increased load is placed on the organs of the gastrointestinal tract. This happens constantly for a long time and leads to natural disorders in the digestive tract.

Difficult oral hygiene

The unnatural arrangement of the teeth leads to the fact that it becomes problematic to clean them well.

Significantly increases the number of places in the oral cavity, which can be classified as hard to reach. These areas are constantly accumulating food debris., which are an excellent breeding ground for pathogenic bacteria. Because of this, people with orthodontic conditions are more likely to suffer from cavities and many other dental diseases.

Difficult prosthetics and restoration

Several factors come into play here. Incorrect distribution of loads during chewing leads to premature failure of artificial crowns.

The installation of bridges is also complicated - often twisted or out-of-row teeth cannot serve as a reliable support for the installation of the structure. And some aesthetic restorations, for example, the installation of veneers, are contraindicated for malocclusion.

Respiratory failure

Normally, a person should breathe through the nose. Some disorders of the structure of the dentoalveolar system prevent this, such as open bite.

In this case there is no closure of the jaws(usually in the anterior region), due to which the mouth is constantly slightly ajar.

Also, respiratory disorders, and subsequently malfunctions of the ENT organs, can be caused by a distal or deep bite.

Bruxism

Bruxism is the involuntary grinding of teeth. It occurs due to too strong and uncontrolled contraction of the masticatory muscles.

Most often, the manifestation of symptoms of this disease in a dream is observed., but sometimes bruxism also occurs during the day. Subsequently, this can lead to diseases of the temporal joint, abrasion and loosening of teeth, headaches and neck pain.

ENT diseases

Numerous ENT diseases can also be provoked by orthodontic anomalies. This is not only due to frequent mouth breathing. Also, problems occur due to the atypical structure of the entire dentoalveolar system.

Many people learn about malocclusion only after numerous sinusitis, otitis and other diseases, when the otolaryngologist gives them a referral to an orthodontist.

Traumatization of the soft tissues of the oral cavity

Protruding parts of the dentition when chewing or simply closing the lower and upper jaws can permanently injure the oral mucosa and soft tissues. Protruding sharp edges, formed due to chips with malocclusion, often lead to such damage.

Chronic soft tissue injuries other than discomfort can cause non-healing ulcers, stomatitis, inflammation and swelling caused by infection.

gum recession

In fact, recession is a decrease in the volume of gum tissue, in which they change their location, wearing out and often exposing the roots.

In many areas, with violations in the dentition - torsion, position outside the arc, etc. - there is an excessive load, which also affect the soft tissues surrounding the tooth. Often the cause of recession is also a violation of the blood supply to the gums and loss of tissue elasticity.

Due to the huge number of possible unpleasant and dangerous consequences do not put off contacting a specialist for orthodontic examination and treatment.

The sooner the correct natural bite is restored, the more problems can be avoided. Correction of an overbite is possible at any age, but the older the person, the more time and effort may be required.

In this video, the orthodontist talks about the consequences of malocclusion.

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What are healthy teeth for us? No holes, no caries, in a word - no pain. And you can insert implants, straighten your teeth, correct the bite (underline as necessary) later, in the last place, not now, it does not burn. The main thing is not to hurt? This is fundamentally a misconception.

Be afraid! Crooked teeth and malocclusion

Crooked teeth are not "just ugly". This is very harmful. The correct position of the teeth, their closure, the distribution of the load during chewing are all important aspects of a healthy life, and not the tricks of dentists.

Did you know that malocclusion, lack of teeth can provoke headaches? Poorly chewed food impairs the functioning of the digestive tract. Incorrect closing of the teeth can simply affect the face - additional wrinkles, a sullen expression - do you need such consequences?

You need to treat your teeth as a whole, knowing how to prioritize. This is a matter of your health and comfort.

Which bite is correct and which is not?

Before understanding orthodontic terms, let's find out what an underbite is in principle.

In simple terms, bite is the closing of the teeth. The upper dentition should be in contact with the lower: chewing teeth with chewing, frontal - with frontal.

All possibilities of maximum contact of the teeth, the so-called central occlusion, are important. In this case, we can talk about an ideal orthognathic bite, when the dental apparatus performs 100% chewing, swallowing, speech and aesthetic tasks.

Who can boast of perfectly straight teeth? Yes, almost no one. In the modern world, being born with such an overbite and keeping it without pathological changes is a rare success.

Consequences of malocclusion

Correct bite: variations on a theme

Not only orthognathic bite is considered an immutable standard. Let's see what other correct positions of the teeth are:

• Progenic, when the lower jaw moves forward a little.
• Biprognathic - the dentition is, as it were, tilted forward at an angle.
• Straight - characterized by an exact closure of the upper teeth to the lower.

It is possible to give a general description of the correct bite of the teeth: if the functioning of the maxillo-dental system is not disturbed, it is worth talking about the normal arrangement of the teeth.

Incorrect bite: deviation from the norm

Problem bite is very common and there are five main types:

• Distal or prognathic - it is characterized by an excessively protruding forward, highly developed upper jaw. The lower one is less developed.
• Medial, mesial, better known as reverse - the lower dentition is much more advanced and covers the upper teeth;
• Open - this is when the teeth do not completely close. Such a bite can appear only on the front (frontal) teeth, then the side teeth remain ajar, or vice versa - the side teeth close, but the front teeth do not.
• Crossed - the teeth of the left or right sides of the jaw overlap the other, like scissors.
• Deep - when the lower dentition is strongly blocked by the upper.

“Tell me, do I have an overbite?” - our online visitors ask, attaching their photos in front and profile. We are happy to help, but without a face-to-face examination, there is a high probability of error. You need to ask such questions to the doctor personally - for example, to one of the clinics from the list below.

Causes of malocclusion in children and adults

Who is lucky to have a more or less correct bite? Judging by the long queues at the orthodontist's office, there are few such lucky ones. What are we all doing wrong?

Violations of occlusion can be laid even before the birth of a person. The genetic factor also leaves its mark here, as well as the nutrition of a pregnant woman.

In childhood, the formation of bite is influenced by the type of feeding - the artificial teeth have a worse developed jaw without the need to suck on the breast. The use of a pacifier can backfire in the formation of bite, however, as well as the habit of keeping a finger in the mouth.

Replacing milk teeth also affects their location. The process must happen naturally and in its own time - not too early, but not too late.

Gum disease, cavities, damage and trauma to the jaw can all lead to malocclusion.

At a conscious age, the change in bite is affected by the absence of teeth. The load is distributed unevenly and the deformation of the bite gradually begins. That is why it is so important to restore lost teeth with the help of implantology.

Incorrect bite - cannot be treated

An overbite can be corrected at any age. Treatment methods will, of course, be different. This process is easier for children, and they need less time. Up to 15 years, while the formation of the jaw system is underway, you can straighten crooked teeth in a child without much difficulty. Especially if you seek help at the first sign.

There are also many ways to correct an overbite in adults. Braces, mouth guards, surgery, after all. The latter is undoubtedly a radical way. And it could have been avoided by contacting a person in time to the dentist.

Teeth bite is not a given that you have to put up with. A simple consultation with a dentist will tell you what needs to be done to keep your teeth straight and beautiful. Why then deny yourself this pleasure - to have healthy teeth?

Dentists claim that almost 90% of the world's inhabitants have some kind of malocclusion. For some, they are so serious that it is impossible to do without correction. But in most people, these anomalies are completely invisible. Not only does nothing bother a person, but visually the defect does not manifest itself in any way. Therefore, it is very important to identify the pathology in time and undergo treatment.

Let's look at the existing types of occlusion, incorrect and correct occlusion, how they differ, how to recognize the pathology and how it can be corrected.

In order for a person's teeth to function properly, they must fit together properly. In order to determine the correct or incorrect bite, it is necessary to know which jaw closure is physiological, normal, and which is abnormal.
The correct bite is an arrangement of teeth in which the units of the upper jaw slightly cover the lower ones. At the same time, there are no gaps between the incisors, and the teeth close tightly. Such closure is considered a physiological norm.

Bite is the interaction when the teeth of the upper and lower dentition are closed. It is considered physiologically correct if it provides comfortable functioning of the jaw as a whole.

However, this type of closure is not found in everyone. Orthodontists distinguish several subtypes of tooth closure, which deviate slightly from the standard, but are still considered the norm. For example, it is acceptable if the upper or lower dentition moves forward a little. At the same time, it is important that the teeth can fully perform their functions without provoking various health problems. In such a case, there is no cause for concern.

Important! Incorrect closing of the teeth creates a number of problems: a person cannot chew or swallow food normally, he may have problems with breathing or digestion. Abnormal bite creates problems with diction. Also, misaligned teeth can cause headaches, back and neck pain. In addition, significant malocclusion spoils the appearance of a person, distorting the proportions of his face.

Types of correct bite

Normal bite is divided into several varieties. The standard is an orthognathic bite, in which the jaws close in such a way that the upper incisors cover the lower ones by about one third.

The presented position of the teeth is the most exemplary bite, the upper dentition overlaps the lower one by about a third, but close contact is maintained between the corresponding molars.

In a direct bite, the cutting edges of the teeth of the upper and lower dentition are in contact with each other.
With a biprognathic bite, the front teeth of both rows have a slight inclination towards the vestibule of the oral cavity.
With a progenic bite, the lower dentition is slightly pushed forward.
All these types of bite are considered normal. Teeth fully fulfill their physiological functions, look aesthetically pleasing and do not interfere with normal conversation.

There are several types of malocclusion. Some orthodontists distinguish only five types of defect: distal, mesial, open, deep and cross, while others - six, adding to the previously listed one more type of pathology - reducing bite. Each species has its own characteristics. Let's consider them in more detail.

It is impossible to distinguish between different types of improper closing of the teeth with the naked eye. For example, it is very easy to confuse deep and overbite. Only a doctor can make a correct diagnosis. In addition, malocclusion is not always congenital. Sometimes pathology occurs after improperly performed prosthetics. uneven

Causes of pathology

Dental anomalies can occur under the influence of various factors. All causes can be divided into congenital and acquired. Often malocclusion is inherited from parents to children. When making a diagnosis, the orthodontist must take this factor into account.

Important! Genetic pathologies are associated with structural features of the jaw bones. Defects inherited require longer treatment than those acquired during life. To correct them, it is necessary to use the most effective methods of correction. In some cases, to achieve the desired result, the patient may need to use functional devices: the Brückl apparatus, Herbst apparatus, and the like.

• late nipple rejection;
• the habit of sucking fingers and other objects;
• bruxism;
• untimely change of milk teeth in a child (too early or late);
• trema, diastema;
• lack of solid food in the daily diet of the child;
• transferred diseases of the respiratory system;
• diseases associated with the growth and development of bones.

The habit of sucking fingers can lead to a violation of the normal bite, to the displacement of the lower jaw forward, to the side, the development of a mesial or crossbite.

Malocclusion in adults develops as a result of injuries or improperly performed prosthetics. Loss or extraction of teeth can also cause a defect. Due to gaps in the dentition, the teeth can no longer function properly. During the installation of the prosthesis, it is important to take into account the correct position of the jaws, otherwise the teeth may shift.
To correct the bite in children, various orthodontic devices are used - braces, trainers, plates. The choice of one or another design depends on the type and degree of violation.

Correction of bite defects

Depending on the age of the patient, the orthodontist selects the method of correction. Treatment for children and adults is different. Correction of bite in children is much easier and takes less time. This is due to the fact that the jaw bones in childhood are not yet fully formed, so they can be easily corrected in the right direction.
For children under 7 years old, special gymnastics and massage are enough to correct the defect. Of great importance is the rejection of bad habits, otherwise the treatment will not work.
Children under 12 years of age are often prescribed special orthodontic appliances - trainers. These are removable structures designed to correct teeth. They force the jaw bones into the correct position. The convenience of trainers is that they do not need to be worn constantly, but only a few hours a day.
In the case when the trainers are ineffective, the orthodontist prescribes special caps or removable plates. Correction with the help of such devices takes from one to two years. If after this period the child still has bite defects, at the age of 12-15 years, the doctor may recommend wearing braces.

Attention! Adult patients can also correct bite defects with braces. This method of treatment is effective even at the age of 30 years. Adults can also use special removable mouthguards, but they will be effective only for minor violations. Correction of the bite in adulthood may be required for prosthetics. To install the prosthesis, the jaws must be correctly positioned.

Many people are diagnosed, but not all of them seek help from a specialist with this problem and get rid of it. For some people, it does not cause discomfort, while others may not be aware of its presence at all. As a rule, a person turns to an orthodontist only for those pathologies that significantly spoil the aesthetics of appearance. The consequences of malocclusion are very serious, so it is recommended to correct it as soon as possible.

Dentists distinguish several varieties of incorrect occlusion. The normal bite is when the teeth of the upper jaw slightly overlap the teeth of the lower jaw. Let us consider in more detail the distinctive features of each type of incorrect occlusion separately.

Oksana Shiyka

Dentist-therapist

Important! Usually, serious pathologies of the dentition are corrected in childhood or adolescence. Doctors advise adults to correct the bite in the presence of such problems as: incorrect localization of the teeth, large intervals between them, underdevelopment of one of the jaws, increased torsion of the teeth.

Why can the wrong bite be formed?

There are several reasons for the formation of a malocclusion. It often develops during infancy. In this case, doctors diagnose it in those children who are not breastfed, but fed with artificial mixtures. The method of obtaining milk plays an important role: when the child independently covers the nipple with his mouth, he slightly pushes the lower jaw forward. In babies, the lower jaw is always shorter than the upper jaw. When a newborn sucks milk from the breast, his muscles are actively developing, and when drinking milk from a bottle, the muscles are not involved.

Oksana Shiyka

Dentist-therapist

Important! Scientists have found that the formation of incorrect occlusion is hereditary in nature, can be transmitted genetically. If a person has such a defect, then it is likely that later children will inherit it.

Many babies have a habit of always sleeping in the same position, which can cause malocclusion. For the normal development of the chewing apparatus, solid foods must be present in the diet of a child (from 1 year old). Their absence is also a provoking factor. At the same time, a number of other factors that can lead to anomalies of occlusion at different ages are noted:

1. Violation of the posture of the newborn.
2. Premature loss of milk teeth.
3. Congenital defects of the oral cavity.
4. Deviations from the endocrine system (problems with the thyroid gland).
5. Bad habits (such as thumb sucking or nail biting).
6. Multiple and neglected caries.
7. Regular colds (leading to the advantage of mouth breathing).
8. Acute lack of calcium and other useful minerals in the body.
9. No area for wisdom teeth to erupt.
10. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system.
11. The development of inflammatory and infectious processes in the mucous membrane.
12. Untimely replacement of extracted teeth by means of incorrect prosthetics.
13. Unfavorable ecological situation.
14. Mechanical injuries of the jaw.

All these factors can lead to occlusion anomalies to some extent. The consequences are different (in accordance with the type of pathology of occlusion and the specifics of the development of the anomaly). Let's take a closer look at the dangers of malocclusion (occlusion) at different ages.

The consequences of malocclusion during the temporary stage of formation

The period of formation of a temporary bite falls on the age of children from six months to 3 years. At this time, the child's milk teeth begin to grow. There is an erroneous opinion that this stage of formation should not be given special attention. Although milk teeth are temporary, it is important to consider that during the formation of the bite, there is an active growth of the upper and lower jaws. As a result, improper development can lead to a number of serious complications, such as:

• narrowing of the jaw arch (due to early extraction of teeth);
• damage to hard tissues of the teeth;
• occurrence of chronic bowel disease.

The period of mixed dentition for children and adolescents falls on the age of 6 to 12 years. This period is characterized not only by the growth of the upper and lower jaws, but also by the appearance of permanent teeth. For the formation of the correct occlusion, this period is more significant. Abnormal development can provoke the appearance of complications such as:

• insufficient development of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). This leads to various diseases of the cervical spine and ENT organs;
• deterioration of the quality of tooth tissues (dentin, enamel). As a result, a person often develops diseases of the oral cavity (caries, pulpitis, periodontitis) that can cause premature loss of teeth;
• violation of the aesthetics of the face (pronounced asymmetry).

One of the serious complications is problems with the correct (intelligible) pronunciation of words. Dentists distinguish 2 types of speech disorders: functional and mechanical. The first is associated with a violation of the nervous processes in the brain. Such an ailment can be corrected by speech therapists and neurologists. The cause of mechanical speech disorder is malocclusion, abnormal structure of the oral cavity and the absence of some teeth. Most often, children with impaired occlusion appear burr, there is no sound "R" in speech. In this case, it is important to consult an orthodontist in a timely manner.

Consequences of malocclusion at a constant stage of formation

The period of the emerging permanent occlusion falls on the age of 12 to 15 years. At this stage, all milk teeth are replaced. Many patients are interested in the doctor, what is the danger of malocclusion in adults. In addition to the low external aesthetics of the face, a person has many other problems. Broken occlusion makes it difficult to carry out prosthetics, leads to injuries of the cheeks and tongue. Almost always, deviations from the norm of occlusion are accompanied by abrasion of the teeth and a significant increase in the tissue near the tooth. With progression, a person develops exposure of the roots of the tooth (decrease in the volume of the gums). This increases the likelihood of caries. Also, malocclusion makes it difficult to carry out a full cleaning of the teeth, which provokes the appearance of diseases in the oral cavity.

Often, people with impaired occlusion have problems with the temporomandibular joint. This is due to the fact that the upper jaw stops growing at the age of 15, but the lower jaw can grow up to 20 years. As a result of a change in the size of the lower jaw, a displacement of the articular disc is provoked into the area of ​​the ligaments that are involved in its connection with the skull. With an occlusion defect, the head begins to affect the area where many nerve endings and capillaries are located. This leads to migraines (headaches). Broken occlusion can cause spasms of individual muscles, which can lead to dizziness. Also, due to incorrect localization of the jaw and dentition, a person has increased stress on the temporomandibular joint, which makes it prone to inflammation, a person has discomfort in the masticatory muscles while chewing food.

The quality of chewing food directly depends on the bite of a person. Due to pathologies of occlusion, a person chews food poorly, as a result of which it enters the gastrointestinal tract in large pieces. Because of this, beneficial nutrients cannot be fully absorbed. With pathologies of occlusion, the likelihood of pathogenic bacteria entering the gastrointestinal tract increases, which leads to serious infectious diseases.

Conclusion

The consequences of malocclusion can affect a variety of organs and systems of the body. If a person is often worried about migraines and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, it is worth making an appointment with an orthodontist. Carrying out high-quality diagnostics will reveal the presence of occlusion anomalies and select the most appropriate technique that can correct it. Thanks to the progress of medicine and the abundance of modern methods (bracket systems, surgery, removable structures), it is possible to correct malocclusion at any age.