Violation of short-term memory causes. Types of memory impairment and their symptoms Types of memory impairment psychology

Memory - this type of mental activity, with the help of which past experience is reflected. Symptoms of a memory disorder. 1) Amnesia - loss of memory, its absence˸ a) retrograde amnesia- loss of memory for events preceding the disorder of consciousness or a painful mental state can cover a different period of time; b) anterograde amnesia- loss of memory for events that occurred immediately after the end of a state of upset consciousness or a painful mental state; the duration in time should also be different; c) a combination of these two types of amnesia is often found, in which case they speak of retroanterograde amnesia; G) fixation amnesia- loss of ability to remember and record current events; everything that has taken place at the moment is immediately forgotten; e) progressive amnesia characterized by a gradual weakening of memory, and first of all, memory for current events weakens, and then disappears, for what happened recently, for the events of recent years, while a person can remember the distant past for a long time and quite well. The characteristic sequence of memory decline according to the principle of ʼʼmemory reverseʼʼ is called Ribot's law. According to this law, the so-called physiological aging of memory also occurs. 2) paramnesia - erroneous, false, perverse memories. A person can remember the events that really took place, but attribute them to a completely different time. This is called pseudo-reminiscences - false memories˸ a) confabulation- a type of paramnesia, in which fictional memories are completely untrue, when the patient reports something that never really happened. Confabulations often have an element of fantasy; b) cryptomnesia- when a person cannot remember when this or that event happened, in a dream or in reality, he wrote this poem or simply remembered what he once read, that is, the source of any information is forgotten; in) eideticism- a phenomenon in which the representation mirrors the perception. Memory is also involved here in its vivid figurative form. After disappearance, an object or phenomenon retains its living visual image in the human mind. Syndromes of memory disorder˸ 1) Korsakoff's syndrome - a kind of amnestic syndrome. The basis of ᴇᴦο is the inability to remember current events (fixation amnesia) with more or less preserved memory for the past. In this regard, there is a violation of orientation (the so-called amnestic disorientation), another characteristic symptom of this syndrome is paramnesia. Mostly in the form of confabulations or pseudo-reminiscences, but cryptomnesias can also be observed. 2) Organic syndrome (encephalopathic, psychoorganic) consists of the Walter-Bühel triad, which includes: a) emotional lability, emotional incontinence; b) memory disorder; c) decreased intelligence. Patients become helpless, find their bearings with difficulty, their will weakens, their working capacity decreases, they easily switch from tears to a smile and vice versa. Variants of psychopathic behavior of organic origin are not uncommon. The following variants (stages) of the psycho-organic syndrome (K. Schneider) are distinguished: asthenic, explosive, euphoric, apathetic. An organic syndrome can occur in a variety of diseases with direct damage to the brain (tumors, intracranial infections, injuries, vascular pathology of atherosclerotic, syphilitic and other origin); with somatogeny (as a result of obstruction of the liver, kidneys, lungs, etc.); with alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse, poisoning with certain toxic substances; in diseases that occur with atrophic processes in the brain (for example, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, etc.). Accompanied by a variety of neurological disorders. The psychoorganic syndrome, as a rule, is irreversible, although it may give some regression with the use of appropriate therapy, incl. nootropics.

Memory. The main symptoms and syndromes of memory disorders. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Memory. The main symptoms and syndromes of memory disorders." 2015, 2017-2018.

Memory - the mental process of reflection and accumulation of direct and past individual and social experience. This is achieved by fixing, preserving and reproducing various impressions, which ensures the accumulation of information and enables a person to use the previous experience. Accordingly, memory disorders are manifested in violation of fixation (remembering), preservation and reproduction of various information. There are quantitative disorders (dysmnesia), manifested in the weakening, strengthening of memory, its loss, and qualitative (paramnesia).

Quantitative memory impairment (dysmnesia).

Hypermnesia - pathological exacerbation of memory, manifested by an excessive increase in the ability to recall past events that are insignificant in the present. Memories at the same time are of a vivid sensual-figurative nature, emerge easily, cover both the events as a whole and the smallest details. An increase in recall is combined with a decrease in the memorization of current information. Playback of the logical sequence of events is broken. Strengthened mechanical memory, worsened logical-semantic memory. Hypermnesia can be partial, selective, when it manifests itself, for example, in an increased ability to memorize and reproduce numbers, in particular, in oligophrenia.

It is detected in manic syndrome, hypnotic sleep, some types of drug intoxication.

Hypomnesia - partial loss of memory of events, phenomena, facts. It is described as a "tricky memory", when the patient does not remember everything, but only the most important, often repeated events in his life. In a mild degree, hypomnesia is manifested by a weakness in the reproduction of dates, names, terms, numbers, etc.

It occurs in neurotic disorders, in the structure of a major drug addiction syndrome in the form of a "perforated", "perforated" memory ( palimpsests), with psychoorganic, paralytic syndrome, etc.

Amnesia - complete loss of memory of phenomena, events for a certain period of time.

The following amnesia warrants are distinguished in relation to the period subjected to amnesia.

Variants of amnesias in relation to the period subjected to amnesia.

Retrograde amnesia - loss of memory for events that preceded the acute period of the disease (trauma, a state of altered consciousness, etc.). The duration of the period of time subjected to amnesia can be different - from several minutes to years.

Occurs with hypoxia of the brain, craniocerebral trauma.

Anterograde amnesia - loss of memories of events immediately following the end of the acute period of the disease. In this type of amnesia, the behavior of patients is ordered, criticism of their condition is preserved, which indicates the preservation of short-term memory.

Occurs in Korsakov's syndrome, amentia.

Congrade amnesia - loss of memory for events during the acute period of the disease (period of disturbed consciousness).

Occurs with stunning, stupor, coma, delirium, oneiroid, special states of consciousness, etc.

Antero-retrograde (complete, total) amnesia - loss of memory of events that occurred both before, during and after the acute period of the disease.

Occurs in coma, amentia, traumatic, toxic lesions of the brain, strokes.

According to the predominantly impaired memory function, amnesias are divided into fixative and anecphoric.

Fixation amnesia - loss of the ability to remember and reproduce new information. It manifests itself in a sharp weakening or absence of memory for current, recent events while maintaining it for knowledge acquired in the past. Accompanied by a violation of orientation in the environment, time, surrounding persons - amnestic disorientation.

Occurs in Korsakov's syndrome, dementia, paralytic syndrome.

Anekphoria - inability to arbitrarily recall events, facts, words, which becomes possible after a prompt.

Occurs in asthenia, psychoorganic syndrome, lacunar dementia.

According to the course of amnesia, they are divided as follows.

Progressive - progressive loss of memory. It proceeds in accordance with Ribot's law, which proceeds as follows. If memory is imagined as a layer cake, in which each overlying layer represents later acquired knowledge and skills, then progressive amnesia is precisely the layer-by-layer removal of these skills and knowledge in the reverse order - from events less distant from the present to later, up to the “memory of the simplest skills” - praxis, which disappears last, which is accompanied by the formation of apraxia.

It is detected in dementia, atrophic diseases of the brain (senile dementia, Pick's disease, Alzheimer's).

Stationary amnesia - persistent memory loss that does not improve or worsen.

Regressive amnesia - the gradual restoration of memories of the amnestic period, and in the first place, the events that are most important for the patient are restored.

Retarded amnesia - delayed amnesia. Any period is not forgotten immediately, but after some time.

According to the object subjected to amnesia, the following types are distinguished:

Affectogenic (catatim) - amnesia occurs under the influence of a traumatic situation (psychogenically), according to the mechanism of displacement of individually unpleasant events, as well as all events that coincided in time with a strong shock.

Occurs in psychogenic disorders.

Hysterical amnesia - remembering only individual psychologically unacceptable events. Unlike affectogenic amnesia, memory for indifferent events coinciding in time with those being amnesiac is retained. Included in the structure of hysterical psychopathic syndrome.

It is observed in hysterical syndrome.

Scotomization - has a clinical picture similar to hysterical amnesia, with the difference that this term refers to cases that occur in individuals who do not have hysterical character traits.

Worth mentioning separately alcoholic amnesia, the most striking type of which are palimpsests, described as a specific sign of alcoholism by K. Bonhoeffer (1904). This type of amnesia is manifested by a loss of memory for individual events that occurred during intoxication.

Qualitative memory disorders (paramnesia).

Pseudo-reminiscences (false memories, "illusions of memory") - are memories of real events that occurred in a different period of time. Most often, the transfer of events is carried out from the past to the present. A variety of pseudo-reminiscences are ecmnesia- erasing the line between the present and the past, as a result of which the memories of the distant past are experienced as happening at the moment ("life in the past").

Occurs in Korsakov's syndrome, progressive amnesia, dementia, etc.

Confabulations ("fictions of memory", "hallucinations of memory", "nonsense of the imagination") - false memories of events that did not actually take place during the period of time in question, with the conviction of their truth. Confabulations are divided into mnestic (observed with amnesia) and fantastic (observed with paraphrenia and confusion). Mnestic confabulations are divided (Snezhnevsky A.V., 1949) into ekmnestic(false memories are localized in the past) and mnemonically e (fictitious events refer to the current time). In addition, allocate replacement confabulations - false memories that arise against the background of amnestic memory loss and fill these gaps. Fantastic confabulations - fictions about incredible, fantastic events that supposedly happened to the patient.

The filling of consciousness with abundant confabulations of everyday content, combined with false recognition of the environment and persons, incoherent thinking, fussiness and confusion is defined as confabulatory confusion.

Confabulosis(Bayer W., 1943) – the presence of abundant systematic confabulations without gross memory disorders or gaps, with sufficient orientation in place, time and one's own personality. At the same time, confabulations do not fill memory gaps, they are not combined with amnesia.

Confabulatory disorders are found in Korsakov's syndrome, progressive amnesia.

Cryptomnesia - memory impairment, manifested by the alienation or appropriation of memories. One type of cryptomnesia is associated(painfully appropriated) memories - while what is seen, heard, read is remembered by the patient as having taken place in his life. This type of cryptomnesia includes true cryptomnesia(pathological plagiarism) - a memory disorder, as a result of which the patient appropriates the authorship of various works of art, scientific discoveries, etc. Another variant of cryptomnesia are false associated (alienated) memories- real facts from the patient's life are remembered by him as having taken place with someone else, or as heard, read, seen somewhere.

Meet with psychoorganic syndrome, paranoid syndrome, etc.

Echomnesia (reduplicating Pick's paramnesia) - deceptions of memory, in which any event, experience is presented in the memories as doubled, tripled. The main difference between echomnesia and pseudoreminiscences is that they are not a substitute for amnesia. Occurring events are projected simultaneously into the present and into the past. That is, the patient has the feeling that this event has already taken place once in his life. However, at the same time, echomnesias differ from the “already seen” phenomenon, since they experience not an absolutely identical situation, but a similar one, while with the “already seen” phenomenon, the current situation appears to be identical to what has already happened.

Observed in psychoorganic syndrome.

Phenomena already seen, heard, experienced, told, etc. - what is seen, heard, experienced, told for the first time is perceived as familiar, met earlier. At the same time, this feeling is never associated with a specific time, but refers "to the past in general." The opposite of these phenomena are phenomena of the never seen, never experienced, never heard, etc., in which the known, the familiar is perceived as something new, never seen before. This type of memory disorder is sometimes described as part of depersonalization and derealization disorders.

Each person has their own talents. Some easily consider mathematical and logical problems, others are given to make unusual compositions of flowers, others are able to read whole works from memory. But none of this was possible if a person lacked the ability to remember information. Unfortunately, memory impairments occur at different ages, not only in old age, but also in the most unforeseen situations. As a result, such violations lead to a significant deterioration in the quality of life.

Classification of memory disorders in psychology

Most people do not even suspect what an extensive classification of disorders exists in psychology. Initially, there are three main disorders, which then have their own gradation:

• amnesia;
• hypomnesia;
• paramnesia.

Hypomnesia is a decrease in memory functions. Such a memory impairment can be congenital or acquired as a result of asthenic syndrome, mental pathologies, or a complex illness with negative consequences on the brain. As a rule, when the cause of the development of hypomnesia, namely, the primary disease, is eliminated, memory functions are restored. With atherosclerosis in old age, hypomnesia is manifested by the impossibility of remembering current information, but at the same time, events of many years ago are stored in memory unchanged.

Hypermnesia is the opposite disorder, in which, on the contrary, enhanced memory is observed. It is often congenital in nature, characterized by a painful increase in memory, the ability to store information in a significantly larger amount than is generally accepted. For example, a person with hypermnesia can remember in great detail events that happened to him a very long time ago, as well as various dates, names, etc.

Amnesia, the more familiar terminology for many, is characterized by a lack of memory. A person falls out of the memory of incidents, memories that happened to him before the onset of amnesia. For example, a similar situation may arise as a result of a traumatic brain injury, gas poisoning, after psychosis, etc.

Amnesia in psychology has several subspecies:

• retrograde - memory impairment, characterized by the inability to reproduce information received before the onset of amnesia;
• anterograde amnesia - the inability to reproduce information received after a violation of consciousness;
• anterorethrograde amnesia involves problems replaying events before and after the disturbance.

In addition, against the background of various pathological conditions, such a memory impairment is distinguished,
like Korsakov's syndrome. The cause of the syndrome may be prolonged alcoholism, asthenic pathologies, stroke and other diseases. With this syndrome, the ability to remember information worsens, for example, the patient cannot remember what he ate at dinner or the names of his closest relatives. There is also an inaccuracy in the reproduction of events that occurred in the past.

Paramnesia, a condition in which there are distorted or false memories. They are divided into confabulations and pseudo-reminiscences. In the first case, gaps in memory are filled with non-existent events. The patient tells fictional stories, while this happens against the will of the person himself. He is not deliberately trying to deceive his interlocutors, he actually believes in his story. Confabulation often occurs against the background of mental disorders and alcoholism.

Pseudo-reminiscences are distorted memories. Perhaps in reality, once upon a time, the patient experienced these events or participated in them indirectly, or even saw them in a dream. This pathological condition is often observed in old age.

What causes violations?

The cause of memory lapses and violation of its function can be a large number of different diseases. Not always, a person suffering from amnesia is in old age. Cause a pathological condition can:

Amnesia and crime

In psychology and forensic practice, there are cases of a connection between amnesia and the commission of violent crimes. Often, amnesia in these cases is associated with drug or alcohol intoxication at the time of the crime. According to criminologists, during homicide (murder of a person), in 25-45% of cases, the offender develops amnesia regarding the crime committed. Such a memory gap is explained by psychiatrists, there are several options for its occurrence:

• the effect of alcohol or drugs (the most common option);
• excessive emotional arousal at the time of the murder;
• depressed, depressive state of the offender, closer to coma.

Also, scientists in the field of psychology have confirmed the fact that victims of violent crime often experience amnesia for the details of the incident. This fact is explained by the unwillingness and psychological impossibility of reproducing a tragic situation in memory, especially in those cases when a person suffered in a crime not himself, but also people close to him.

The fact of amnesia does not exempt the accused from legal proceedings. But if the fact is proved that the memory loss occurred as a result of a previous serious illness. For example, dementia, schizophrenia or brain damage, this fact can be significant when considering the inability of the perpetrator to participate in legal proceedings.

Treatment of memory disorders

The process of recovering memories and memory in general is very complex. Treatment should be based on eliminating the cause of the amnesia. That is, the primary disease is being treated. Against the background of the main treatment, drugs that have a positive effect on brain activity can be prescribed. These medicines include:

In addition, a serious approach to the rehabilitation of the patient is required. This requires psychological help and support from relatives. Systematic exercises aimed at developing memory, various exercises, logical tasks, and tests are important.

Memory impairment is a serious problem, both for the patient himself and for his relatives. Patients with amnesia are especially sensitive, since the loss of such an important function occurred spontaneously, and they feel helpless. They are afraid of reproaches and ridicule, they require support from relatives and medical personnel. Therefore, it is very important to be patient and help the patient cope with his problem.

Reading strengthens neural connections:

Memory and memories

Memory is a mental process of capturing, preserving and reproducing past experience.

The strength of memory depends on the degree of concentration of attention on the incoming information, the emotional attitude (interest) to it, as well as on the general condition of the person, the degree of training, the nature of mental processes. A person's conviction that information is useful, combined with his increased activity in memorizing it, is an important condition for the assimilation of new knowledge.

Types of memory according to the storage time of the material:
1) instantaneous (iconic) - thanks to this memory, a complete and accurate picture of what the sense organs have only perceived is retained for 0.1-0.5 s, while no processing of the information received is performed;
2) short-term (KP) - is able to store information for a short period of time and in a limited amount.
Typically, most people have a CP volume of 7 ± 2 units.
In the CP, only the most significant information, a generalized image, is recorded;
3) operational (OP) - functions for a predetermined time (from several seconds to several days) depending on the task that needs to be solved, after which the information can be deleted;
4) long-term (LT) - information is stored for an indefinitely long period.
DP contains the material that a practically healthy person must remember at any time: his name, patronymic, surname, place of birth, capital of the Motherland, etc.
In humans, DP and CP are inextricably linked.

Memory disorders

Hypomnesia- violation of short-term memory (memory loss, forgetfulness).
Fixation hypomnesia is a disorder in remembering current events.
Hypomnesia is normal with severe fatigue, psychopathy, alcoholism, drug addiction.

Amnesia- Violation of long-term memory (memory loss, memory loss).
Retrograde amnesia is the disappearance from memory of events preceding the trauma.
Anterograde amnesia is the disappearance from memory of events following the injury.
Congrade amnesia - loss of memory only for a period of direct impairment of consciousness.
Perforation amnesia (palimpsest) - loss of memory for part of the events.
Amnesia occurs in organic brain lesions, neurotic disorders (dissociative amnesia), alcoholism, drug addiction.

Paramnesia- distorted and false memories (memory errors).
Pseudo-reminiscences(illusions of memory, paramnesia) - erroneous memories of events.
Confabulations(memory hallucinations) - memories of what was not.
Cryptomnesia- inability to remember the source of information (the event was in reality, in a dream or a movie).
Paramnesias are found in schizophrenia, dementia, organic lesions, Korsakov's syndrome, progressive paralysis.

In addition, there is hypermnesia- pathological increased ability to memorize.
Hypermnesia occurs with manic syndrome, taking psychotropic drugs (marijuana, LSD, etc.), at the beginning of an epileptic seizure.

Ribot's law

Ribot's law- decrease in memory by the type of "memory reverse". With memory impairments, memories of recent events first become inaccessible, then the mental activity of the subject begins to be disturbed; feelings and habits are lost; finally, instinctive memory disintegrates. In cases of memory recovery, the same steps occur in reverse order.

Memory is one of the most important functions of the central nervous system, the ability to store, store and reproduce the necessary information. Memory impairment is one of the symptoms of neurological or neuropsychiatric pathology, and may be the only criterion of the disease.

Memory happens short-term and long-term. short term memory postpones the seen, heard information for several minutes, more often without comprehending the content. long term memory analyzes the received information, structures it and postpones it for an indefinite period.

The causes of memory impairment in children and adults may be different.

Causes of memory impairment in children : frequent colds, anemia, traumatic brain injury, stressful situations, alcohol consumption, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, congenital mental retardation (for example, with Down syndrome).

Causes of memory impairment in adults :

• Acute disorders of cerebral circulation (ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes)
• Chronic disorders of cerebral circulation - dyscirculatory encephalopathy, most often the result of atherosclerotic vascular lesions and hypertension, when the brain is chronically deprived of oxygen. Dyscirculatory encephalopathy is one of the most common causes of memory loss in adults.
• Traumatic brain injury
• Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. It is characterized by a violation of the regulation of the cardiovascular, as well as the respiratory and digestive systems. May be an integral part of endocrine disorders. It occurs more often in young people and requires consultation with a neurologist and endocrinologist.
• stressful situations
• brain tumors
• Vertebrobasilar insufficiency (deterioration of brain function due to reduced blood flow in the vertebral and basilar arteries)
• Mental illness (schizophrenia, epilepsy, depression)
• Alzheimer's disease
• Alcoholism and drug addiction
• Memory disorders in intoxication and metabolic disorders, hormonal disorders

memory loss or hypomnesia often combined with the so-called asthenic syndrome, which is characterized by increased fatigue, nervousness, changes in blood pressure, headaches. Asthenic syndrome, as a rule, occurs with hypertension, traumatic brain injury, autonomic dysfunction and mental illness, as well as with drug addiction and alcoholism.

At amnesia some fragments of events fall out of memory. There are several types of amnesia:

1. retrograde amnesia- a memory impairment in which a fragment of an event that occurred before the injury falls out of the memory (more often this occurs after a TBI)
2. Anterograde amnesia- a memory impairment in which a person does not remember the event that occurred after the injury, before the injury, the events are stored in the memory. (this also happens after a traumatic brain injury)
3. Fixation amnesia- poor memory for current events
4. total amnesia- a person does not remember anything, even information about himself is erased.
5. progressive amnesia Unmanageable memory loss from present to past (common in Alzheimer's disease)

Hypermnesia — memory impairment, in which a person easily retains a large amount of information for a long time, is considered a variant of the norm if there are no other symptoms indicative of a mental illness (for example, epilepsy) or evidence of psychoactive substance use.

Decreased concentration

Memory and attention disorders also include the inability to focus on specific objects:

1. Attention instability or distractibility, when a person cannot concentrate on the topic under discussion (often combined with memory loss, occurs in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, in adolescence, with schizophrenia (hebephrenia, a form of schizophrenia))
2. Rigidity- slowness of switching from one topic to another (observed in patients with epilepsy)
3. Lack of concentration(may be a feature of temperament and behavior)

For all types of memory disorders, it is necessary to consult a general practitioner (neurologist, psychiatrist, neurosurgeon) for an accurate diagnosis. The doctor finds out whether the patient had a traumatic brain injury, whether memory impairment has been observed for a long time, what diseases the patient has (hypertension, diabetes mellitus), whether he uses alcohol and drugs.

The doctor may prescribe a complete blood count, analysis of biochemical blood parameters and blood tests for hormones to rule out memory impairment as a result of intoxication, metabolic and hormonal disorders; as well as MRI, CT, PET (positron emission tomography), in which you can see a brain tumor, hydrocephalus, distinguish vascular brain damage from degenerative. Ultrasound and duplex scanning of the vessels of the head and neck are necessary to assess the condition of the vessels of the head and neck; MRI of the vessels of the head and neck can also be done separately. EEG is essential for diagnosing epilepsy.

Treatment of memory disorders

After establishing the diagnosis, the doctor proceeds to treat the underlying disease and correct cognitive impairment.

Acute (ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke) and chronic (dyscirculatory encephalopathy) cerebrovascular insufficiency are a consequence of cardiovascular diseases, so therapy should be directed to the underlying pathological processes of cerebrovascular insufficiency: arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis of the main arteries of the head, heart disease.

The presence of hemodynamically significant atherosclerosis of the main arteries requires the appointment of antiplatelet agents (acetylsalicylic acid at a dose of 75-300 mg / day, clopidogrel at a dose of 75 mg / day.

The presence of hyperlipidemia (one of the most important indicators of hyperlipidemia is elevated cholesterol), which cannot be corrected by diet, requires the appointment of statins (Simvastatin, Atorvastatin).

It is important to combat risk factors for cerebral ischemia: smoking, physical inactivity, diabetes mellitus, obesity.

In the presence of cerebrovascular insufficiency, it is advisable to prescribe drugs that act mainly on small vessels. This so-called neuroprotective therapy. Neuroprotective therapy refers to any strategy that protects cells from death due to ischemia (lack of oxygen).

Nootropic drugs are divided into neuroprotective drugs and direct-acting nootropics.

To neuroprotective drugs include:

1. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors: Eufillin, Pentoxifylline, Vinpocetine, Tanakan. The vasodilating effect of these drugs is due to an increase in cAMP (a special enzyme) in the smooth muscle cells of the vascular wall, which leads to relaxation and an increase in their lumen.
2. Calcium channel blockers: Cinnarizine, Flunarizine, Nimodipine. It has a vasodilating effect due to a decrease in the calcium content inside the smooth muscle cells of the vascular wall.
3. Blockers of α 2-adrenergic receptors: Nicergoline. This drug eliminates the vasoconstrictive effect of adrenaline and norepinephrine.
4. Antioxidants — a group of drugs that slow down the processes of so-called oxidation that occur during ischemia (lack of oxygen) of the brain. These drugs include: Mexidol, Emoksipin.

To direct acting nootropics relate:

1. Neuropeptides. They contain amino acids (proteins) necessary to improve the functioning of the brain. One of the most used drugs in this group is Cerebrolysin. According to modern concepts, the clinical effect occurs with the introduction of this drug at a dose of 30-60 ml intravenously per 200 ml of saline, 10-20 infusions are needed per course. Also this group of drugs includes Cortexin, Actovegin.
2. One of the first drugs to improve memory was Piracetam (Nootropil), belongs to the group of nootropics that have a direct effect. It increases the resistance of brain tissue to hypoxia (lack of oxygen), improves memory, mood in sick and healthy people by normalizing neurotransmitters (biologically active chemicals through which nerve impulses are transmitted). Recently, the appointment of this drug in early prescribed dosages is considered ineffective, to achieve a clinical effect, a dosage of 4-12 g / day is necessary, it is more advisable to intravenously administer 20-60 ml of piracetam per 200 ml of saline, 10-20 infusions are needed per course.

Herbal preparations to improve memory

Ginkgo biloba extract (Bilobil, Ginko) refers to drugs that improve cerebral and peripheral circulation

If it's about dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, in which there is also a violation of the nervous system due to insufficient absorption of oxygen by the brain, then nootropic drugs can also be used, as well as, if necessary, sedatives and antidepressants. With arterial hypotension, it is possible to use such herbal preparations as tincture of ginseng, Chinese magnolia vine. Physiotherapy and massage are also recommended. With dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, it is also necessary to consult an endocrinologist in order to exclude a possible pathology of the thyroid gland.

Therapy with nootropic drugs is used for any memory impairment, taking into account the correction of the underlying disease.

Therapist Evgenia Kuznetsova