How to take an analysis for histology in gynecology. What does the analysis on histology in gynecology show. Histological examination of the material

The most important thing at the beginning is to determine the nature of the disease, how much the tumor affects the organ, the degree of differentiation, and whether there is an invasion. People far from medicine often ask themselves the question: "Histology - what is it in oncology, what is it for and what does it show?". The question is interesting and quite extensive, but we will try to answer it as clearly as possible.

Definition

Histology is a branch of science that studies the structure of tissues in the body, both in humans and in animals in veterinary medicine. Histological examination shows pathological abnormalities in the structure of the tissue. A doctor performs a biopsy - this is a procedure when a small piece of soft tissue is taken from an organ or from another surface, suspicious in appearance and behavior, and then sent for examination.

What reveals and shows?

Next, the doctor looks at the structure and position of cells in the tissue under a microscope. Each tissue in the body must have its own order and arrangement of cells. In addition, they must have their own structure, size and structure. If there is any deviation, then this may indicate a disease, inflammation or oncology.

In addition to histology and histological examination, there is the so-called cytology. Many patients confuse these two concepts and do not know what is the difference between cytology and histology.

Cytology is a field of medical science that studies the structure of a single cell, its nucleus, functioning, as well as other organelles. The tissue sampling is the same. Usually the doctor looks and checks the structure of the tissue.

When diagnosing, he observes that the structure is not of the correct shape and there are atypical cells (these are the cells that are very different in structure from healthy ones). For example, they have an enlarged nucleus or they have an irregular shape.

Now we need to determine the degree of malignancy and whether these cells are cancer. The fact is that atypical cells, or those that differ from healthy ones, may not always be cancer. In benign tumors, there are the same tissue abnormalities.

That's just the histology and shows the structure and type of cell. The doctor examines the structure of an atypical cell under a stronger microscope and reveals the degree of its malignancy.

Why is differentiation necessary?

If the cell is cancerous, you need to find out the degree of differentiation - that is, how different it is from healthy cells. Usually there are several types:

1. Highly differentiated - cells are slightly different from healthy ones. Such a pathology does not develop quickly, and the cancer is not so aggressive.
2. Moderately differentiated - differs more from healthy tissues. Average rate of growth and aggression.
3. Poorly differentiated is a very aggressive form of cancer.
4. Undifferentiated - pathological cancer cells cannot be distinguished from healthy ones.

As is clear from the definition, the doctor must know how dangerous the tumor is and how quickly it develops in order to roughly calculate the treatment strategy and know how much time the patient has.

Also, by the degree of differentiation, it is possible to determine which chemotherapy drug will be most effective. Often the most aggressive types of tumors are more sensitive to potent chemicals and radiation.

Indications for use

In particular, it is almost always prescribed in order to most accurately know the nature of cancer. This is especially decisive in the early stages, when it is impossible to determine whether this neoplasm is benign or malignant. Histological examination helps:

• Accurately diagnose;
• Supervise treatment and screening after surgery, radiation and chemo;
• The speed of the pathological process;
• Degree of differentiation;
• The presence of a malignant tumor.

Biopsy

This is a procedure where a doctor takes a piece of suspicious tissue for histology and cytology. To do this, several options can be used. If the neoplasm is in an accessible area, then they can simply excise a piece with a scalpel. Otherwise, they may make an incision or perform an operation.

For example, in the case of a neoplasm in the uterus, using a special device, they penetrate the organ and take a sample of the endometrium. According to the degree of atypicality, one can observe whether it is cancer or endometrial hyperplasia. The tissue sample is placed in a special test tube in a sterile environment.

Next, in the laboratory, the section is impregnated with paraffin. After that, it can be stored for a long time. Before examining the material under a microscope, you need to make a microtomy - that is, make a small cut in order to conveniently examine it under a microscope.

After that, it is covered with glass, and it can be stored in this way under any conditions. The histological glass can be taken away and kept at home. This is often done by patients so that they can contact other clinics.

NOTE! Histological slides can only be stored in a dark, dry place at a temperature not exceeding 25 degrees Celsius.

Histology in gynecology

Gives a clear picture when making a diagnosis. If a woman complains of heavy bleeding or pain in the area of ​​​​the ovary, then the doctor may take a tissue sample during the examination. After the study, you can immediately understand the nature of the disease and the presence of a precancerous or oncological disease in the cervix of the endometrium.

Diagnostic procedure

Often, in all cases of oncology, the same studies are carried out. We will try to explain how important histology is.

1. A possible patient comes to the doctor with complaints or it may be a scheduled examination.
2. The doctor performs palpation, examination and interviews the patient.
3. If there is a suspicion of cancer, then he is sent to take tests - a general and biochemical analysis of blood and feces.
4. If there are deviations in the analyzes, the patient is referred to an oncologist.
5. X-rays, ultrasound of the abdominal cavity are done.
6. If the patient has clear symptoms, then the diagnosis of a specific organ begins.
7. In the case of the presence of a pronounced tumor, a fence is made.
8. And already here they carry out a biopsy and send a piece of tissue for histology.
9. Then a CT or MRI can be done. This is necessary to determine the degree of invasion - how much a cancerous tumor affects healthy nearby cells and tissues.

Only after a thorough diagnosis, the doctor builds a final diagnosis and comes up with a strategy to deal with the disease.

What does histology study

What shows

• inflammatory process;
• the presence of cancer cells;
• metastases of neighboring organs.

Analysis

What is histology in gynecology

Histology of the uterus

After a frozen pregnancy

• diabetes;
• genital infections;
• anomalies in the structure of the uterus.

After scraping

Histology of the stomach

If the doctor suspects malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, the patient will have to perform a histology of the stomach, for example.

Price

Video

Reviews

Marina, 34 years old

I was reading a catalog with research prices from a laboratory in the capital. I must say right away that the price for histology is adequate and affordable. The difference with other analyzes is palpable. I went to the laboratory with my problem on the recommendation of the attending physician. I had an enlarged mole - I had to check. Feelings are not pleasant, still frost on the skin.

Anna, 31 years old

Unlike others, my problem was not so global. I needed histology before cauterization of erosion. I read the description of this study, but in reality everything is worse. It hurts because a piece of living flesh is plucked off. Deciphering histology showed that there were no problems. I'm glad I checked, but the memories are not very good.

Olesya, 26 years old

I underwent a study at the pathohistological center at a price of 2500 rubles before cauterization of erosion. The cells are pinched off, then part is placed on glass, and part is placed in a container with liquid. Feelings - pain, then easier. In the evening, it ached in the lower abdomen, I had to take painkillers, there were discharges for a couple of days. The price is affordable.

sovets.net

Definition

Histological examination of the endometrium and uterus - the study of the morphological cellular structure of certain tissue formations of an altered (or presumably altered) organ in order to establish the type of pathological process. In a situation when it comes to the study of the reproductive system, the fundamental difference from a smear for cytology, which also considers the cellular composition, is that in cytology only a scraping of the upper layer of the mucous membrane is taken, while in histology - directly a piece of tissue (that is, the procedure more traumatic).

It is carried out for patients of any age if there are sufficient indications for this. Unlike cytology, histology is not carried out for the purpose of prevention, it is planned. The preparation for study is a tissue fragment of a part of an organ, containing several cell layers, cells of various types.

His study is carried out using special solutions and dyes in the laboratory.

Indications

In what cases is cervical histology necessary? There are the following indications for the appointment of this method:

• Infertility;
• Menstrual disorders, lack of menstruation;
• Stomach ache;
• Pain and discomfort during intercourse;
• Excessively painful premenstrual syndrome;
• Uncharacteristic or specific vaginal discharge;
• Bleeding outside the menstrual cycle, etc.

Moreover, since the method is quite traumatic, it is prescribed only in cases where all other diagnostic methods turned out to be uninformative, did not help to identify the disease, or there are significant contradictions between their results. In any case, an analysis is prescribed for the histology of the cervix under the following conditions: leukoplakia, uneven surface of the cervical canal for unknown reasons, a large number of malignant atypical cells in a smear for cytology, etc.

Contraindications

Although very often the histology of the uterine endometrium is studied, including for health reasons, in some conditions such an analysis cannot be performed. It is recommended to postpone it if:

1. The patient is pregnant;
2. The patient has very low blood clotting;
3. There is an acute inflammatory process in the organs of the reproductive system, as there is a high risk of infection;
4. The patient is menstruating on the day of the proposed procedure.

Neglect of these contraindications can lead to the development of bleeding and / or inflammation. A large scar may also form, which will negatively affect the extensibility of the birth canal, and therefore complicate the birth process in the future. Damage to the tumor formation can lead to the fact that it will actively grow.

Preparations for the procedure

In preparation for this procedure, you need to undergo the following studies:

1. Blood test for sexually transmitted diseases;
2. Study on the degree of purity of the vagina;
3. Cytological examination, bacteriology, PCR;
4. For 48 hours before the intervention, you can not have sexual contact;
5. During the same time, you can not use tampons, douches, vaginal suppositories, gels, creams, etc.;
6. In consultation with your doctor, you should stop taking anticoagulants and hormonal drugs.

Correct and complete preparatory measures before the intervention are very important, as they significantly affect the information content and objectivity of the data obtained during the analysis.

What day to submit?

The stage of the menstrual cycle at which the analysis for the histology of the cervix is ​​taken depends on the purpose for which the study is being carried out. When determining certain indicators, it is better to choose one or another day for this study.

• For the diagnosis of menorrhagia, it is recommended to take the material for research no later than 48 and no earlier than 72 hours before the expected onset of menstruation;
• When determining the causes of infertility, this period increases to 5-7 days;
• If it is necessary to assess the hormonal status based on the results of scraping, then it is better to do it in the third stage of the menstrual cycle, since it is during this period that its results are most objective and informative (from 17 to 25 days of the cycle);
• If there is amenorrhea, then it is customary to take tests several times - four times with a week break between them (usually, low-traumatic methods are used);
• If diagnosis is necessary in the presence of any tumors, then the results of the histology of the cervix are equally informative, regardless of the period in which they were taken.

There may be some other features as well. That is why it is very important to take a histological analysis exactly when it was prescribed by a doctor. If he is appointed urgently, then when deciphering, the specialist must make an adjustment for what stage of the menstrual cycle the study was conducted.

Collection Methods

Material from the uterine cavity can be taken in various ways. Usually, 8 of them are used most often. Some are more traumatic, others are less. The most suitable method is selected by the doctor, based on the individual characteristics of the patient's body. The most popular methods are:

• Radio wave biopsy is performed using the Surgitron apparatus. A fragment of the organ is cut off with a radio wave scalpel;
• A wedge or cold knife biopsy is performed with a simple metal scalpel. During it, a triangular section of tissue is removed;
• Endocervical curettage is carried out using a curette - a special surgical spoon. The tissues are scraped off with it, and then removed;
• Loop sampling of material is carried out with a metal loop heated by high-frequency current. It cuts off a part of the organ, which is further studied;
• The laser method involves the use of a laser knife. This is a fairly innovative method that requires expensive equipment, like radio wave;
• A conchotomy biopsy is performed using a conchotome - special surgical scissors-forceps, which cut off and remove a fragment of the material;
• Aimed fence is not a way to carry out the procedure, but rather an approach to it. With such a study, it is precisely the part of the tissue that is suspicious that is removed;
• A circular biopsy involves excision of the papilla of the cervix in one way or another. Therefore, this is also not a method of conducting, but the nature of tissue sampling.

The least traumatic methods include laser and radio wave. They are most often prescribed to young girls. The simplest and cheapest, as well as traumatic methods are those in which a simple scalpel or loop is used. This method is carried out, usually free of charge, under the policy of compulsory health insurance.

Research progress

After the drug has been taken for research, it is treated with a preservative, as well as coloring compounds to simplify diagnosis. Water is removed from the preparation, which also makes it more durable and its morphology easier to assess.

A dense block of tissue is made using paraffin wax. Then a thin section of tissue is drawn under a microscope with a special device. The material is colored along the cut in one way or another. The tissue section is then examined under a microscope. Normally, the epithelium is brown, the cells are approximately the same. If there are deviations, this suggests the presence of a particular disease.

Peculiarities

Everyone taking this analysis should take into account that although the histological examination of the cervix is ​​​​a fairly common procedure that is prescribed more or less regularly, it is nevertheless complex. Therefore, an important role in its informativeness and the quality of the result is played by the professionalism of the specialist who performs it. This is especially true for the most innovative methods of work, in which doctors do not yet have sufficient experience (compared to the old methods).

In addition, high-quality preparation for such an analysis by the patient is very important. All recommendations must be fully implemented. Only then will the test result be as effective as possible.

Production time

How much is such an analysis done? Production time is different and depends on many parameters. This is the workload of the laboratory, and the features of the methods by which the material is examined, and the goals of the study, and the characteristics of the drug, etc., but on average, the results of the study can be obtained 3-7 days after delivery.

Decryption

How to decipher the results? Only a doctor can do this correctly. It is possible to establish whether atypia is only of a background nature, or whether it affects the deep layers of tissues and atypical cells are present not only on the mucosa, but also in deeper layers. If atypical cells are found in the deep layers of tissues, then this makes it possible to assume or confirm the presence of invasive cancer, the most severe form of oncology.

Are there any mistakes?

Can a bad biopsy be wrong? A good biopsy is more likely to be erroneous, when, due to an error in tissue sampling or its study, atypical cells are not detected, although in fact they are. In general, if the preparations and technique of sampling and examination have been followed, then the probability of error is very low.

Recovery period

Taking into account the method used to collect tissues for study, there may be a different duration of the recovery period. It is generally recommended that the following restrictions be followed for three to six weeks after the intervention. The minimum indicator is recommended for low-traumatic interventions, the maximum - for fairly traumatic ones. What restrictions do experts recommend to observe during this period?

1. Within 5-7 days, do not lift weights and limit physical activity;
2. For 3 days it is better to avoid getting water into the vagina;
3. During the entire recovery period, one should not swim in natural reservoirs, chlorinated public pools, as there is a risk of infection;
4. You should not bathe in saunas, sunbathe, visit a solarium also throughout the entire recovery period;
5. You can start sexual activity again no earlier than one month after the intervention, regardless of its type.

Normally, when such an intervention is carried out, during the week there may be slight bloody discharge from the vagina and slight pulling pains in the lower abdomen. This is the normal state. However, if the pain becomes too intense, the discharge becomes uncharacteristic - the smell and color change, there is heavy bleeding, then you should immediately consult a doctor. The same should be done if there is an increased body temperature.

Price

The cost of research varies in different cities.

Prices are indicative and may be increased due to the cost of materials and preparations.

Conclusion

Although a histological analysis is quite traumatic, it is nevertheless necessary. And if done in a timely manner, it can even indirectly help save the patient's life.

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Indications for the study

The reason for the appointment of the analysis may be pain in the lower abdomen, an abnormal menstrual cycle, discomfort during sex. This research method is used for pathologies of the cervix, the main reproductive organ. A timely examination will give a chance to start therapy in the early stages of the disease. In some situations, a histological smear allows you to avoid surgery. Diagnosis of the cervix is ​​carried out with suspicion of the presence of leukoplakia, abnormal cells, uneven tissue surface.

After the analysis, it is possible to detect an ectopic or missed pregnancy, malignant or benign neoplasms. Diagnosis is made with a chronic inflammatory process in the endometrium, acyclic uterine bleeding, hyperplasia, and suspicion of cancer of the uterine mucosa. The study is prescribed when a polyp, fibroids is detected.

The technique is carried out to identify various deviations and pathologies. Histological analysis is a study of the endometrium, the study of the structure of the fetus. The study allows you to study the exact structure of any tissue. Diagnosis is prescribed after curettage for various indications, with any deviations identified by a routine gynecological examination of the reproductive system of a woman on an armchair.

Execution Method

Unlike a cytological study, cervical histology involves a tissue section. The procedure is as follows:

• the patient is placed on a gynecological chair;
• a colposcope is inserted into the vagina;
• then the doctor examines the cervix;
• having discovered an altered area of ​​tissue, the doctor receives the material using various technologies;
• The tissue is sent to a laboratory for further analysis.

Histological examination of the body of the uterus is carried out by one of such methods as aspiration, diagnostic curettage, pipel biopsy, hysteroscopy, and with the help of endobrush. For analysis, a small piece of tissue is taken from the patient, it can be a cut, smear or print. The type of content taken depends on the suspected disease. In the laboratory, the obtained sample is examined for 5-10 days, diagnostics are carried out in 7 stages:

• fixation;
• wiring;
• filling;
• cutting;
• staining;
• conclusion;
• study.

The results of histology can be obtained within 24 hours after taking the material from the woman. A quick diagnostic method is less reliable, therefore, such a study is carried out in emergency cases. Most often, information about the state of the tissue can be obtained after 10 days. Normal epithelial tissue after staining shows a brown color. This sign means that there are no deviations.

After hysteroscopy, you can not have sex for 2-3 days, use vaginal tampons, douching, take a bath, go to the sauna or bath. During the recovery period, it is impossible to perform the listed procedures after any histological examination. Within 10 days, bleeding, pain in the perineum and lower abdomen may occur.

Method of carrying out after excision of the organ

Conization of the cervix involves the excision of tissues. The analysis allows you to identify the presence of pathology at an early stage and start timely treatment. The obtained materials must be sent for histological examination. Tissue sampling occurs in several ways:

• knife;
• laser;
• loopback.

The first method of material sampling is practically not used, since it can lead to serious consequences. Loop conization is often used. If during the previous examination the doctor diagnosed cancer, this research method is prohibited. Examination shows the presence of malignancy, polyps, cysts, cervical hypertrophy, dysplasia. After conization, some complications may occur, for example, endometriosis on the cervix.

Decryption

Only a pathologist is able to decipher the result after taking an analysis from the uterine cavity. The patient receives the answer 10 days after conization and other methods of taking the material. When assessing the endometrium, the doctor carefully examines the functional and basal layer:

• The functional layer is able to change during the menstrual cycle and comes out simultaneously with menstruation.
• Basal consists of superficial, intermediate and parabasal cells, it does not change and helps the functional layer to be updated.

The interpretation of the results contains the personal data of the patient, the type of tissue taken for histological examination, and the place where the sample was taken. Further, the form indicates the time and method of diagnosis, the solutions used. The main conclusion is described at the very end of the transcript. The diagnosis is determined by the following criteria:

• the presence or absence of violations in the structure of the layers of the epithelium;
• cell contact;
• whether the cell nucleus is subject to pathological changes;
• transformation of the cellular form;
• cell maturation activity in the outer layer (increase in the number of ribosomes).

The decoding of the analysis may contain the following information: the norm, the presence of infections or inflammation, dysplasia, invasive cancer, minor cell changes.

Such data does not mean at all that the patient is sick and many deviations from the norm have been found. It is impossible to draw a conclusion on your own. Only a doctor can make a final diagnosis based on the results obtained.

zdorovieledy.ru

Methodology

How is a histology done in gynecology? Biomaterial sampling most often occurs directly during surgery, whether it is curettage of the uterine cavity or removal of cysts, tumors, polyps. The surgeon or gynecologist excised the required amount of tissue, or send the removed sample in its entirety.

The histology of the endometrium of the uterus is made after curettage, so part of the removed epithelium is taken into a container with a special solution. Material for examination of the ovaries is removed by puncture of the abdominal cavity with a long needle. To analyze the histology of the cervix, it is necessary to “pinch off” a piece of the organ in the place where the tissues differ in appearance from healthy ones.

After the resulting biomaterial is treated with paraffin so that it hardens, and the thinnest sections are made from it with a special tool. The laboratory assistant then stains the sections with dyes and places them between slides for further examination under a microscope.

If the doctor needs an urgent result, then the laboratory assistant first freezes the biomaterial, and then slices it thinly. Such a study is carried out within a few hours, but has less reliability than a "traditional" study.

It is resorted to in situations where the surgeon during the operation needs to determine the extent of the intervention, for example, to remove the organ or not. Usually, 5-12 days are allotted for the manufacture of the drug and further analysis.

Training

When the histology of the uterine polyp, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts is assigned, the preparatory measures are directly related to the upcoming operation. If a puncture or forceps biopsy is supposed, then the patient must fulfill a number of conditions:

• refrain from sexual intercourse for 3-5 days;
• refuse to take drugs and dietary supplements, ointments, suppositories, douching;
• take a smear on the microflora of the vagina, a general blood test;
• perform a blood test for the presence of genital infections.

A biopsy or scraping from the uterine cavity for histology should be carried out in the second half of the menstrual cycle. Biomaterial sampling procedures take place under anesthesia, so the patient does not experience pronounced pain. Further rehabilitation is not required. It is only recommended to limit the intensity of physical activity and avoid heavy lifting.

Indications

Histology is mandatory in case of miscarriage or miscarriage. The study helps to determine the causes that led to the pathological condition, as well as to predict the further tactics of introducing the patient.

Doctors often order a histological examination for conditions such as:

• prolonged bleeding;
• causeless pain in the lower abdomen;
• leukoplakia (violation of tissue keratinization);
• pathological changes on the surface or inside organs;
• neoplasms of any nature;
• unfavorable course of pregnancy.

Any other abnormalities diagnosed during a gynecological examination may be a reason for histology.

Decryption

Deciphering the result of histology after curettage of the uterus is carried out only by a gynecologist, since a simple layman cannot understand medical terms.

The response form received usually contains the patient's personal data (name, address, date of birth), a description of the type of material taken, and the place and date of its removal. These lines are filled in by the doctor when sending tissues for examination.

This is followed by a column indicating the method of analysis, for example, urgent histology or routine. It also lists the solutions that stained the biomaterial. The information content of the obtained sample is necessarily noted, which depends on the qualifications of the specialist who performed the tissue sampling and the correct transportation of the biopsy.

In the third paragraph, the results of the study are described and a conclusion is made. It is in these lines that you can see a lot of terms in Latin. The laboratory assistant, examining the sections under a microscope, indicates in detail the morphological structure of the tissues, lists the identified deviations from the norm. Because of this, patients mistakenly think that a large amount of text in the result indicates the presence of pathological processes.

If the conclusion contains the phrase "the endometrium is normal, corresponds to the phase of proliferation (secretion or menstruation)", then this means that the uterine mucosa is normal and no changes or diseases have been detected.

Signs of an inflammatory process in the uterus (endometritis) are:

• accumulation of fluid between the cells of the stroma;
• a large number of leukocytes;
• definition of microorganisms.

In chronic endometritis, histology results show traces of mitosis in the epithelium and a significant accumulation of plasma cells.

Women preparing for a histological examination in gynecology should not be afraid of the prescribed procedure. Diagnostic examination is very informative, safe and inexpensive. It is not advisable to decipher the results obtained on your own in order to prevent misinterpretation of medical terms.

uterus2.ru

Indications for histology

Often histology in gynecology is indicated for the following diseases of the reproductive system:

1. Inflammation and neoplasms in the uterus. If uterine bleeding of a prolonged nature is observed or the organ itself is enlarged on ultrasound, polyps are visible, then a histological analysis of tissues is necessary. Tissue is taken using a biopsy. A completely removed organ or part of it may be subject to research.
2. Frozen pregnancy or miscarriage. If a spontaneous abortion has occurred, then histology will help to exclude a repetition of the situation. This examination is carried out after curettage. This research method will help determine the cause of the miscarriage.
3. Cystic changes in the ovaries. Histological examination allows you to find the causes of cyst formation by analyzing it.
4. Various changes in the cervix. Histological material is the key to early detection or exclusion of pathological changes in the organ. Often, early analysis makes it possible to successfully cure the disease.

When the doctor prescribes a histological examination:

• regular pain in the lower abdomen;
• lack of visible causes of pain;
• heavy or not very heavy uterine bleeding that does not go away for a long time;
• violation of the surface of the organ under study;
• the presence of leukoplakia;
• the presence of various and indefinite growths and neoplasms;
• various deviations and pathologies found during a standard examination by a gynecologist;
• in order to determine the state of the endometrium for a specific phase of the menstrual cycle.

How is a histological analysis performed?

Conducting the study falls on the shoulders of a professional doctor.

The fence is made from the most affected tissue area.

A biopsy is a simple and effective manipulation with minimal pain for the patient. Immediately after the analysis, a woman is allowed to lead a normal life.

Types of biopsy:

1. Needle: taking material with a thick needle.
2. Excisional: taking material from a remote organ or part of it.
3. Incisional: tissue sampling at the time of surgery.

After taking the sample, it is placed in a formalin or ethanol solution to increase its density. This will give more accurate results in the analysis. Further, the material under study is poured with paraffin, it is cut into the thinnest possible plates. They are placed for analysis on a glass slide.

Most of the time is spent on the preparatory process for tissue sampling. Histology is divided into urgent and standard. Urgent type of manipulation lasts from 1 hour to 1 day. It is relevant for determining the volume of surgical intervention at the time of surgery. In the standard version, the analysis lasts up to 10 days.

Preparation for histological analysis

Histology in gynecology is a small surgical intervention in the whole body. Therefore, doctors strongly advise to strictly observe a number of rules as a preparation for it. Before the operation, blood is taken, a smear for bacteriological culture and tests for STDs are performed.

1. 14 days before the procedure, it is worth stopping taking dietary supplements and medications (the doctor must know which drugs the patient is taking).
2. One day before the analysis, it is forbidden to have sexual contact, douche and use vaginal tablets and suppositories.

How is a histology analysis read?

The study of the material taken is the prerogative of a specialist pathologist. The result of the analysis can be given to the patient 10 days after tissue sampling, preparation and examination.

Many women are confused by the presence of numerous terms in the analysis. However, deciphering the histological examination is the task of the attending gynecologist.

The specialist, having studied the result, gives the patient a written conclusion of the analysis. It will indicate the result of the study: whether there are pathological abnormalities or they have not been identified. Based on the results of the analysis, the doctor makes a diagnosis and prescribes treatment.

silaledi.ru

Direction in biology

What does histology study. This biological science uses a microscope to examine the structure of body tissues. This table tells about subsections of histology.

What general histology studies: the structure of the tissues that make up organs. In gynecology, the study matters conditions of the endometrium of the uterus. What private histology studies: the structure of organs, which are composed of characteristic textures.

Subject of research

The subject of research is the material from tissues of different origin. It is examined under a microscope after staining the preparation.

Microscopic examination allows you to detect the following processes occurring in the tissues:

• inflammation
• blood flow disorder
• internal hemorrhages,
• vascular thrombosis,
• detection of cancer cells
• presence of malignant tissue.

Preparation of material for analysis

Manipulation is carried out in stationary conditions. Material for research is selected by biopsy - taking prints, smears, films or tissue sections. For each method, an instruction has been developed, the exact execution of all points of which is mandatory. A tissue sample is fixed with ethanol or formalin, cut, stained, and examined using an electron microscope.

In order to conduct studies under a light, luminescent, phase contrast or scanning magnifier, complex preliminary preparation is required. Tissue sections are placed in a specialized balm or filled with paraffin. Material sampling from various organs or textures is carried out using a punctate needle, trepanation, or an aspiration method.

The selected material goes through the following processing steps:

1. Fixation with formalin or alcohols. Proteins coagulate, enzymes are inactivated, the cell dies but does not disintegrate.
2. Wiring. The sample is dehydrated and impregnated with paraffin.
3. Fill. The container with the material to be prepared is filled with a liquid hot agent that hardens at room temperature. A solid formation is created, which is conveniently divided into the thinnest layers using a microtome.
4. Cutting. For different microscopes, different thicknesses are recommended.
5. Mounting. The section is placed on the surface of warm water, from there - on a glass slide, in order to avoid wrinkles.
6. Coloring.
7. The final stage. The prepared section is covered (enclosed) with a protective film of Canadian balsam or its equivalent. The drug can be stored for a long time.

How many days is the analysis done. It's a laborious process taking together with decoding from 7 to 10 days.

Cytology

What is the difference between histology and cytology? The latter studies the vital activity of living cells.

Cytological analysis allows diagnosing oncological pathologies, precancerous conditions, inflammatory processes and benign tumors.

In gynecology, mucus is taken for a smear from the urethra, vagina, or cervix. The method is simple and safe.

Analysis is being done quickly, the result becomes known after a day. Smears for cytology are recommended to be carried out annually from the time a woman begins sexual activity.

Biopsy

Histology and biopsy are not different manipulations. For microscopic examination, it is necessary to select a piece of tissue from the localization of a probable lesion. A biopsy is the process of taking material for analysis for histology. To carry out the procedure, a woman must perform the following preconditions:

• exclude dietary supplements for 14 days;
• refrain from intimate relationships for 3-5 days;
• donate blood and make a vaginal smear for genital infections;
• all tests should be carried out before the planned menstruation;
• if the patient is taking medication, a doctor should be consulted to avoid bleeding during sampling;
• two days before the procedure, it is necessary to stop douching, as well as the use of cosmetic care products for the genitals.

There are the following types of biopsy:

1. Strokes - prints.
2. Punctures. The puncture is made with a thin needle.
3. Trepan - biopsy. The material is mined with a thick needle.
4. Stereobiopsy. For control, ultrasound or another device is used, with the help of which the operator sees the tip of the sampling tool.
5. Brush biopsy. A pick-up wire with small brushes is inserted through the catheter.
6. Excisional. Selection occurs from the affected organ during surgery.
7. Transurethral. It is carried out with the help of a cystoscope.
8. Aspiration. It is performed through a needle with a syringe or with the help of special devices.

Significance in gynecology

Histological analysis required in the following situations:

• frozen pregnancy;
• the birth of a deceased child;
• permanent endometritis;
• doubtful symptoms during colposcopy;
• tumors on the uterus;
• bleeding during menopause;
• infertility;
• histology in gynecology after curettage.

If the fetus died in the early stages, the gynecologist performs curettage to determine the cause of the miscarriage or fading. After the pathology is eliminated, the patient has a chance for a successful course of subsequent pregnancies. What the histological examination shows: the presence of diseases that prevent successful gestation.

These include:

• diabetes,
• hormonal disorders,
• genital infections,
• endometrial anomalies.

Endometrial control after curettage

The operation is carried out before the onset of the planned menstruation to identify altered cells. If during the manipulation there is a suspicion of oncological pathology, an express study is carried out , the results of histology will allow you to adjust the operation.

Deciphering the analysis

If the analysis was carried out in a state institution in the direction of a gynecologist, then the woman will find out the results of the histological examination at a medical appointment.

In a private clinic, a histology transcript is issued to the patient on three forms. A woman who does not have a medical education should not try to sort out the records.

Many histology results are written in Latin. It is reported what research methods were used - the composition of the solutions, the brand of dyes. A long list of enumerations in the conclusion does not mean what is this poorly.

The doctor who deciphered the analysis describes everything he saw: pathological changes and tissues that correspond to the norm. What is histology in diagnosis of gynecological diseases is an informative way to help the doctor draw a conclusion about the state of health, prescribe treatment and preventive measures. Recommendations for the treatment of the detected ailment are not contained in the conclusion.

Conclusion

The histological method of research in gynecology allows you to understand the causes of diseases of the reproductive organs. Timely prescribed treatment can help the patient experience the joy of motherhood. If abnormal cells are detected in time, the fight against the disease that has begun in time will preserve health.

doktora.guru

What it is?

Before the decoding of the histology results is done, you need to find out what it is. Such a detailed examination means a thorough study of the state of organs at the tissue level. Simply put, a piece of the human body is sent for diagnosis.

How long is the result?

A transcript of histology results can be obtained in up to two weeks. In a state medical institution, the analysis is carried out within one week. Many private clinics promise to examine the resulting tissue within a few days. This histology is called urgent. It should be noted that such a study may be less informative.

Histology: interpretation of the results

Before analyzing the data indicated in the conclusion, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the condition and complaints of the patient. Also, the interpretation of the results of histology largely depends on what type of tissue was sent for analysis.

Most often, a histological examination is performed on people who have a suspicion of a malignant tumor. Also, this diagnosis is very common in gynecology. For example, the results of histology after curettage (decoding) will show possible diseases of the uterine cavity. If the cleaning was carried out due to a frozen pregnancy, then the transcript will indicate the reasons for the occurrence of such a problem.

Deciphering histology results is not an easy process. Persons without a medical education are unlikely to be able to understand at least something in the conclusion. Almost everything is written in Latin using a variety of terms. If tissue sampling was carried out within the walls of a state hospital, then your result will be immediately sent to the doctor. In the case when you used the services of a private clinic, the results of histology are issued directly to your hands.

First point: data

In the form you receive, you can see your personal data. Usually they are indicated in the header of the sheet. Next, the type of tissues and the place of their sampling will be indicated. Thus, the decoding of the results of the histology of the cervix contains the following phrase: "A biopsy of the cervix and cervical canal was performed." This suggests that the doctor took a piece of tissue from this organ. The material can be taken from absolutely any organ: the female ovary or mammary gland, kidneys or liver, heart or tonsils, and so on.

Second point: research method

After that, the method of analysis is indicated. This can be an urgent histology (duration from one hour to two days) or a routine study (up to ten days). The solutions that were used to study the material are also indicated here.

Third point: main conclusion

Below you can see many terms in Latin. Many patients believe that the more written in the result of histology, the worse. However, this assertion can be disputed. The laboratory assistant indicates in detail all the names of the identified tissues. So, during a histological examination of a missed pregnancy, records are made about the detection of pieces of the endometrium, decidual tissue (embryo), parts of the placenta (if by that time it had already formed). Pathological processes detected are also indicated in this field. If an intestinal histology was performed, then you can see records of the presence of polyps (benign diseases), all kinds of cysts (malignant or benign), and so on.

After receiving the results

If you received the result of the study in your hands, then you should first show it to the doctor. Remember that trying to decipher the analysis yourself can lead to stress and increased anxiety.

Currently, almost every histological examination is followed by treatment. Its duration and complexity directly depend on the severity of the identified pathology.

Summarizing

Now you know what histology is and how to decipher it. Remember that self-medication can lead to serious complications and unexpected consequences. Always use the services of a doctor. Only in this case you can save your health. All the best!

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Analysis for histology: how and why it is done, decoding the results

Histological examination helps to determine the presence of dangerous cells and neoplasms with high accuracy. Histology is carried out to study the tissues of different organs and systems. The difference between this research method and others lies in the increased accuracy of obtaining results.

Modern examinations of the body are carried out in different ways: examinations, tests, ultrasound. But not always these methods allow you to accurately diagnose or detect disease-causing cells and extraneous formations. To do this, there is a more accurate method called histology. Many have heard about a histology smear, but not everyone knows what it is. The histological method of research allows you to study cells and tissues, to identify the pathology of the development of the disease. This method is often used in gynecology and other areas of medicine. If you do not know what a histology analysis means, how it is done and what results it shows, we will help you figure it out.

Also read with this article:

Histology of the cervix

Histology of internal organs

Histology in gynecology

Analysis for histology after curettage of a polyp

How is a histological analysis done?

Many do not know how they take an analysis for histology. The study is not like any of the usual methods. Depending on which organ needs to be checked, the form of taking the analysis differs: smears, prints, sections or films from tissues. The analysis algorithm must be accurate and all research rules must be observed. After the doctor receives a tissue fragment, it must be placed in formalin or ethanol, made a thin section and stained with special tools. Methods for staining cut tissue also vary. The most commonly used are hematoxylin and eosin. Due to the influence of coloring substances, a change in the color of the composition of fabrics occurs.

For example, hematoxylin stains nucleic acids blue, and it turns proteins red. After the performed procedures, the specialist examines the prepared sample using an electron microscope for the presence of pathogenic and dangerous cells. But there is another way to conduct histology. In some cases, tissue sections are placed in a special balm or paraffin. Various microscopes allow conducting research: light, scanning, electronic, luminescent and others. The use of a phase contrast microscope helps to view specimen images that cannot be seen with conventional microscopy. The required tissue sample is taken with a puncture needle, bone trepanation or by aspiration (penetration into the respiratory tract).

See also: What is the difference between histology, cytology and biopsy?

What does a histological analysis show?

This analysis is not always required. Why do histology? Histology is necessary in the following cases:

• To determine the presence of cancerous tumors in the body, this is the most common reason why a histological examination is performed. The study of tissues in this way allows you to determine whether there are dangerous cells in the body;
• To identify the causes of infertility;
• To study the state of the organs of the female genitourinary system;
• To determine the inflammatory process in the organs of the digestive system.

You will be interested in consultations on the following topics:

Histology results

Frozen pregnancy

How long is a histology analysis done?

To the question of how long histology is done, each clinic gives its own answer. On average, the result of the study becomes known 7-10 days after taking a tissue sample. The term for obtaining the result also depends on the availability of its own laboratory on the territory of the medical institution. With the existing laboratory, the time for performing histology is significantly reduced. When ordering a histological examination in an outside laboratory, the delivery of the result may take 2-3 days or more.

There is also express diagnostics, which is carried out in the operating room. If a patient is suspected of having malignant tumors during the operation, a tissue sample can be examined under a microscope in a short period of time. With a positive result, the surgeon must perform an extended operation, taking into account the rules for the removal of oncological formations.

Results and interpretation of the analysis for histology

The results of histology analyzes are issued to the patient in the form of a written conclusion. It will indicate whether there are or are not abnormalities in cells and tissues. But not everyone can decipher the result. For the correct decoding of histology analyzes, at least you need to have a medical education. Information about the study was given in Latin using medical terms.

If you underwent a histological examination in a state institution in the direction of a doctor, then you can find out about the results at his appointment.

When contacting a private medical clinic, you will receive a conclusion in your hands. The form will include the following information:

• patient's personal data;
• what type of tissue was taken for study;
• sampling site.

The following is the method, the time of the study. What solutions were used to study the tissue samples taken - information is also indicated in the form. The main conclusion about histology indicators is described at the very end. Don't worry if you see a lot of information. This does not mean that many deviations or pathologies have been found. The specialist who conducted the study lists not only possible neoplasms, but also the detection of all tissues. You are unlikely to read the conclusion in Latin on your own. Therefore, after receiving the results of the studies, consult a doctor, who at the same time will advise on possible treatment or preventive measures. Regardless of whether the histology results may be positive or negative, no recommendation is made in the conclusion.

Can a histological analysis be wrong?

Many patients, after receiving a histological conclusion about the presence of a malignant tumor, want the result to be erroneous. But, unfortunately, errors in histology are extremely rare. This research method is considered the most accurate and, in some studies, allows not only to determine the presence of malignant cells, but also the cause of their appearance. Despite the accuracy of the histological method, experts do not deny that there is a small percentage of incorrect and inaccurate studies. But if the procedure for taking a tissue sample and the algorithm of action during the study were observed, then the result cannot be erroneous.

Know yourself

More on the topic

Histology - what is it and how is it used in modern medicine

Histology - what is it? In modern medicine, histology occupies a significant place: the study of various tissues and the identification of hidden pathology in them is mandatory for many diseases. This method is especially widely used in gynecology, it allows you to identify various pathological processes in the early stages.

Histological examination - what is it

Histology is the science of the structure of the tissues of living organisms. The description of various tissues was made even by the doctors of antiquity. But only with the invention of the microscope, histology began to occupy one of the main places in the diagnosis of many diseases.

The main method of research in histology is microscopy. To study the structure and other properties of tissues under a microscope, various, sometimes very complex methods of their processing are used. Histology is divided into normal, which studies the structure of healthy tissues, and pathological (pathohistology), which studies tissue changes in diseases and injuries. Pathohistology is one of the sections of pathological anatomy, despite the fact that some of its sections have something in common with normal histology.

Modern histology studies not only the structure of tissues (histomorphology), but also their functions (histophysiology), the chemical composition of tissues and the localization of various chemicals in tissue structures (histochemistry).

Histological examination includes the preparation of histological preparations with their subsequent study using a light or electron microscope. Histological preparations are pieces of tissue stained with a special dye, placed on a microscope slide, enclosed in a preservative medium and covered with a coverslip. Histological studies are closely intertwined with cytological - microscopic examination of tissue cells, usually taken by the smear method.

Histopathological studies are of particular importance for the detection of oncological diseases in the early stages, when there is no malignant tumor yet, and only individual altered (atypical) cells have appeared.

Histological studies in gynecology

All modern histopathological types of research have found their application in gynecology. They allow with the greatest degree of certainty to establish a diagnosis for various diseases of the female reproductive system. Histological studies are especially important in the detection of oncological diseases of the uterus and its appendages, as well as the cervix. Histological studies will help establish the correct diagnosis after spontaneous miscarriages, with a frozen pregnancy, as well as in a number of other cases.

Histological smear - what is it?

During a gynecological examination of a woman, the doctor must (usually twice a year) take smears from the surface of the cervix and the cervical canal (cervical canal) for cytological examination. This is the so-called "histology smear". After staining, the smear shows the cells of the tissue from which the smear was taken. All of them normally have a certain shape, size and structure. The appearance of cells that are unlike cells of healthy tissues (atypical) indicates the initial stage of cancer.

Tissue histology is often done to confirm the diagnosis. The material is taken by biopsy: a small piece of tissue is plucked from the suspicious area of ​​the cervix, which is sent for histological examination. Histology of the cervix is ​​also carried out in case of suspicion of inflammatory processes, erosion, cervical dysplasia, the presence of flat condylomas in it, and so on.

What is uterine histology

Histological examination of the uterus is carried out strictly according to indications. For example, if a woman is worried about pain in the lower abdomen, frequent prolonged uterine bleeding, a tumor is detected when probing the abdomen, and so on. Tissue for examination is taken during a diagnostic hysteroscopy - examination of the inner surface of the uterus using a special optical instrument of the hysteroscope. This is a complex procedure that is performed under general (more often) or local anesthesia. With the instruments that are part of the hysteroscope, the doctor takes a piece of tissue for examination. A histological examination of the tissue will allow you to accurately determine the cause of the disease, including distinguishing a benign tumor (for example, fibroids) from a malignant one.

The sampling of material for histological examination of the ovaries is carried out by puncture biopsy (puncture) of the anterior abdominal wall. Today, puncture biopsy of the ovaries is more often done under ultrasound control - this allows you to take tissue directly from suspicious areas. Histological examination of the tissue makes it possible to distinguish a cyst and a benign tumor from ovarian cancer.

Histology, what it is and why this study is needed in each case, only the attending physician can tell a woman.

Galina Romanenko

www.womenhealthnet.ru

Histology of the uterus: what is it, deciphering the results of the study and how is it carried out?

The most reliable way to get information about the state of the female reproductive system is the histology of the uterus. This examination allows you to identify the most complex pathological processes at an early stage.

Histology allows you to assess the state of the body at the tissue level.

Preparation and indications for the study

It should be understood that the patient will have a minor surgical intervention, regardless of how the material will be removed (scraping or biopsy), it should be prepared carefully. Therefore, in order to protect yourself and get reliable results of the study, you must strictly adhere to the rules of preparation:

Eating should be stopped 8 hours before the histology, as the woman will be anesthetized.

Histological examination is prescribed in such cases:

Material sampling

There are several ways to take material from the uterus for examination.

When is a histology performed?

For material sampling, the following factors should be considered:

Experts say that diagnostic curettage is the most informative, since the material is quite large and of high quality.

Histology after conization

Cervical conization is the excision of a piece of an organ. The procedure allows for the diagnosis of the organ and at an early stage to identify pathological changes. A cone-shaped piece of cervical tissue is transferred for histology.

Manipulation methods:

1. Knife conization. It is considered an outdated method, it is practically not used, as it leads to serious complications.
2. Laser. An expensive method of conization, while trauma and complications are minimized.
3. Loop conization. It is actively used in gynecology.

Cervical conization is required to confirm dysplasia. Thanks to this study, cancer of the organ can be detected. It also happens when:

• a woman has several sexual partners;
• woman smokes;
• a smear for oncocytology revealed dysplasia of the second or third degree;
• during colposcopy, a section of the cervix with pathology was revealed, which passes into the cervical canal.

Conization is prohibited if fungi or an increased level of leukocytes are detected in a smear, and also if an organ cancer is diagnosed during the examination.

The conization procedure is performed the day after the end of menstrual bleeding, so the cervix has time to heal before the next cycle.

Decryption and recovery after manipulation

The pathologist is engaged in the study and interpretation of histological material from the uterine cavity. The patient will receive the results of the analysis only after 10 days, since the study takes some time.

There is an express diagnostic that allows you to get a transcript in a few hours, but the method carries a minimum of information. Appointed before the operation.

Epithelium of the cervix

Do not engage in independent decoding of the result. This should only be done by the attending physician.

Feedback from our reader - Victoria Mirnova

The endometrium is highly sensitive to circulating hormones and is subject to constant change. It is this susceptibility that allows a woman to become pregnant.

When assessing the state of the endometrium, there are:

1. Functional layer - changes during the cycle and comes out with menstruation.
2. Basal layer - remains unchanged and helps to renew the functional layer after each menstruation.

When conducting a study of the endometrium, the phases of the cycle must be taken into account:

1. Menstrual - during this period, the functional layer is withdrawn and the basal layer is squeezed. This starts the growth of new cells.
2. Proliferative - the growth of the endometrium, which reaches a maximum.
3. Secretory - under the influence of the hormone progesterone, secretion of mucus, glycogen and other substances occurs.

The study will identify abnormalities in the tissue and, after establishing the level of endometrial damage, select the correct treatment.

The field of manipulation should adhere to the following rules:

1. Irrigation of the vagina cannot be carried out.
2. Do not lift heavy things.
3. Sauna, bath and hot tub are prohibited.
4. Do not have sex for a month.

Almost all patients note slight spotting from the vagina after a minor operation. It is considered normal if they stop within 10 days.

If, after manipulation, the woman has a fever, there is severe pain in the abdomen and the discharge has an unpleasant odor, then you should immediately contact a medical facility and take a smear to detect infection.

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Histology - what is it, test results and interpretation

The world of living beings has been of interest to scientists from all over the world for many decades. Moreover, numerous laboratory studies have made a significant step in the given direction, have facilitated the fate of mankind. Histology accelerates the diagnosis, helps to prescribe adequate treatment.

What is histology

This is the science of tissues, which allows timely detection of a progressive pathological process even at the cellular level. Careful analysis of this biological material reveals cancer cells, structural mutations through microscopy. With the help of special equipment, foreign bodies and their detailed characteristics are determined with maximum accuracy. This is especially important in light of the upcoming study, as the patient's chances of making a full recovery only increase.

Tissues are those important body structures from which the functionality of an organic resource begins. Answering the main question of what is the object of study in the field of histology, it is necessary to focus on this biological material invisible to the layman. For scientists, tissues are a storehouse of useful information that can be used to judge the viability of the organism as a whole, its weaknesses, and future pathologies. The prevailing diagnosis will be made accurately, and the disease can be treated with drugs (conservatively) already at an early stage.

What does histology show?

This science deals with the microscopic study of intracellular structures. The main areas are five types of cells, including epithelial, nervous, connective muscle tissue, blood. The results of histology help to determine the presence of a pathological process and make a final diagnosis. In gynecology, this is a real chance to determine oncological diseases and the causes of pathological pregnancy. With a timely response to the problem, a woman is waiting for surgical measures, curettage with a favorable clinical outcome.

If you are interested in histology - what is it, the specialist will tell you. He will tell you what this invasive laboratory study shows. So, from the decoding of the analysis by histology, we can determine:

• inflammatory process;
• violation of systemic circulation;
• the fact of internal hemorrhages, the presence of thrombosis;
• the presence of cancer cells;
• the presence of malignant neoplasms and their parameters;
• metastases of neighboring organs.

Histological analysis

Laboratory research can be done exclusively in a hospital with modern equipment, like a biopsy. In modern medicine, this is a reliable diagnostic method that determines pathology at the cellular level. Histological analysis examines the biological material, which are particles of the epithelial layer of internal organs, systems. It is carried out simultaneously with a biopsy, which just involves taking a bunch of living cells for further research.

Such a procedure is often performed in modern gynecology, is a reliable method for diagnosing extensive pathologies of the uterus and its appendages, and timely detects inflammatory and infectious processes of the cervix. Women who are faced with the problem of a missed pregnancy or early miscarriage know well what histology is in gynecology. This laboratory test helps to determine the cause of the pathology of the reproductive system.

Histology of the uterus

This morphological analysis determines the structure of cells, therefore, it immediately notices their mutations against the background of oncological diseases. In order for the histology of the endometrium to help determine the final diagnosis, the doctor insists on preparatory measures. An integrated approach to the problem increases the information content of laboratory research, helps to start intensive drug therapy sooner. Here are the prerequisites before going for a biopsy:

1. For two weeks, exclude from the diet nutritional supplements that you had a chance to buy in an online store or pharmacy.
2. For 3-5 days, refrain from sexual contact, strengthen the observance of intimate hygiene of the genital organs.
3. Be sure to perform a general blood test, a study for the presence of genital infections, a bacteriological smear.
4. Laboratory research should be carried out before planned menstruation, another period of the menstrual cycle for diagnosis is excluded.
5. It is important to discuss the intake of any medications with a specialist in advance, since bleeding can be provoked during a laboratory test.

Histology after a missed pregnancy

If the fetus died in the second trimester, the doctor performs an urgent curettage of the uterine cavity, followed by a histological examination. This is extremely important in order to timely determine the cause of a missed pregnancy, to prevent its recurrence. If properly treated, there is every chance to experience the joy of motherhood. Histology during a missed pregnancy studies the tissues of a dead embryo in order to determine in conclusion the causes of miscarriage. It:

• viral and infectious processes;
• hormonal imbalance in the female body;
• diabetes;
• genital infections;
• anomalies in the structure of the uterus.

Histology after scraping

The study itself involves the removal of part of the epithelium of the uterus. An operation is performed before menstruation in order to reduce blood loss, speed up the process of regeneration of damaged tissues. Biological material is taken for histological analysis after scraping. First of all, it is placed in a special solution to prevent cell decay. Then they are treated with paraffin and, already in a hardened form, a small cut is made. Then stained in color, examines under a microscope. In this way, healthy cells can be distinguished from cancerous modifications.

Histology of the stomach

If the doctor suspects malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, the patient will have to perform a histology of the stomach, for example. The resulting decoding gives an idea not only about the presence of an oncological disease, but also directly about the neoplasm itself. Histology of the stomach determines the size of the focus of pathology, cellular composition, the presence of metastases. This is an informative study, so doctors perceive a positive answer about the presence of cancer as a final diagnosis. For clarification, in addition to histology, hysteroscopy may be required. Learn more about hysteroscopy - what it is, how the operation is performed.

What is histology in oncology

Before ordering such a laboratory study at a tangible price, it is necessary to understand whether it is required in a particular clinical picture. If this is a suspicion of malignant tumors, the answer is definitely yes. Cytology and histology are the basis of complex diagnostics, since such studies detect cancer cells already at an early stage of their formation. Decoding helps to quickly start treatment, to ensure a sustainable therapeutic effect.

Price for histology

All patients are interested in how much histology costs. The cost of the study depends on the alleged focus of the pathology, the city of residence of the patient, the clinic and the reputation of the specialist who conducts this laboratory study. The price for histology is different, for example, in the provinces it starts from 2,000 rubles, in the capital - from 3,000 rubles and more. The difference is not always noticeable, so it is better to rely not on the criterion of “inexpensive”, but on the professionalism of a specialist.

Malignant neoplasms are a group of diseases that includes several thousand types of tumors of different types and different degrees of malignancy. They are divided into large groups depending on what tissues they develop from: if from epithelial (barrier) tissues, then these are cancers, if from connective tissues (soft tissues and bones) - sarcomas, if from lymphoid (immune) - lymphomas / leukemias. The correctness and effectiveness of treatment depends on how correctly the tumor is verified (its type, degree of malignancy and other characteristics are determined). Histological studies play an important role in this.

The head of the pathoanatomical department with the prosectura of the National Medical Research Center of Oncology named after N.N. N.N. Petrova, Ph.D. Anna Sergeevna Artemyeva.

What is the material for pathomorphological (histological) studies?

A piece of patient tissue: skin, mucous membranes, internal organs, bones, brain and spinal cord, etc., the so-called biopsy.

The process of obtaining a tissue fragment (biopsy) - a biopsy - these are several different ways of taking material for histological examination.

Types of biopsy:

• Puncture biopsy - "poke", a thin or thick needle. Needle biopsies rarely have a diameter greater than 1-2 mm.
• Knife biopsy - open or endoscopic (minimally invasive), including laparothoraco-mediastinoscopy.

A biopsy of the internal organs is done under ultrasound navigation, or with the help of surgical intervention.

Surgical material is everything that is removed during the operation, as a rule, an organ or part of it, or several organs and / or parts of them with or without a formation (tumor).

How are these materials processed for histological examination?

Stage 1. Fixation - "preservation" of the biopsy in formalin - a special chemical solution that prevents decay, allows you to save tissue structures.

Fixing a biopsy can take from 6 to 24 hours, depending on its type and size.

The surgical material is fixed longer, in several stages. First, pre-fixation, which takes approximately 12 hours. Then cutting out the necessary fragments and re-fixation for another 24 hours.

The ratio of the volume of material to the volume of formalin should be 1:20.

Fixing time cannot be shortened!

Stage 2. Processing is the process of dehydration, degreasing and impregnation of the material with paraffin. The machine moves a piece of material from solution to solution.

The following are used as solutions: absolute isopropyl alcohol (6-8 shifts), xylene (2 shifts), molten paraffin (2 shifts).

The program differs for "fat" material (which includes, for example, breast tissue) and "non-fat" - 36 and 24 hours, respectively.

The process of obtaining paraffin blocks.

Stage 3. Making a paraffin block. A piece of material is placed in a mold with molten paraffin (already different than during processing - with a higher melting point) and cooled. It is done manually, it is difficult to speed up.

Microtomy

Stage 4. Slicing. The thickness of the sample - a piece of tissue embedded in paraffin - 1-3 mm. The thickness of each slice is 4-5 microns (0.004-0.005 mm). Performed by a laboratory assistant using a special tool - a microtome.

Sections are mounted on glass and must dry.

Despite the fact that part of the material is lost during alignment in a microtome, with due professionalism, it is possible to make about 100 slides (micropreparations) from one sample - material from one biopsy, surgical material from one tumor.

What are the cuts for?

Sections are made for routine hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, and other types of studies.

The sections for all studies are the same, the color is different, the glasses on which they are mounted may differ, so special adhesive glasses or charged glasses are needed for IHC and FISH.

Histotainer

Blocks and slides can be stored for many years and used for additional histological studies, revisions, as well as for scientific purposes.

Archive

The archive of histological materials is collected at the N.N. N.N. Petrov since 1927 and contains more than 10 million items (micropreparations - glasses, paraffin blocks, archival cards, wet archive).

What types of histological studies are the most informative?

• Histological examination
• Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
• Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), can be chromophobic (same principle, different label type)

What allow you to determine the different types of histological studies

Histological examination - what is it?

Allows you to verify the tumor - that is, to determine what cells it consists of (from what tissue it develops), the degree of its differentiation (maturity).

Routine staining, performed during histological examination, allows you to identify the pathological process in the analyzed material (biopsy, surgical material):

• inflammation,
• specific inflammation,
• developmental anomaly,
• tumor.

Also, in most cases, due to routine staining, it is possible to determine the degree of malignancy of the tumor and, if it is mature enough, then what is its nature.

Stained sections under a microscope

Invasive ductal carcinoma er 100%.	Carcinoma of the sigmoid colon.
Large cell neuroendocrine tumor.	MTS large cell neuroendocrine tumor.
Nonspecific breast cancer. Site of in situ carcinoma within the duct, cribriform type.	Poorly differentiated esophageal cancer.

Histological examination of the biopsy and surgical material can assess the prevalence: the size of the tumor and germination in the surrounding tissues, how affected the lymph nodes are, and whether there are metastases to distant organs (if all these structures were sent for histological examination). When consulting ready-made micropreparations - glasses, this is usually not possible if the tumor is larger than the size of the histological cassette or dissected by a previous researcher and macroscopic examination data are not provided.

During the histological examination, all glasses from one sample are studied - material obtained from one intervention - one operation or one biopsy, regardless of their number, this is considered one consultation.

The timing of the histological examination depends on the number of micropreparations and on the category of complexity of the process that is found in them, the terms may be extended, especially if it is necessary to use additional research methods and analyze additional information. The timing of the histological examination is affected by the completeness of the clinical information provided by the patient, including the data of already conducted studies.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

A complex multi-stage study is performed after a histological examination on the same material. Tumor sections are stained with antibodies that are able to bind to antigens (proteins) carried by tumor cells. Different tumor cells carry different antigens, to each of which, like a key to a lock, an antibody fits.

One of the IHC stages

IHC research is combinatorics. 100% markers specific and sensitive to a certain tumor do not exist, but there is a set of antigens that should be in a certain type of tumor and a set of those that should not be there, so the IHC panel is built so as to include several antibodies that should be positive and a few that must be negative. These sets of positive/negative markers differ for different tumors.

When conducting prognostic IHC - identifying markers of sensitivity to therapy, a set of such markers for specific tumors, for example, breast cancer, is determined: steroid hormone receptors (estrogen, progesterone), epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) and index of proliferative activity Ki67 (cell division rate) .

The slides are stained sequentially - sets of markers are stained with different antibodies in several stages, the process of staining slides with one antibody takes 48 hours.

Thus, each antibody is applied to a separate tissue section mounted on a separate slide, usually with appropriate external control, the number of reactions (antibodies used) and staining steps can vary significantly depending on the specific diagnostic situation, it all depends on the individual characteristics of the tumor. Such a number of stains is carried out, which is necessary in order to identify the most characteristic set of positive and negative markers for a particular tumor.

For someone, 5 antibodies will be enough for this, and someone needs to make 20 or more stains. The maximum number of colors that we had to do is 212.

Therefore, the exact timing and cost of this study cannot be determined in advance. Tumors of different course and prognosis can be very similar to each other, only minimal differences in staining, taking into account clinical data and data from other examination methods, can make it possible to establish the correct diagnosis.

There are a number of benign tumors that mimic malignant ones, including highly aggressive ones, and some highly differentiated malignant tumors are difficult to distinguish from inflammatory and reactive processes. In such situations, only the experience and qualifications of the pathologist, analysis of the entire range of available information (CT, MRI, X-ray, operation protocol, etc.) allow a diagnosis to be made.

In the competent interpretation of the IHC results, the role of an expert is very important, because the cases that you have to work with are, for the most part, complex. There are practically no antibodies that can act as 100% markers of a particular tumor, the doctor always has to weigh various probabilities.

What is determined by IHC?

• The presence of receptors for the hormones progesterone and estrogen in breast cancer;
• Expression of HER-2/neu in cells in breast cancer, stomach cancer;
• To determine Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas - to establish an accurate diagnosis of lymphoma today is impossible without the use of this type of study.
• Determine whether it is a primary tumor or metastases, tissue affiliation of metastases.

Immunohistochemistry allows assessing the potential rate of tumor growth, response to chemo-, targeted, hormonal therapy.

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH test)

This is a method of molecular genetic diagnostics in tissue.

FISH is carried out in a tissue section and allows you to bind a genetic rearrangement to a specific tumor cell.

This test also uses special dyes that only bind to certain regions of chromosomes. They are called probes, which can be labeled with a fluorescent or chromogenic dye, visualized using a fluorescent or light microscope.

Technical operations for the preparation of histological slides for this study takes 2 working days.

Analysis of the preparation using a multihead microscope.

The resulting micropreparations are very sensitive to the external environment - they can fade over time, in order to avoid loss of information, all FISH slides are scanned, their digital copy is created, which is available for external review. Experts view the fluorescent material in a dark field, at least 2 specialists take part in the analysis of the drug. If necessary, digital analysis is also used.

What is determined by the FISH test?

FISH-test will allow to diagnose some types of tumors, determines the appropriateness of the use of certain chemotherapy drugs.

• the presence of HER2 amplification is determined in cases of borderline results according to IHC, which is necessary for the appointment of targeted therapy;
• diagnostics is carried out, that is, the identification of genetic rearrangements specific to a certain type of tumor, when it is impossible to definitively establish a diagnosis using simpler methods, most often these are soft tissue sarcomas and brain tumors;
• genetic abnormalities that cause cancer of a particular organ;
• in lymphomas, this technique is used for diagnostic purposes and to identify factors of poor prognosis, that is, indications for early intensification of treatment.

Conducting a histological examination, and first of all a FISH test, is an expert work that depends on the qualifications of a specialist. Very many mutations that are detected in tumors are not always tumor markers; they can also be found in benign formations or normal tissues.

For a year, the pathoanatomical department of the National Medical Research Center of Oncology named after N.N. Petrova performs about 20,000 histological studies (patients), of which about 5,000 consultative cases (revisions), more than 30,000 IHC studies, and also participates in the NordIQ IHC external quality control program.

The specialists of the department have vast experience in conducting histological studies and expert competencies.

Remember! Histological studies are the starting point, the accuracy of the diagnosis and the effectiveness of the prescribed treatment depend on how well they are performed.

The speed of histological studies and the adequacy of the histological conclusion depend on a number of factors:

• Quality of glasses and blocks;
• Completeness of providing glasses (it is necessary to provide all glasses and blocks);
• Providing the patient with additional information that will help to correctly interpret the data of the histological examination, IHC and FISH test, namely: data on the history of the disease, data on concomitant diseases, primarily infectious (HIV, hepatitis); all the data of all examinations and interventions performed: X-rays, CT, MRI, ultrasound, protocols of operations, extracts.

After performing a histological examination, the patient receives a histological conclusion / protocol for the study of histological material.

Deciphering the histological examination: what to look for?

The histological conclusion includes several headings (fields):

Macroscopic description

It is filled in both for biopsy specimens - not necessarily, and for surgical material, for which it is extremely important in some cases.

Microscopic description

Description of changes at the microscopic level, not mandatory, since all the necessary information can be reflected in the "conclusion" field.

Results of the immunohistochemical study

This field describes what antibodies were used in this case and what the staining result was: presence of staining or not, localization in the cell if necessary, as well as the percentage of positive cells and the intensity of the reaction, when it matters.

Pathological anatomical conclusion

It contains a nosological / classification unit, if it is possible to establish it according to the studied material, that is, it gives answers to the questions:

• Is it a primary tumor or a metastasis?
• Where is the primary tumor located?
• What is the histological type of the tumor (what type of cells does it consist of).

All the necessary prognostic data are also given: the degree of differentiation, parameters affecting the stage, the state of the resection margins, if it is possible to evaluate them, etc.

The field may contain comments regarding the possible direction of further examination, the likelihood of a particular diagnosis, the need to familiarize yourself with certain clinical data, etc.

We do not recommend that patients independently decipher the parameters of histological examination using information obtained from various Internet sites and patient forums, since a large number of factors affect the interpretation of the data, including the patient's age, data from other studies, etc.

Only a specialist can deal with deciphering the study - an oncologist according to the profile of the disease!

What do you need to do

1. If you want to learn more about the free opportunities of the FBGU National Medical Research Center of Oncology named after N.N. N.N. Petrov of the Ministry of Health of Russia, get a full-time or correspondence consultation on diagnosis and treatment, make an appointment, read the information on the official website.
2. If you want to communicate with us through social networks, pay attention to the accounts in

The tissue composition of one or another part of the uterus, its cervix, plays an important role in the diagnosis of various diseases, both associated and not associated with neoplasms in the organs of the reproductive system. For this reason, various studies of the cellular composition of tissues play such an important role in gynecology. It is to such studies that the histology of the uterus belongs, which is carried out with various symptoms, and can be informative in the diagnosis of various types of diseases.

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Definition

Histological examination of the endometrium and uterus - the study of the morphological cellular structure of certain tissue formations of an altered (or presumably altered) organ in order to establish the type of pathological process. In a situation when it comes to the study of the reproductive system, the fundamental difference from a smear for cytology, which also considers the cellular composition, is that in cytology only a scraping of the upper layer of the mucous membrane is taken, while in histology - directly a piece of tissue (that is, the procedure more traumatic).

It is carried out for patients of any age if there are sufficient indications for this. Unlike cytology, histology is not carried out for the purpose of prevention, it is planned. The preparation for study is a tissue fragment of a part of an organ, containing several cell layers, cells of various types.

His study is carried out using special solutions and dyes in the laboratory.

Indications

In what cases is cervical histology necessary? There are the following indications for the appointment of this method:

• Infertility;
• Menstrual disorders, lack of menstruation;
• Stomach ache;
• Pain and discomfort during intercourse;
• Excessively painful premenstrual syndrome;
• Uncharacteristic or specific vaginal discharge;
• Bleeding outside the menstrual cycle, etc.

Moreover, since the method is quite traumatic, it is prescribed only in cases where all other diagnostic methods turned out to be uninformative, did not help to identify the disease, or there are significant contradictions between their results. In any case, an analysis is prescribed for the histology of the cervix under the following conditions: leukoplakia, uneven surface of the cervical canal for unknown reasons, a large number of malignant atypical cells in a smear for cytology, etc.

Contraindications

Although very often the histology of the uterine endometrium is studied, including for health reasons, in some conditions such an analysis cannot be performed. It is recommended to postpone it if:

1. The patient is pregnant;
2. The patient has very low blood clotting;
3. There is an acute inflammatory process in the organs of the reproductive system, as there is a high risk of infection;
4. The patient is menstruating on the day of the proposed procedure.

Neglect of these contraindications can lead to the development of bleeding and / or inflammation. A large scar may also form, which will negatively affect the extensibility of the birth canal, and therefore complicate the birth process in the future. Damage to the tumor formation can lead to the fact that it will actively grow.

Preparations for the procedure

In preparation for this procedure, you need to undergo the following studies:

1. Blood test for sexually transmitted diseases;
2. Study on the degree of purity of the vagina;
3. Cytological examination, bacteriology, PCR;
4. For 48 hours before the intervention, you can not have sexual contact;
5. During the same time, you can not use tampons, douches, vaginal suppositories, gels, creams, etc.;
6. In consultation with your doctor, you should stop taking anticoagulants and hormonal drugs.

Correct and complete preparatory measures before the intervention are very important, as they significantly affect the information content and objectivity of the data obtained during the analysis.

What day to submit?

The stage of the menstrual cycle at which the analysis for the histology of the cervix is ​​taken depends on the purpose for which the study is being carried out. When determining certain indicators, it is better to choose one or another day for this study.

• For the diagnosis of menorrhagia, it is recommended to take the material for research no later than 48 and no earlier than 72 hours before the expected onset of menstruation;
• When determining the causes of infertility, this period increases to 5-7 days;
• If it is necessary to assess the hormonal status based on the results of scraping, then it is better to do it in the third stage of the menstrual cycle, since it is during this period that its results are most objective and informative (from 17 to 25 days of the cycle);
• If there is amenorrhea, then it is customary to take tests several times - four times with a week break between them (usually, low-traumatic methods are used);
• If diagnosis is necessary in the presence of any tumors, then the results of the histology of the cervix are equally informative, regardless of the period in which they were taken.

There may be some other features as well. That is why it is very important to take a histological analysis exactly when it was prescribed by a doctor. If he is appointed urgently, then when deciphering, the specialist must make an adjustment for what stage of the menstrual cycle the study was conducted.

Collection Methods

Material from the uterine cavity can be taken in various ways. Usually, 8 of them are used most often. Some are more traumatic, others are less. The most suitable method is selected by the doctor, based on the individual characteristics of the patient's body. The most popular methods are:

The least traumatic methods include laser and radio wave. They are most often prescribed to young girls. The simplest and cheapest, as well as traumatic methods are those in which a simple scalpel or loop is used. This method is carried out, usually free of charge, under the policy of compulsory health insurance.

Research progress

After the drug has been taken for research, it is treated with a preservative, as well as coloring compounds to simplify diagnosis. Water is removed from the preparation, which also makes it more durable and its morphology easier to assess.

A dense block of tissue is made using paraffin wax. Then a thin section of tissue is drawn under a microscope with a special device. The material is colored along the cut in one way or another. The tissue section is then examined under a microscope. Normally, the epithelium is brown, the cells are approximately the same. If there are deviations, this suggests the presence of a particular disease.

Peculiarities

Everyone taking this analysis should take into account that although the histological examination of the cervix is ​​​​a fairly common procedure that is prescribed more or less regularly, it is nevertheless complex. Therefore, an important role in its informativeness and the quality of the result is played by the professionalism of the specialist who performs it. This is especially true for the most innovative methods of work, in which doctors do not yet have sufficient experience (compared to the old methods).

In addition, high-quality preparation for such an analysis by the patient is very important. All recommendations must be fully implemented. Only then will the test result be as effective as possible.

Production time

How much is such an analysis done? Production time is different and depends on many parameters. This is the workload of the laboratory, and the features of the methods by which the material is examined, and the goals of the study, and the characteristics of the drug, etc., but on average, the results of the study can be obtained 3-7 days after delivery.

Decryption

How to decipher the results? Only a doctor can do this correctly. It is possible to establish whether atypia is only of a background nature, or whether it affects the deep layers of tissues and atypical cells are present not only on the mucosa, but also in deeper layers. If atypical cells are found in the deep layers of tissues, then this makes it possible to assume or confirm the presence of invasive cancer, the most severe form of oncology.

Are there any mistakes?

Can a bad biopsy be wrong? A good biopsy is more likely to be erroneous, when, due to an error in tissue sampling or its study, atypical cells are not detected, although in fact they are. In general, if the preparations and technique of sampling and examination have been followed, then the probability of error is very low.

Recovery period

Taking into account the method used to collect tissues for study, there may be a different duration of the recovery period. It is generally recommended that the following restrictions be followed for three to six weeks after the intervention. The minimum indicator is recommended for low-traumatic interventions, the maximum - for fairly traumatic ones. What restrictions do experts recommend to observe during this period?

1. Within 5-7 days, do not lift weights and limit physical activity;
2. For 3 days it is better to avoid getting water into the vagina;
3. During the entire recovery period, one should not swim in natural reservoirs, chlorinated public pools, as there is a risk of infection;
4. You should not bathe in saunas, sunbathe, visit a solarium also throughout the entire recovery period;
5. You can start sexual activity again no earlier than one month after the intervention, regardless of its type.

Normally, when such an intervention is carried out, during the week there may be slight bloody discharge from the vagina and slight pulling pains in the lower abdomen. This is the normal state. However, if the pain becomes too intense, the discharge becomes uncharacteristic - the smell and color change, there is heavy bleeding, then you should immediately consult a doctor. The same should be done if there is an increased body temperature.

Price

The cost of research varies in different cities.

Prices are indicative and may be increased due to the cost of materials and preparations.

Conclusion

Although a histological analysis is quite traumatic, it is nevertheless necessary. And if done in a timely manner, it can even indirectly help save the patient's life.

Women and men sometimes have to go through surgical treatments. Most of the tissues removed during surgery are sent for a special additional examination called histology. The interpretation of the results of this analysis will be covered in this article.

What it is?

Before the decoding of the histology results is done, you need to find out what it is. Such a detailed examination means a thorough study of the state of organs at the tissue level. Simply put, a piece of the human body is sent for diagnosis.

How long is the result?

A transcript of histology results can be obtained in up to two weeks. In a state medical institution, the analysis is carried out within one week. Many private clinics promise to examine the resulting tissue within a few days. This histology is called urgent. It should be noted that such a study may be less informative.

Histology: interpretation of the results

Before analyzing the data indicated in the conclusion, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the condition and complaints of the patient. Also, the interpretation of the results of histology largely depends on what type of tissue was sent for analysis.

Most often, a histological examination is performed on persons who have a suspicion of. Also, this diagnosis is very common in gynecology. For example, the results of histology after curettage (decoding) will show possible diseases of the uterine cavity. If the cleaning was carried out due to a frozen pregnancy, then the transcript will indicate the reasons for the occurrence of such a problem.

Deciphering the results of histology is not an easy process. Persons without a medical education are unlikely to be able to understand at least something in the conclusion. Almost everything is written in Latin using a variety of terms. If tissue sampling was carried out within the walls of a state hospital, then your result will be immediately sent to the doctor. In the case when you used the services of a private clinic, the results of histology are issued directly to your hands.

First point: data

In the form you receive, you can see your personal data. Usually they are indicated in the header of the sheet. Next, the type of tissues and the place of their sampling will be indicated. Thus, the decoding of the results of the histology of the cervix contains the following phrase: "A biopsy of the cervix and cervical canal was performed." This suggests that the doctor took a piece of tissue from this organ. The material can be taken from absolutely any organ: the female ovary or mammary gland, kidneys or liver, heart or tonsils, and so on.

Second point: research method

After that, the method of analysis is indicated. This can be an urgent histology (duration from one hour to two days) or a routine study (up to ten days). The solutions that were used to study the material are also indicated here.

Third point: main conclusion

Below you can see many terms in Latin. Many patients believe that the more written in the result of histology, the worse. However, this assertion can be disputed. The laboratory assistant indicates in detail all the names of the identified tissues. So, during a histological examination, records are made about the detection of pieces of the endometrium (embryo), parts of the placenta (if by that time it had already formed). Pathological processes detected are also indicated in this field. If it was carried out, then you can see records of the presence of polyps (benign diseases), all kinds of cysts (malignant or benign), and so on.

After receiving the results

If you received the result of the study in your hands, then you should first show it to the doctor. Remember that trying to decipher the analysis yourself can lead to stress and increased anxiety.

Currently, almost every histological examination is followed by treatment. Its duration and complexity directly depend on the severity of the identified pathology.

Summarizing

Now you know what histology is and how to decipher it. Remember that self-medication can lead to serious complications and unexpected consequences. Always use the services of a doctor. Only in this case you can save your health. All the best!