Strong broad spectrum antibiotics. List of the best new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics for adults and children in tablets, suspensions, ampoules, suppositories for the treatment of ENT and genitourinary infections, inflammation in gynecology and other diseases

Antibiotics occupy a special place among medicines, because. their action is aimed at combating diseases of an infectious nature. If these drugs are of the latest generation, they help to cope with most of the existing pathogenic microbes.

Modern broad-spectrum antibiotics of a new generation can significantly alleviate the course of infectious diseases and speed up recovery. Their use made it possible to significantly reduce the number of deaths due to pneumonia, to quickly cope with the symptoms and consequences of bronchitis, urological diseases and many other ailments.

How do the latest antibiotics work?

Antibacterial spectrum drugs of the new generation act selectively in the body, i.e. affect the cells of pathogenic microbes, while not affecting human cells.

The classification of drugs depends on how the effect of the drug on the vital activity of bacteria occurs. Some drugs are able to suppress the synthesis of a bacterial cell externally (drugs of the penicillin series, cephalosporins), others inhibit protein synthesis in bacterial cells (tetracyclines, macrolides). The antibacterial activity of a particular drug must be indicated in the instructions for the drug.

Antibiotics can have a wide range of effects and have a narrow focus, i.e. target a specific group of bacteria. This happens because bacteria and viruses differ in function and structure, so what kills bacteria may not affect viruses.

Important! The older the generation of antibacterial agents, the more minimal the set of side effects and the greatest efficiency.

When broad-spectrum antibiotics are used:

• If the causative agents of the disease are resistant when using the drug with a narrow focus;
• If an infection is detected that is caused by several varieties of bacteria at once;
• If prophylaxis against infections is needed after surgery has been performed;
• If treatment is carried out on the basis of symptoms, when a specific pathogen is not detected (with rapidly developing dangerous pathologies).

The latest generation of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs are considered universal medicines in the fight against inflammation of the lymph nodes, with colds, in gynecology, etc. Drugs allow you to cope with microbes, no matter what pathogen causes the disease. After all, each newly released drug has a more perfect effect on pathogenic microorganisms, while causing minimal damage to the human body.

Methods of application and forms of antibiotics

Antibiotic treatment can be carried out in several ways:

1. Orally (by mouth). To do this, use drugs in capsules, tablets, suspensions, syrups. This is the most common method of application, which has its drawbacks, because. some types of antibiotics can be destroyed in the stomach or poorly absorbed into its walls, thereby exerting a negative irritating effect on the gastrointestinal tract.
2. Parenterally. This is the most effective method of treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics by intramuscular or intravenous route, as well as by injection into the spinal cord.
3. Rectally or by injecting the drug directly into the rectum (enema).

Injections and injections are usually used in severe forms of diseases, because. act faster on the focus of infection, starting their work immediately after the injection.

Modern broad-spectrum antibiotics in injections:

• Cephalosporins (Cefotaxime, Cefpirome, Cefoperazone, Ceftazidime);
• Minopenicillins (Sulbactam);
• Aminoglycoside antibiotics (Netilmicin, Amikacin);
• Carbapenems (Meropenem, Ertapenem, Impinem-cilastatin).

The choice of drug depends on the characteristics of the causative agent of the infection, the complexity of the case.

Strong broad-spectrum antibiotics in tablets:

• Fluoroquinolones (Moxifloxacin, Gatifloxacin);
• Natural macrolides (Levofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Midecamycin);
• Synthetic macrolides (Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin);
• Nitrofurans (Ersefuril, Nitrofurantoin).

Different groups of antibiotics have different localization in certain systems and human organs. According to this principle, physicians select a certain drug for the treatment of a particular disease, which will have the strongest effect on pathogenic microorganisms in a certain part of the human body.

All broad-spectrum antibiotics have a high effect on infectious agents, so they successfully fight many diseases. The doctor selects a course and a combination of drugs in order to increase the effectiveness of treatment. This takes into account the individual characteristics of the patient, the stage of the disease, progress or regression in its course. On average, the course is from 7 to 10 days, taking into account the above factors.

List of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs

The pharmaceutical industry is constantly developing and releasing new antibacterial drugs, so there is a very significant number of the latest generation of antibiotics with a wide range of effects. Consider the most popular and common drugs.

1. Penicillins:

• Amoxiclav is a combination of a bat-lactamase inhibitor (clauronic acid). It is prescribed for infections of the genitourinary, musculoskeletal, respiratory systems and infections of the biliary tract.
• Aomoxicillin, Augmentin, Medoklav. Can be used to treat most infectious diseases. Not used for intolerance to cephalosporins and penicillins, for severe liver pathologies, infectious mononucleosis, lymphocytic leukemia.

1. Cephalosporins:

• Cefaclor (Alfacet, Ceclor), Ceftazidime. They are used for infections of the respiratory, genitourinary tract, skin infections, and otitis media.
• Cefamandol, Cefoxitin (Mefoxin), Cefotaxime. A drug in the form of injections and injections for the treatment of infections of the gastric, genitourinary, respiratory tract, with, endocarditis, sepsis, for prophylaxis in the postoperative period.
• Cefuroxime (Zinnat). Effectively affects pathogenic microorganisms that are insensitive to penicillins. It is prescribed for infections of the genitourinary, respiratory, musculoskeletal systems, for the treatment of ENT organs, for meningitis, borreliosis, sepsis, after undergoing severe abdominal operations.
• Cefoperazone. Only for intravenous use in the treatment of infectious forms of the genitourinary, respiratory organs, with sepsis, meningitis.
• Latamoxef (Moxalactam). It has a pronounced activity against gram-negative microorganisms, but the cost is very expensive.
• Cefpodoxime (Orelox, Septofek). Active against most infections of the ENT organs, with erysipelas,.

1. Macrolides:

• Rulid, Rovamycin. They are used to treat infections in the genitourinary, bone, respiratory systems, in inflammatory processes of the ENT organs and the oral cavity, brucellosis, scarlet fever.
• Spiramycin. Affects even weakly sensitive to the drug microorganisms.
• Clarithromycin. Effective in the treatment of infections of the respiratory, musculoskeletal, dental and jaw systems.
• Roxithromycin (Exparoxy, Rulid). It is used in dentistry, for the treatment of childhood infections (whooping cough, scarlet fever, diphtheria), and infections of the respiratory and genitourinary systems.
• Sumamed. It has a wide range of bactericidal action. It is more often used in the treatment of infections of the ENT organs, the respiratory system, and the skin.

1. Other antibiotics:

• Unidox Solutab (Doxycycline). It is prescribed for the treatment of infections in the respiratory, genitourinary system, skin diseases, gastrointestinal tract, with typhus.
• Lincomycin. It is mainly prescribed for lesions of bone tissues, for infectious processes of the skin, soft tissues, and respiratory organs.
• Fusidin. It has forms for oral and external use (creams, antibiotic ointment, gels). It is used in combination therapy with resistance of microorganisms to penicillin. Used for osteomyelitis, skin infections, sepsis.
• Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin. It is used in the treatment of infections of almost all organs that are caused by gram-negative, gram-positive and opportunistic microorganisms, including cholera, peritonitis, dysentery, osteomyelitis, etc.

All antibiotics have a number of side effects, so they should be used with caution, especially in children and the elderly. In no case should you prescribe antibacterial drugs on your own, their use must be agreed with the doctor after certain studies.

Antibiotics for children and pregnant women

For children, the list of broad-spectrum antibiotics is significantly narrowed. Children are allowed to use drugs of the following groups:

• Macrolides (Clarithromycin, Midecamycin, Roxithromycin);
• Aminopenicillins (Amoxicillin, Clavulanate);
• Cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone, Cefepime).

Important! Children should not use antibiotics of a series of carbapenems and fluoroquinolones, because. this can negatively affect the development and functioning of the liver, kidneys and bones.

Pregnant women are allowed to use only a few drugs of the latest generation, and only in cases where the expected effect of their use prevails over side effects:

• Cephalosporins (cefepime, ceftriaxone, cefazolin);
• Protected aminopenicillins (Amoxiclav, Amoklav).

Macrolides (Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, Midecamycin, Roxithromycin) are approved for use only in the third trimester of pregnancy. In the absence of allergic reactions to the components, penicillin preparations can be used, but under medical supervision.

Antibiotics with a wide scope of action, belonging to the latest generation, are indeed a real find in the treatment of a mass of diseases of an infectious nature. But this does not mean that you can choose the best broad-spectrum antibiotic on your own, and use it uncontrollably without consulting a healthcare professional. The uncontrolled use of antibacterial drugs, on the contrary, can harm the body and cause negative consequences that are dangerous to health.

Today even children of primary school age know what antibiotics are. However, the term "broad-spectrum antibiotics" sometimes confuses even adults and raises many questions. How wide is the spectrum? What are these antibiotics? And, yes, it looks like there are narrow-spectrum drugs that may not help?

The most amazing thing is that even the omniscient Internet often cannot help and dispel the fog of doubt. In this article, we will try to slowly and methodically figure out what kind of broad-spectrum antibiotics they are, what bacteria they act on, and also when, how and how many times a day they are used.

Diverse world of bacteria

And we will start from the very beginning - with microbes. Bacteria make up the majority of prokaryotes - unicellular living organisms without a clearly defined nucleus. It was bacteria that first populated the lonely Earth millions of years ago. They live everywhere: in soil, water, acidic hot springs and radioactive waste. Descriptions of about 10 thousand species of bacteria are known, but it is assumed that their number reaches a million.

And of course, bacteria live in organisms of plants, animals and humans. Relations between lower unicellular and higher multicellular are different - both friendly, mutually beneficial for partners, and openly hostile.

A person cannot exist without “good”, correct bacteria that form the microflora. However, along with valuable bifido- and lactobacilli, microbes that cause a variety of diseases enter our bodies.

The composition of the microflora also includes the so-called conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. Under favorable conditions, they do no harm, but it is worth lowering our immunity, and these yesterday's friends turn into vicious enemies. In order to somehow understand the host of bacteria, doctors proposed to classify them.

Gram- and Gram+: decoding the puzzle

The most famous division of microbes is very often mentioned in pharmacies, clinics, and annotations to medicines. And just as often, a living average patient does not understand what, in fact, they are talking about. Let's figure it out together, what do these mysterious expressions gram + and gram- mean, without which not a single description of the action of antibiotics can do?

As early as 1885, Dane Hans Gram decided to stain sections of lung tissue to make bacteria more visible. The scientist found that the typhoid pathogen Salmonella typhi did not change color, while the rest of the microorganisms were exposed to the chemical.

Based on the ability of bacteria to stain according to Gram, the most famous classification is now adopted. The group of bacteria that do not change color is called gram-negative. The second category is called gram-positive, that is, Gram-staining microorganisms.

Gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens: who is who?

Another, no less important classification of antibiotics breaks down drugs according to their spectrum of action and structure. And again, to understand the complex paragraphs of instructions explaining the spectrum of activity and belonging to a particular group, you should get to know the microbes better.

Gram-positive bacteria include cocci, that is, microorganisms in the form of a ball, among which there are numerous families of staphylococci and streptococci. In addition, this group includes clostridia, corynebacteria, listeria, enterococci. Gram-positive pathogens most often cause infectious diseases of the nasopharynx, respiratory tract, ear, as well as inflammatory processes in the eye.

Gram-negative bacteria are a less numerous group of microorganisms that mainly cause intestinal infections, as well as diseases of the genitourinary tract. Much less often, gram-negative pathogens are responsible for respiratory pathologies. These include E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella (causative agent of diphtheria), Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Legionella, Klebsiella, Proteus.

Among gram-negative microorganisms there are also causative agents of severe nosocomial infections. These microbes are difficult to treat - in a hospital environment, they develop a special resistance to most antibiotics. Therefore, for the treatment of such infectious diseases, special, often intramuscular or intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics are also used.

On the basis of such a “separation” of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, empirical therapy is based, which involves the selection of an antibiotic without prior seeding, that is, practically “by eye”. As practice shows, in the case of "standard" diseases, this approach to the choice of the drug justifies itself. If the doctor has doubts about the belonging of the pathogen to one or another group, the prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics will help to “get a finger in the sky”.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics: the whole army under the gun

So, we come to the most interesting. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are a versatile antibacterial medicine. Whatever the pathogen is the source of the disease, broad-spectrum antibacterial agents will have a bactericidal effect and overcome the microbe.

As a rule, broad-spectrum drugs are used when:

• treatment is prescribed empirically, that is, on the basis of clinical symptoms. With the empirical selection of an antibiotic, time and money are not wasted on identifying the pathogen. The microbe that caused the disease will forever remain unknown. This approach is appropriate in the case of common infections, as well as fast-moving dangerous diseases. For example, with meningitis, death can be a foregone conclusion literally within a few hours if antibiotic therapy is not started immediately after the first signs of the disease;
• causative agents of the disease are resistant to the action of narrow-spectrum antibiotics;
• diagnosed with superinfection, in which the culprits of the disease are several types of bacteria at once;
• prevention of infection after surgical interventions.

List of broad-spectrum antibiotics

Let's try to name those antibacterial drugs that have a wide spectrum of activity:

• antibiotics of the penicillin group: Ampicillin, Ticarcycline;
• antibiotics of the tetracycline group: Tetracycline;
• fluoroquinolones: Levofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin;
• Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin;
• Amphenicols: Chloramphenicol (Levomycetin);
• Carbapenems: Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem.

As you can see, the list of broad-spectrum antibiotics is not very large. And we will start a detailed description of drugs with the most, probably, the most popular group - penicillin antibiotics.

Penicillins - drugs that are known and loved

With the discovery of the antibiotic of this particular group - Benzylpenicillin - doctors realized that microbes can be defeated. Despite its venerable age, benzylpenicillin is still used, and in some cases is a first-line drug. However, broad-spectrum agents include other, newer penicillin antibiotics, which can be divided into two groups:

• preparations for parenteral (injection) and enteral administration, which endure the acidic environment of the stomach;
• injectable antibiotics that do not withstand the action of hydrochloric acid - Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin.

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin are popular broad spectrum penicillins

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin occupy a special place of honor among penicillin antibiotics. The spectrum and effect on the human body of these two antibiotics are almost the same. Among the microorganisms sensitive to Ampicillin and Amoxicillin, the most famous infectious agents are:

• gram-positive bacteria: staphylococci and streptococci, enterococci, listeria;
• gram-negative bacteria: the causative agent of gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Haemophilus influenzae, whooping cough pathogen Bordetella pertussis.

With an identical spectrum, Ampicillin and Amoxicillin significantly differ in pharmacokinetic properties.

Ampicillin

Ampicillin was synthesized in the early 60s of the last century. The drug immediately won the hearts of doctors: its spectrum of action compares favorably with the antibiotics of the 50s, to which persistence, that is, addiction, has already developed.

However, Ampicillin has significant drawbacks - low bioavailability and a short half-life. The antibiotic is absorbed only by 35-50%, and the half-life is several hours. In this regard, the course of treatment with Ampicillin is quite intensive: tablets should be taken at a dose of 250-500 mg four times a day.

A feature of Ampicillin, which is considered an advantage over Amoxicillin, is the possibility of parenteral administration of the drug. The antibiotic is produced in the form of a lyophilized powder, from which a solution is prepared before administration. Ampicillin is prescribed 250-1000 mg every 4-6 hours intramuscularly or intravenously.

Amoxicillin is slightly younger than its predecessor - it went on sale in the 70s of the XX century. Nevertheless, this antibiotic is still one of the most popular and effective means of a wide range, including for children. And this became possible thanks to the undoubted advantages of the drug.

These include the high bioavailability of Amoxicillin tablets, which reaches 75-90%, against the background of a fairly long half-life. At the same time, the degree of absorption does not depend on food intake. The drug has a high degree of affinity for the tissues of the respiratory tract: the concentration of Amoxicillin in the lungs and bronchi is almost twice as high as in other tissues and blood. Not surprisingly, Amoxicillin is considered the drug of choice for uncomplicated forms of bacterial bronchitis and pneumonia.

In addition, the drug is indicated for sore throat, infections of the urinary and genital tract, infectious diseases of the skin. Amoxicillin is a component of eradication therapy for gastric and duodenal ulcers.

The drug is taken orally at a dosage of 250-1000 mg twice a day for 5-10 days.

Broad spectrum parenteral penicillins

Penicillins, which are used for parenteral administration, differ from Ampicillin and Amoxicillin known to us in their additional activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This microorganism causes soft tissue infections - abscesses, purulent wounds. Pseudomonas also act as causative agents of cystitis - inflammation of the bladder, as well as inflammation of the intestine - enteritis.

In addition, broad-spectrum parenteral penicillin antibiotics have a bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect on:

• gram-positive microorganisms: staphylococci, streptococci (with the exception of strains that form penicillinase), as well as enterobacteria;
• Gram-negative microorganisms: Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae and others.

Broad-spectrum parenteral penicillins include Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, Carfecillin, Piperacillin and others.

Consider the most famous antibiotics - Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin and Piperacillin.

Carbenicillin

In medicine, the disodium salt of carbenicillin is used, which is a white powder that dissolves before use.

Carbenicillin is indicated for infections of the abdominal cavity, including peritonitis, genitourinary system, respiratory tract, as well as meningitis, sepsis, infections of bone tissue, skin.

The drug is administered intramuscularly, and in severe cases intravenously.

Ticarcillin

Unprotected Ticarcillin is prescribed for severe infections caused by strains of bacteria that do not produce penicillinase: sepsis, septicemia, peritonitis, postoperative infections. The antibiotic is also used for gynecological infections, including endometritis, as well as infections of the respiratory tract, ENT organs, and skin. In addition, Ticarcillin is used for infectious diseases in patients with a reduced immune response.

Piperacillin

Piperacillin is mainly used in conjunction with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam. However, if it is established that the causative agent of the disease does not produce penicillinase, it is possible to prescribe an unprotected antibiotic.

Indications for the use of Piperacillin are severe pyoinflammatory infections of the genitourinary system, abdominal cavity, respiratory and ENT organs, skin, bones and joints, as well as sepsis, meningitis, postoperative infections and other diseases.

Protected broad-spectrum penicillins: antibiotics to fight resistance!

Amoxicillin and Ampicillin are far from omnipotent. Both drugs are destroyed by the action of beta-lactamases, which are produced by some strains of bacteria. Such "malicious" pathogens include many types of staphylococcus, including aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and other bacteria.

If the infection is caused by beta-lactamase-producing pathogens, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin and some other antibiotics are simply destroyed without causing any harm to the bacteria. Scientists have found a way out of the situation by creating complexes of penicillin antibiotics with substances that inhibit beta-lactamase. In addition to the most famous clavulanic acid, inhibitors of destructive enzymes include sulbactam and tazobactam.

Protected antibiotics are able to effectively fight an infection that is not subject to fragile and lonely penicillin. Therefore, combined drugs are often the drugs of choice for a variety of diseases caused by bacterial infection, including hospital ones. The leading places in this list of broad-spectrum antibiotics are occupied by two or three drugs, and some injectable drugs used in hospitals remain behind the scenes. Paying tribute to the spectrum of each combined penicillin, we will open the veil of secrecy and list these, of course, the most worthy drugs.

Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid. The most famous combined broad-spectrum antibiotic, which has dozens of generics: Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Flemoclav. There are both oral and injectable forms of this antibiotic.

Amoxicillin and sulbactam. Trade name - Trifamox, is available in the form of tablets. The parenteral form of Trifamox is also available.

ampicillin and sulbactam. The trade name is Ampisid, it is used for injections, more often in hospitals.

Ticarcillin + clavulanic acid. Trade name Timentin, available only in parenteral form. Indicated for the treatment of severe infections caused by resistant, hospital-acquired strains.

Piperacillin + tazobactam. Trade names Piperacillin-tazobactam-Teva, Tazatsin, Santaz, Tazrobida, Tacillin J, etc. The antibiotic is used by infusion drip, that is, in the form of intravenous infusions for moderate and severe polyinfections.

Broad-spectrum tetracyclines: time-tested

Tetracycline antibiotics are among the well-known broad-spectrum drugs. This group of drugs is united by a common structure, which is based on a four-cyclic system ("tetra" in Greek - four).

Tetracycline antibiotics do not have a beta-lactam ring in their structure, and, therefore, are not subject to the destructive action of beta-lactamase. The tetracycline group has a common spectrum of action that includes:

• gram-positive microorganisms: staphylococci, streptococci, clostridia, listeria, actinomycetes;
• gram-negative microorganisms: the causative agent of gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella, E. coli, Shigella (the causative agent of dysentery), Salmonella, the causative agent of whooping cough Bordetella pertussis, as well as bacteria of the genus Treponema, including the causative agent of syphilis - pale spirochete.

A distinctive feature of tetracyclines is their ability to penetrate into the bacterial cell. Therefore, these funds do an excellent job with intracellular pathogens - chlamydia, mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus do not respond to the bactericidal action of tetracyclines.

The two most commonly used tetracyclines today are tetracycline and doxycycline.

Tetracycline

One of the founders of the tetracycline group, discovered back in 1952, is still used, despite its advanced age and side effects. However, the prescription of tetracycline tablets can be criticized, given the existence of more modern and effective broad-spectrum antibiotics.

The negative aspects of oral tetracycline undoubtedly include a rather limited therapeutic activity, as well as the ability to change the composition of the intestinal flora. In this regard, when prescribing tetracycline tablets, an increased risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea should be taken into account.

Much more effective and safe is the appointment of external and local forms of tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline eye ointment is included in the Russian list of essential drugs and is an excellent example of a broad-spectrum local antibacterial drug.

Doxycycline

Doxycycline is distinguished by therapeutic activity (almost 10 times higher than Tetracycline) and impressive bioavailability. In addition, Doxycycline has a much lesser effect on the intestinal microflora than other drugs of the tetracycline group.

Fluoroquinolones are essential broad spectrum antibiotics.

Probably, no doctor can imagine his medical practice without fluoroquinolone antibiotics. The first synthesized representatives of this group were distinguished by a narrow spectrum of action. With the development of pharmaceuticals, new generations of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents have been discovered and the spectrum of their activity has expanded.

So, antibiotics of the first generation - Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin - work mainly against gram-negative flora.

Modern fluoroquinolones II, III and IV generations, unlike their predecessors, are antibiotics of the broadest, so to speak, spectrum of action. These include Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Gatifloxacin, and other medicines active against:

Note that without exception, all fluoroquinolones are contraindicated for use in children under 18 years of age. This is due to the ability of antibiotics of this group to disrupt the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a substance that is part of the tendon structure. Therefore, the use of fluoroquinolones in children is associated with the risk of changes in cartilage tissue.

Fluoroquinolone II generation, Levofloxacin is prescribed for infections of the respiratory tract - pneumonia, bronchitis, ENT organs - sinusitis, otitis media, as well as diseases of the urinary tract, genital tract, including urogenital chlamydia, infections of the skin (furunculosis) and soft tissues (atheromas, abscesses).

Levofloxacin is prescribed 500 mg per day at one time for seven, less often for 10 days. In severe cases, the antibiotic is administered intravenously.

Many drugs containing lomefloxacin are registered on the Russian pharmaceutical market. The original tool - the brand - is the German Tavanik. Its generics include Levofloxacin Teva, Levolet, Glevo, Flexil, Ecolevid, Hailefloks and other drugs.

Moxifloxacin

Moxifloxacin is a highly active broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic of the third generation, indicated for infections of the upper respiratory tract, respiratory tract, skin, soft tissues, and postoperative infections. The drug is prescribed in tablets of 400 mg once a day. The course of treatment ranges from 7 to 10 days.

The original drug of moxifloxacin, which is most often used, is Avelox manufactured by Bayer. There are very few generics of Avelox, and it is quite difficult to find them in pharmacies. Moxifloxacin is part of Vigamox eye drops, indicated for infectious inflammatory processes of the conjunctiva of the eye and other diseases.

Gatifloxacin

The drug of the last, IV generation of fluoroquinolones is prescribed for severe, including nosocomial diseases of the respiratory tract, ophthalmic pathologies, infections of the ENT organs, the urogenital tract. The antibacterial effect of Gatifloxacin also extends to the causative agents of the infection, which is sexually transmitted.

Gatifloxacin is prescribed at 200 or 400 mg per day once.

Most drugs containing gatifloxacin are produced by Indian companies. More often than others in pharmacies you can find Tebris, Gafloks, Gatispan.

Aminoglycosides: essential antibiotics

Aminoglycosides combine a group of antibacterial drugs that have similar properties in structure and, of course, the spectrum of action. Aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis in microbes, providing a pronounced bactericidal effect against sensitive microorganisms.

The first aminoglycoside is a natural antibiotic isolated during World War II. Surprisingly, modern phthisiology still cannot do without the same Streptomycin, which was discovered back in 1943 - an antibiotic is still being used with might and main in phthisiology for the treatment of tuberculosis.

All four generations of aminoglycosides, which have been gradually isolated and synthesized over more than half a century, have an equally wide spectrum of antibacterial action. Antibiotics of this group act on:

• gram-positive cocci: streptococci and staphylococci;
• Gram-negative microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella, Moraxella, Pseudomonas and others.

Aminoglycosides of different generations have some individual features, which we will try to trace on the examples of specific drugs.

The oldest broad-acting aminoglycoside of the 1st generation in injections, which is favorably distinguished by high antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indications for the use of Streptomycin are primary tuberculosis of any localization, plague, brucellosis and tularemia. The antibiotic is administered intramuscularly, intratracheally, and also intracavernously.

A very controversial antibiotic of the second generation, which is gradually being forgotten, is Gentamicin. Like other aminoglycosides of II and older generations, Gentamicin is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibiotic exists in three forms: injectable, external in the form of ointments and local (eye drops).

Interestingly, unlike the vast majority of antibiotics, Gentamicin perfectly retains its properties in dissolved form. Therefore, the injection form of the drug is a ready-made solution in ampoules.

Gentamicin is used for infectious and inflammatory diseases of the biliary tract - cholecystitis, cholangitis, urinary tract - cystitis, pyelonephritis, as well as infections of the skin and soft tissues. In ophthalmic practice, eye drops with Gentamicin are prescribed for blepharitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis and other infectious eye lesions.

The reason for the wary attitude towards Gentamicin is the data on the side effects of the antibiotic, in particular, ototoxicity. In recent years, there has been ample evidence of hearing loss due to Gentamicin therapy. There are even cases of complete deafness that developed against the background of the introduction of an antibiotic. The danger is that, as a rule, the ototoxic effect of Gentamicin is irreversible, that is, hearing is not restored after the antibiotic is discontinued.

Based on such a sad trend, most doctors prefer to opt for other, safer aminoglycosides.

Amikacin

An excellent alternative to Gentamicin is the III generation broad-spectrum antibiotic Amikacin, which is available as a powder for the preparation of an injection solution. Indications for the appointment of Amikacin are peritonitis, meningitis, endocarditis, sepsis, pneumonia and other severe infectious diseases.

Amphenicols: let's talk about the good old Levomycetin

The main representative of the amphenicol group is the broad-spectrum natural antibiotic chloramphenicol, which is known to almost every our compatriot under the name Levomycetin. The drug is a structural levorotatory isomer of chloramphenicol (hence the prefix "levo").

The spectrum of action of Levomycetin covers:

• gram-positive cocci: staphylococci and streptococci;
• Gram-negative bacteria: pathogens of gonorrhea, Escherichia and Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Proteus, Rickettsia.

In addition, Levomycetin is active against spirochetes and even some large viruses.

Indications for the appointment of Levomycetin are typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, dysentery, brucellosis, whooping cough, typhus, and various intestinal infections.

External forms of Levomycetin (ointment) are prescribed for purulent skin diseases, trophic ulcers. So, in Russia, an ointment containing Levomycetin, which is produced under the name Levomekol, is very popular.

In addition, Levomycetin is used in ophthalmology for inflammatory eye diseases.

The course of treatment with Levomycetin or How to harm your body?

Levomycetin is an affordable, effective, and therefore a broad-spectrum intestinal antibiotic beloved by many. So beloved that you can often find a patient in a pharmacy buying those same diarrhea pills and praising their effectiveness. Still: I drank two or three pills - and the problems were no matter how it happened. It is in this approach to treatment with Levomycetin that the danger lurks.

We must not forget that Levomycetin is an antibiotic that must be taken in a course. We know that, for example, the antibiotic Amoxicillin should not be drunk for less than five days, but, drinking two tablets of Levomycetin, we manage to completely forget about the antibacterial origin of the drug. But what happens in this case with bacteria?

It's simple: the weakest enterobacteria, of course, die after two or three doses of Levomycetin. The diarrhea stops, and we, giving glory to the power of bitter pills, forget about the troubles. Meanwhile, strong and resistant microorganisms survive and continue their vital activity. Often as conditional pathogens, which, at the slightest decrease in immunity, are activated and show us where the crayfish hibernate. That's when Levomycetin may no longer be able to cope with selected microbes.

To prevent this from happening, you should adhere to the recommended course of antibiotic therapy. For the treatment of acute intestinal infections, the drug is taken at a dosage of 500 mg three to four times a day for at least a week. If you are not ready to follow a sufficiently intensive course, it is better to give preference to other antimicrobials, for example, nitrofuran derivatives.

Carbapenems: reserve antibiotics

As a rule, we encounter carbapenems extremely rarely or not at all. And this is wonderful - after all, these antibiotics are indicated for the treatment of severe hospital infections that threaten life. The spectrum of action of carabapenems includes most of the existing pathological strains, including resistant ones.

Antibiotics in this group include:

• Meropenem. The most common carbapenem, which is produced under the trade names Meronem, Meropenem, Cyronem, Dzhenem and others;
• Ertapenem, trade name Invanz;
• Imipenem.

Carbapenems are administered only intravenously, intravenously by infusion and bolus, that is, using a special dispenser.

Antibiotic therapy: the golden rule of safety

At the end of our excursion into the world of broad-spectrum antibiotics, we cannot ignore the most important aspect on which the safety of drugs and, ultimately, our health is based. Each patient - present or potential - should know and remember that the right to prescribe antibiotics belongs exclusively to the doctor.

No matter how much knowledge you have in the field of medicine, you should not give in to the temptation to “treat yourself”. Moreover, one should not rely on the hypothetical pharmaceutical abilities of neighbors, friends and colleagues.

Only a good doctor can assess the risks and benefits of using a broad-spectrum antibiotic, choose a drug that can cover the spectrum of exactly “your” microorganisms and prevent possible side effects. Trust the knowledge and experience of a great specialist, and this will help maintain health for many years.

And antibacterial drugs are classified into narrow-spectrum drugs (destroy only one type of bacteria) and broad-spectrum drugs (effective against most microorganisms at the same time).

The mechanism of their action is to block the vital functions of the pathogen. At the same time, new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics are designed in such a way that they do not have a similar effect on the cells of the affected organ.

Such selectivity of exposure is due to the fact that the bacteria form cell walls, the structure of which differs from human ones. The active components of the drug contribute to the violation of the integrity of the walls of bacterial cells, without affecting the cell membranes of the patient's organs.

Unlike drugs from the group of antiseptics, the antibiotic has the proper therapeutic effect not only after external application, but also acts systemically after oral, intravenous, intramuscular use.

New generation antibiotics are capable of:

• Influence the synthesis of cell walls by disrupting the production of vital peptide complexes.
• Disrupt the functioning and integrity of the cell membrane.
• Disrupt the synthesis of a protein necessary for the growth and vital activity of a pathogenic pathogen.
• Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis.

By the nature of the effect on bacterial cells, antibiotics are divided into:

• Bactericidal - the pathogen will die and then be removed from the body.
• Bacteriostatic - the active ingredient does not kill bacteria, but it disrupts their ability to reproduce.

It is important to determine how active the active substance of the drug is in relation to a particular pathogen of the pathological process. To do this, you must undergo a series of laboratory tests prescribed by a doctor.

Features of the action of drugs

The advantages of broad-spectrum antibiotics are due to their ability to destroy most pathogens.

The drugs of this group include drugs of the tetracycline, cephalosporin series, aminopenicillins, aminoglycosides, as well as drugs from the group of macrolides, carbapenems.

New generations of drugs are less toxic, the risk of developing unwanted side effects is much lower.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are distinguished by their ability to effectively deal with complicated colds, inflammatory processes affecting the area of ​​the ENT organs, lymph nodes, genitourinary system, skin, etc.

List of new generation broad spectrum antibiotics

If we consider new generation antibiotics, the list is as follows:

When 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins fail, as in the case of infectious diseases provoked by exposure to anaerobes and enterobacteria, patients are shown taking carbopenems: Ertpenem and Meropenem (these are a kind of reserve drugs).

Use of penicillins it is advisable for infection of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory and genitourinary system, skin integuments. Only the third generation has a wide spectrum of activity, which includes: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Ampiox and Bakampicillin.

The drugs described are not intended for self-medication. When identifying the first signs of the disease, you should consult a doctor for advice and selection of a suitable, comprehensive treatment regimen.

Narrowly targeted strong antibiotics

Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are active against a few types of bacteria.

These drugs include the following groups:

• Macrolides based on erythromycin, triacetyloleandomycin, oleandomycin.
• Cephalosporins based on cefazolin, cephalexin, cephaloridine.
• Penicillins.
• Streptomycins.
• Antibacterial reserve drugs that act on gram-positive pathogens that are resistant to penicillins. In this case, the doctor may recommend the use of semi-synthetic penicillins: ampicillin, carbenicillin, dicloxacillin.
• Various other drugs based on rifampicin, lincomycin, fusidine.

Broad-spectrum drugs for bronchitis

Bronchitis is treated with a new generation of antibiotics because laboratory testing can take days and treatment is recommended to start as soon as possible.

In the course of complex therapy, the following can be prescribed:

There is no such thing as the best antibiotic, since each remedy has its own extensive list of pharmacological properties, indications and contraindications, possible adverse reactions and recommendations for admission, as well as drug interactions.

The selection of an antibacterial drug is carried out only by a qualified, experienced specialist who will take into account the nature of the origin of the disease, the individual characteristics of the patient's body, his age, weight, concomitant diseases. Read more about treating bronchitis with antibiotics.

Treatment of pneumonia

In the treatment of pneumonia, antibiotics of a new generation from the group are used:

• Cephalosporins: Nacef, Ceclor, Maximim, Liforan, Cefabol, Tamycin, etc.
• Combined fluoroquinolones: Tsiprolet A.
• Quinolones: Glevo, Tavanik, Zanotsin, Abaktal, Tsiprolet, Tsifran.
• Combined penicillins: Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Panklav.

The described drugs can be used until the results of laboratory tests are obtained, with pneumonia without specifying the pathogen.

Therapy of sinusitis

The structure of cephalosporins and macrolides are similar to drugs of the penicillin series, but they have the ability to inhibit the development and complete destruction of pathogenic microorganisms.

Additionally, anticongestants, antiseptics, secretolytics can be prescribed.

• In severe cases of the disease, macrolides are used: Macropen and Azithromycin.
• The use of combined fluoroquinolones based on tinidazole and ciprofloxacin (Ciprolet A) may also be recommended.

Treatment of angina

Comprehensive treatment of acute tonsillitis (tonsillitis) involves the use of antiseptics, local anesthetics, and antibacterial agents.

Antibiotics for systemic exposure are:

• Preparations of the cephalosporin series based on cefixime (Pancef) and cefuroxime (Zinnat).

  Previously, treatment was carried out mainly with penicillins. In modern medicine, new generation cephalosporins are preferred because they show greater efficacy in the treatment of bacterial infections that affect the nasopharynx.
  

• Combined fluoroquinolones based on ciprofloxacin in combination with tinidazole (Ciprolet A).
• Multicomponent preparations of the penicillin series: Panklav, Amoxiclav.
• Medicines from the group of macrolides based on azithromycin ( Azitral, Sumamox). They are one of the safest antibiotics, since they practically do not provoke unwanted side reactions from the digestive tract, as well as toxic effects on the central nervous system.

Colds and flu

With a confirmed need to prescribe antibiotics during the treatment of colds, the doctor prescribes:

Even drugs with a wide range of pharmacological activity do not affect the vital activity of viruses, so their use is not advisable in the course of complex therapy for measles, rubella, viral hepatitis, herpes, chicken pox, and influenza.

Urinary tract infections: cystitis, pyelonephritis

• Unidox Solutab - the drug is easy to use: 1 time per day.
• Norbactin is recommended to be used twice a day, the drug has a list of contraindications and side effects.
• Monural is an antibiotic in the form of a powder for oral administration. It is a drug of prolonged action, which contributes to the rapid elimination of pathogenic microorganisms.

Pending laboratory results for pyelonephritis, start with fluoroquinlones (Glevo, Abaktal, Tsiprobid), further treatment can be adjusted. Cephalosporins and aminoglycosides may also be prescribed.

Antifungal drugs in the form of tablets

Given the large number of different types of fungal infections, the doctor prescribes one or another antibiotic based on the results of a comprehensive examination.

The drug of choice may be:

• Medicines that belong to the 1st generation based on nystatin.
• Antibiotics of the 2nd generation, which are used for infections of the genitourinary system. Among them: Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, and Miconazole.
• Among 3rd generation drugs, the use of Fluconazole, Antraconazole, Terbinafine.

The 4th generation drugs include Caspofungin, Ravuconazole and Posaconazole.

Antibiotics for diseases of the organs of vision

With bacterial keratitis and chlamydial conjunctivitis, it is advisable to use Maxakvin, a systemic therapy agent.

Antibiotics for topical use include Vitabact, Tobrex, Okatsin.

Let's summarize

Antibiotics are powerful substances of natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic origin, which help to suppress the growth and vital activity of pathogenic microorganisms.

List of new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics and their uses

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Treatment of bacterial infections today is impossible without the use of antibiotics. Microorganisms tend to acquire resistance to chemical compounds over time, and older drugs are often ineffective. Therefore, pharmaceutical laboratories are constantly looking for new formulas. In many cases, infectious disease specialists prefer to use a new generation of broad-spectrum antibiotics, the list of which includes drugs with different active ingredients.

The principle of action of drugs

Antibiotics only act on bacterial cells and cannot kill viral particles.

According to the spectrum of action, these drugs are divided into two large groups:

• narrowly targeted, coping with a limited number of pathogens;
• broad spectrum of action, fighting different groups of pathogens.

In the case when the pathogen is known exactly, antibiotics of the first group can be used. If the infection is of a complex combined nature, or the pathogen is not detected by laboratory tests, drugs of the second group are used.

According to the principle of action, antibiotics can also be divided into two groups:

• bactericides - drugs that kill bacterial cells;
• bacteriostatics - drugs that stop the reproduction of microorganisms, but are not able to kill them.

Bacteriostatics are safer for the body, therefore, in mild forms of infections, preference is given to this particular group of antibiotics. They allow you to temporarily restrain the growth of bacteria and wait for their independent death. Severe infections are treated with bactericidal drugs.

List of new generation broad spectrum antibiotics

The division of antibiotics into generations is heterogeneous. So, for example, cephalosporin drugs and fluoroquinolones are divided into 4 generations, macrolides and aminoglycosides - into 3:

Unlike older drugs, new generation antibiotics affect the beneficial flora much less, are absorbed faster, and have a less toxic effect on the liver. They are able to quickly accumulate the active substance in the tissues, due to which the frequency of receptions is reduced, and the intervals between them increase.

What drugs to take depending on the disease?

Often the same broad-spectrum drug is prescribed for different diseases. But this does not mean that you can do without preliminary diagnosis. Only the correct diagnosis allows you to adequately choose an antibiotic.

Bronchitis treatment

Bronchitis is a common infectious and inflammatory disease that can lead to severe complications. For the treatment of bronchitis, the following drugs can be prescribed:

Read more on the site: Heartburn - how to get rid of at home?

Simultaneously with antibiotics in the treatment of bronchitis, mucolytic and anti-inflammatory drugs are used.

With pneumonia

Pneumonia should never be treated on its own at home. This disease requires mandatory hospitalization and serious therapy with intramuscular or intravenous antibiotics.

For the treatment of pneumonia in a hospital, the following drugs for injection can be used:

• "Ticarcillin";
• "Carbenicillin";
• "Cefepim";
• "Meropenem".

In some cases, antibiotics are also prescribed in tablets. These can be drugs:

• "Tigeron";
• "Gatispan";
• "Sumamed";
• "Avelox".

The dosage and frequency of administration in this case is determined individually, based on the patient's condition and therapeutic strategy.

Antibiotics for sinusitis

The decision to prescribe antibiotics for the treatment of sinusitis is made by the ENT doctor. Therapy with these drugs is carried out without fail if purulent discharge from the sinuses and intense headaches are observed:

Before prescribing antibiotics, the ENT doctor usually gives a referral for a bacterial culture and an antibiogram to determine the type of pathogen and its sensitivity to a particular active substance.

With angina

Angina in everyday life is called acute tonsillitis - inflammation of the tonsils caused by viruses or bacteria. The bacterial form of angina is caused by streptococci or staphylococci, and this disease can only be treated with antibiotics:

Read more on the site: Piracetam injections: instructions for use, composition, analogues of a nootropic drug

It is important to understand that if acute tonsillitis is not bacterial, but viral in nature, it is useless to treat it with antibiotics. Only a doctor can distinguish between these two forms of the disease, so you should not take any drugs without his advice.

Colds and flu

Respiratory infections, which in everyday life are called colds, as well as the flu, are caused by viruses. Therefore, antibiotics in their treatment are used only in one case: if the disease becomes complicated and a bacterial infection joins the viral infection.

In such situations, therapy is usually started with penicillin antibiotics:

• "Flemoxin Solutab";
• "Flemoklav Solutab".

If after 72 hours after the start of taking these drugs there is no improvement, new generation macrolides are connected to therapy:

• "Sumamed";
• "Rulid";
• AzitRus.

The regimen for taking antibiotics in the treatment of respiratory infections is standard, but medical supervision is also necessary in this case.

Urinary tract infections

Genitourinary infections can be caused by pathogens of different nature - viruses, fungi, bacteria, protozoa. Therefore, it makes sense to start treatment only after a thorough laboratory diagnosis and determination of the type of pathogen.

In mild cases, you can remove the infection from the urinary tract using the following drugs:

• "Furadonin" - 2 mg per 1 kg of weight 3 times a day;
• "Furazolidone" - 2 tablets of 0.05 g 4 times a day;
• "Palin" - 1 capsule 2 times a day.

In more difficult situations, when pathogens are highly resistant (resistance) to chemical attack, broad-spectrum antibiotics can be prescribed:

Read more on the site: Lice - how to get rid of nits at home

Simultaneously with antibiotics in the treatment of genitourinary infections, plenty of fluids and diuretic drugs are prescribed. In severe cases, injections of the drug Amikacin are advisable.

Antifungal drugs

For the treatment of fungal infections, drugs with fungistatic or fungicidal action are used. They differ from the drugs listed above and stand out in a separate class, within which there are three groups:

As in the treatment of bacterial infections, the treatment of fungal diseases requires accurate diagnosis of the pathogen and strict control by a specialist.

For eye disease

Antibiotics for the treatment of eye diseases are available in the form of ointments or drops. They are prescribed if the ophthalmologist has diagnosed conjunctivitis, blepharitis, meibomitis, keratitis and a number of other infections.

Most often, therapy is carried out using the following drugs:

• "Tsipromed" - drops containing Ciprofloxacin;
• "Albucid" - drops with sulfacetamide;
• "Dilaterol" - drops based on tobramycin;
• "Tobrex" - an analogue of "Dilaterol" in the form of an ointment;
• "Kolbiocin" is a multicomponent ointment containing tetracycline, chloramphenicol and sodium colistimethate.

A specific drug is prescribed based on the diagnosis, the severity of the course of the disease and the individual characteristics of the patient.

Inexpensive new generation antibiotics

The cost of new generation antibiotics is never low, so you can save money only by buying inexpensive analogues. They are produced on the basis of the same active substances, however, the degree of chemical purification of such preparations may be lower, and the cheapest excipients are taken for their production.

You can replace some expensive antibiotics based on the following table:

Another way to save money is to buy older antibiotics, not the latest generation.

For example, in many cases, such proven antibacterial drugs can help out:

• "Erythromycin";
• "Ceftriaxone";
• "Bicillin";
• "Cefazolin";
• "Ampicillin".

If more than 72 hours have passed since the start of treatment with inexpensive antibiotics, and there is no improvement in the condition, it is urgent to consult a doctor and change the drug.

Can it be used during pregnancy?

Antibiotics during pregnancy are prescribed by doctors only in emergency cases and after a thorough analysis of the possible risks.

But even in such situations, drugs of the following groups are not used:

• all fluoroquinolones;
• macrolides based on roxithromycin, clarithromycin, midecamycin;
• all aminoglycosides.

Only the attending physician can decide on the advisability of prescribing antibiotics during pregnancy. Self-administration of any drugs, even relatively safe and related to the new generation, is strictly prohibited.

To date, there are many antibiotics that can defeat an infectious disease.

Some of them have a narrow focus and fight a specific disease, and there are those that allow you to get rid of several pathogens. Let's figure out what modern broad-spectrum antibiotics are.

The principle of influence on the body of the main groups of drugs

Antibiotics of the new generation affect only the pathogenic microorganism, while not affecting a healthy cell.

Broad-spectrum drugs are effective against many pathogens. Are used:

Antibiotic Precautions:

Let's take a closer look at the types of broad-spectrum antibiotics.

macrolides

Modern antibiotics of a new generation, belonging to the group of macrolides, are able to destroy protein synthesis and affect the cellular ribosome of a pathogenic bacterium. At the same time, the drugs have a beneficial effect on the functioning of the immune system.

Advantages:

The list of drugs is presented in the table.

Contraindications to the use of macrolides are:

1. Pregnancy.
2. Age up to 6 months.
3. Allergy to one of the components.
4. The use of antihistamines.
5. Severe liver damage.
6. Renal failure.

Penicillin group

Antibiotics of this group of a wide spectrum of action can be divided into two groups:

1. Tablets and injections immune to the effects of gastric juice.
2. Drugs that break down in hydrochloric acid are Ticarcillin and Carbenicillin.

List of commonly used medicines:

Preparations of the penicillin group of a wide spectrum of action can cure:

1. Diseases of urological and gynecological nature.
2. Infectious lesions of the respiratory system.
3. Diseases of the abdominal cavity.
4. Infectious diseases of the visual organs.
5. Viral lesions of ENT organs and others.

Contraindications:

1. Pregnancy.
2. breastfeeding period.
3. Certain drugs are prohibited until the age of 12.
4. Poor blood clotting.
5. Allergy.

Tetracycline group

Antibiotics can affect gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. A distinctive feature of the broad-spectrum tetracycline group is the ability to penetrate the bacterial cell. Therefore, broad-spectrum drugs are often used to treat ureaplasmosis, mycoplasmosis and chlamydia.

Note that tetracyclines do not affect Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The most popular drugs:

Fluoroquinols

Modern drugs belonging to this group of the second, third and last - fourth generation allow you to treat a huge number of diseases.

Affect:

1. for Gram-positive microorganisms.
2. Gram-negative microorganisms.
3. intracellular pathogens.

It should be borne in mind that any agent related to fluoroquinols is prohibited for persons under 18 years of age. Since drugs in this group can change cartilage in children.

List of the most common broad-spectrum antibiotics:

latest generation cephalosporins

Broad-spectrum antibiotics of the latest generation of the cephalosporin group are used only in hospital treatment. The drugs are concentrated and have a toxic effect on the liver and kidneys, therefore, when they are prescribed, medical supervision is required.

The mechanism of work - the substance penetrates the membranes of pathogenic bacteria and inhibits the synthesis of the protein-glycan layer. As a result of the release of enzymes, microorganisms die.

Preparations of this series are prescribed for severe infectious diseases, when it is necessary to destroy the pathogen, and not to suspend its influence. Name of drugs: Cefepime and Cefpir.

The benefits of the latest generation of antibiotics are as follows:

1. Low toxicity.
2. Excellent penetration into tissues, even bone.
3. Due to the high concentration of the active substance, it has a prolonged effect on the body.

Contraindications:

1. Individual intolerance to the drug.
2. Heart and kidney failure.
3. Severe liver damage.
4. Pregnancy.
5. During lactation, you should temporarily stop feeding the baby.

Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides of different generations have some differences. Let's get acquainted with them, using the example of certain drugs:

You can not use these drugs during pregnancy and lactation, patients with heart and kidney failure. With caution are prescribed in the treatment of elderly patients.

Carbapenems

Broad-spectrum antibiotics used for serious infections that threaten a person's life. Carbapenems are prescribed for the treatment of pathological strains, including those resistant to certain drugs.

List of medicines:

1. The drug is administered intravenously. The dosage and course of treatment is selected by the doctor based on the severity of the disease. Analogues: Meronem, Jenem, Cyronem and others.
2. Invanz - is administered intravenously by drip and intramuscularly. The active substance is ertapenem.

Treatment is carried out under the supervision of a physician. Do not use drugs in case of:

1. Pregnancy.
2. Stop breastfeeding during lactation.
3. With heart and kidney failure.
4. Severe arterial hypotension.
5. Allergies.

It should be remembered that only a specialist should prescribe antibiotics based on the specifics of the disease and the state of the body.