Antibiotics of the Russian production of the name. List of modern antibiotics and their uses

The common cold is one of the most common diseases. You rarely meet an adult, and even more so a child, who has not caught a cold at least once a year.

What is meant by a cold

The main provocateurs of a cold are various types of viruses that, when they enter the human body through the respiratory tract, provoke the launch of complex processes.

The virus enters the body through the respiratory tract and begins to destroy it.

Viruses that cause colds find a breeding ground in the human body, using the nutrient medium of cells, they literally make the cells work for themselves.

Gradually, the immune system weakens, the cells become defenseless, thereby creating favorable conditions for the reproduction of other microorganisms.

In a classic way cold develops gradually. At the initial stage, a sore throat appears, then a runny nose appears.

Many people, at the first symptoms, go to pharmacies in search of antibiotics for colds, effective and, of course, inexpensive.

In this case antibiotic treatment is unreasonable, immunity should try to overcome the disease on its own. Only if the symptoms intensify, you can think about taking such drugs.

Cold symptoms

Under the concept of "cold" hides more than a dozen diseases provoked by various harmful microorganisms.

But all these microorganisms have one thing in common - they lead to the same symptoms:

• headache;
• body aches;
• chills;
• discomfort in the throat;
• temperature not exceeding 37.5 degrees.

In some cases, the symptoms go away on their own., the disease recedes, but this can only happen to those people who have excellent immunity, able to cope with the disease on their own.

Such hardened people, with strong immunity, do not need to take antibiotics for colds. Even if they are inexpensive and effective, you should not rush.

Average cold symptoms last 2 to 7 days. They can have different combinations, each person tolerates them differently.

If not treated properly, complications are possible - sinusitis, sinusitis, therefore, it is important not to start the disease, but to treat it.

When should antibiotics be taken?

The use of antibiotics in the early stages of the disease is not justified. Microorganisms that cause colds, when multiplying, cause inflammation. All these processes occur quite quickly, the duration of a cold in a viral form is 3-4 first days.

It is worth taking antibiotics if the general state of health is aggravated:

• there is a sharp increase in temperature;
• chills present;
• increased pain in the throat and ears;
• increased cough and shortness of breath;
• enlarged lymph nodes.

If you skip these symptoms and do not take action, the situation can be aggravated by pneumonia, bronchitis or tonsillitis.

Antibiotics prescribed in such cases are a necessary measure.

If it is not possible to see a doctor, antibiotics for colds, inexpensive and effective, you can pick up on your own, some types are sold without a prescription.

Note! Antibiotics do not harm the body. Their misuse, chaotic and uncontrolled change, non-compliance with instructions can harm them.

List of effective antibiotics

When choosing antibiotics, start from the localization of the site of inflammation, the nature and intensity of the symptoms of the disease.

Important! Before starting the use of medicines, it is imperative to study the instructions, familiarize yourself with the possible side effects, the fewer, the better.

Antibiotics for colds, inexpensive and effective, broad spectrum:

• Ampicillin: semi-synthetic antibiotic indicated for use in mixed infectious diseases: peritonitis, tonsillitis, urinary tract infections, gonorrhea. Side effects: urticaria, Quincke's edema, anaphylactic shock can rarely occur. Not recommended for asthma, liver disease. The price is from 15 to 55 rubles.

• : used for bronchitis, infections of the nose, respiratory tract, ears and throat, pneumonia, cystitis. Ammoxicillin contains penicillin, so people who are sensitive to this substance should not use it. It is also not recommended to use the drug for people suffering from asthma and allergic diathesis. The price varies from 65 to 110 rubles.

• : a powerful drug that needs to be taken only once a day. To get rid of the symptoms of a cold and cure a respiratory tract infection, it is enough to undergo a three-day course of treatment. The drug is indicated for the treatment of tonsillitis, sinusitis, scarlet fever, pneumonia, otitis media, urethritis. Contraindicated in children under 6 months of age. The price varies between 100-150 rubles.

• : one of the safe and effective drugs belonging to the group of macrolides, successfully inhibits the growth and development of bacteria. It is prescribed for the treatment of infectious diseases: bronchitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis. Not recommended for use in children under 12 years of age, with cardiac arrhythmias, low potassium levels, kidney disease. The price is from 230 to 450 rubles, depending on the manufacturer.

• : second-generation drug, indicated for exacerbation of bronchitis, inflammation of the respiratory tract, pneumonia, pyoderma, tonsillitis, furunculosis, urethritis. Contraindicated in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, kidney disease. Headache, drowsiness, hearing loss, chills are side effects of the medication. Price in tablets from 350 rubles.

• : 3rd generation semi-synthetic antibiotic. It is used for bronchitis, otitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis and tonsillitis. Not recommended for children with renal insufficiency and children weighing less than 25 kg. The approximate price is 450 rubles.

Childhood colds and antibiotics

Undoubtedly a doctor should treat and prescribe medicines to a child. But it is not always possible to visit a doctor, so it will not be superfluous to know the names of antibiotics that treat colds in children.

The list of antibiotics allowed for the treatment of colds for children is impressive, but it is worth considering the fact that tablets are preferable to suspensions, in complicated forms - injections.

Antibiotics that are inexpensive and effective for colds that are approved in pediatrics include:

• zinnat (300 rubles);
• ampicillin (from 20 rubles per pack);
• fromilid uno (300 rubles);
• flemoxin (230 rubles);
• esparoxy (225 rubles);
• alpha normix (750 rubles);
• augmentin (240 rubles).

Observe the following rules:

1. When treating, use only one class of antibiotics.
2. If, after two days, the temperature of the child did not subside, and the general condition did not improve, it is necessary to think about changing the drug.
3. Do not take antipyretics and bactericidal drugs at the same time, syrups reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics.
4. Even if the symptoms of the disease have disappeared, the course of treatment should not be interrupted.
5. The minimum course of treatment is at least 5 days.

If you follow these rules, there is a high probability of being cured safely and avoiding side effects.

When Antibiotics Fail

Antibiotics do not work and become useless when they are not properly chosen., or they are trying to cure viral diseases.

Viruses and bacteria are completely different microorganisms, with a dissimilar structure, so it is unrealistic to cure viral flu with antibiotics.

The use of antibiotics for colds, even if they are inexpensive and effective, in the treatment of diseases of viral origin will not bring any benefit.

Contraindications to taking antibiotics

Antibiotics are not a cure for all ills But still chemicals that have side effects.

Consequences of uncontrolled use of antibiotics

Often, antibiotics can cause malfunction in organ systems, can exacerbate ulcers, disrupt the intestinal flora and the functioning of the liver or kidneys, lead to severe allergic reactions, in exceptional cases, life-threatening edema can occur.

Important! You should take antibiotics as needed, read the instructions carefully, and watch for symptoms.

The ideal option is when a doctor prescribes antibiotics.

Pros and cons of complex means (Coldrex, Theraflu, Rinza)

In order to quickly recover from a cold, a modern person acquires a variety of powders such as Coldrex, Teraflu, Rinza. Is there any sense in them, are they able to cure a cold?

Main the components of these substances are paracetamol and vitamin C. Recent scientific studies have confirmed that the miraculous ability of this vitamin to cure colds and increase immunity is a myth.

In addition to ascorbic acid and paracetamol, the composition of similar preparations includes substances that relieve swelling of blood vessels and expand them.

Advantages of complex preparations: quickly and effectively relieve symptoms - headache, runny nose, fever and chills.

Minuses: do not have an antiviral effect, they only relieve symptoms, they are not able to fight micro-organisms-viruses.

Such drugs can be used to prevent and quickly relieve unpleasant symptoms, but you should not expect a full recovery.

How to deal with a cold

Often with a cold, a true companion of general weakness is a runny nose. To combat the common cold, there are nasal sprays that have a vasodilating effect.

After irrigation with an aerosol, the vessels in the nose narrow, swelling decreases and the nose is cleared of mucus accumulated in it. You should not abuse such drops, as they provoke dryness of the nasal cavity and can lead to a loss of smell.

With advanced and complicated rhinitis, drops containing antibiotics are excellent.

When using such drops, the formation of resistance to the antibiotic is minimal, reduces the risk of allergies, due to the fact that the drops do not enter the general bloodstream.

Drops do not harm the healthy microflora of the body, because they are applied topically and do not spread outside the nose. Due to the fact that the microflora is not destroyed, antibiotics do not weaken the immune system. Proven and popular antibiotic drops include Polydex, Isofra.

Ideally, when the treatment is prescribed by a doctor, but it is not always possible to refer to it. In such cases, antibiotics for colds, inexpensive and effective, which can be found in free sale at any pharmacy, will help.

The following video will tell you if you need to take antibiotics for colds:

This video will tell you which antibiotic is best to take for a cold:

The following video will tell you about the rules for taking an antibiotic:

Antibiotics are a huge group of bactericidal drugs, each of which is characterized by its spectrum of action, indications for use and the presence of certain consequences.

Antibiotics are substances that can inhibit the growth of microorganisms or destroy them. According to the definition of GOST, antibiotics include substances of plant, animal or microbial origin. At present, this definition is somewhat outdated, since a huge number of synthetic drugs have been created, but it was natural antibiotics that served as the prototype for their creation.

The history of antimicrobial drugs begins in 1928, when A. Fleming was first discovered penicillin. This substance was just discovered, and not created, since it has always existed in nature. In wildlife, it is produced by microscopic fungi of the genus Penicillium, protecting themselves from other microorganisms.

In less than 100 years, more than a hundred different antibacterial drugs have been created. Some of them are already outdated and are not used in treatment, and some are only being introduced into clinical practice.

How antibiotics work

All antibacterial drugs according to the effect of exposure to microorganisms can be divided into two large groups:

• bactericidal- directly cause the death of microbes;
• bacteriostatic- prevent the growth of microorganisms. Unable to grow and multiply, the bacteria are destroyed by the sick person's immune system.

Antibiotics realize their effects in many ways: some of them interfere with the synthesis of microbial nucleic acids; others interfere with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, others disrupt the synthesis of proteins, and others block the functions of respiratory enzymes.

Groups of antibiotics

Despite the diversity of this group of drugs, all of them can be attributed to several main types. This classification is based on the chemical structure - drugs from the same group have a similar chemical formula, differing from each other in the presence or absence of certain molecular fragments.

The classification of antibiotics implies the presence of groups:

1. Derivatives of penicillin. This includes all drugs created on the basis of the very first antibiotic. In this group, the following subgroups or generations of penicillin preparations are distinguished:

• Natural benzylpenicillin, which is synthesized by fungi, and semi-synthetic drugs: methicillin, nafcillin.
• Synthetic drugs: carbpenicillin and ticarcillin, which have a wider range of effects.
• Mecillam and azlocillin, which have an even wider spectrum of action.

1. Cephalosporins are close relatives of penicillins. The very first antibiotic of this group, cefazolin C, is produced by fungi of the genus Cephalosporium. Most of the drugs in this group have a bactericidal effect, that is, they kill microorganisms. There are several generations of cephalosporins:

• I generation: cefazolin, cephalexin, cefradin, etc.
• II generation: cefsulodin, cefamandol, cefuroxime.
• III generation: cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefodizime.
• IV generation: cefpir.
• V generation: ceftolosan, ceftopibrol.

The differences between different groups are mainly in their effectiveness - later generations have a greater spectrum of action and are more effective. Cephalosporins of the 1st and 2nd generations are now used extremely rarely in clinical practice, most of them are not even produced.

1. - drugs with a complex chemical structure that have a bacteriostatic effect on a wide range of microbes. Representatives: azithromycin, rovamycin, josamycin, leukomycin and a number of others. Macrolides are considered one of the safest antibacterial drugs - they can be used even by pregnant women. Azalides and ketolides are varieties of macrolides that differ in the structure of active molecules.

Another advantage of this group of drugs is that they are able to penetrate into the cells of the human body, which makes them effective in the treatment of intracellular infections:,.

1. Aminoglycosides. Representatives: gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin. Effective against a large number of aerobic gram-negative microorganisms. These drugs are considered the most toxic, can lead to quite serious complications. Used to treat urinary tract infections,.
2. Tetracyclines. Basically, this semi-synthetic and synthetic drugs, which include: tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline. Effective against many bacteria. The disadvantage of these drugs is cross-resistance, that is, microorganisms that have developed resistance to one drug will be insensitive to others from this group.
3. Fluoroquinolones. These are completely synthetic drugs that do not have their natural counterpart. All drugs in this group are divided into the first generation (pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin) and the second (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin). They are most often used to treat infections of the upper respiratory tract (,) and respiratory tract (,).
4. Lincosamides. This group includes the natural antibiotic lincomycin and its derivative clindamycin. They have both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects, the effect depends on the concentration.
5. Carbapenems. These are one of the most modern antibiotics, acting on a large number of microorganisms. The drugs of this group belong to the reserve antibiotics, that is, they are used in the most difficult cases when other drugs are ineffective. Representatives: imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem.
6. Polymyxins. These are highly specialized drugs used to treat infections caused by. Polymyxins include polymyxin M and B. The disadvantage of these drugs is toxic effects on the nervous system and kidneys.
7. Anti-tuberculosis drugs. This is a separate group of drugs that have a pronounced effect on. These include rifampicin, isoniazid, and PAS. Other antibiotics are also used to treat tuberculosis, but only if resistance has developed to the mentioned drugs.
8. Antifungals. This group includes drugs used to treat mycoses - fungal infections: amphotyrecin B, nystatin, fluconazole.

Ways to use antibiotics

Antibacterial drugs are available in various forms: tablets, powder, from which an injection solution is prepared, ointments, drops, spray, syrup, suppositories. The main ways to use antibiotics:

1. Oral- intake by mouth. You can take the medicine in the form of a tablet, capsule, syrup or powder. The frequency of administration depends on the type of antibiotics, for example, azithromycin is taken once a day, and tetracycline - 4 times a day. For each type of antibiotic, there are recommendations that indicate when it should be taken - before meals, during or after. The effectiveness of treatment and the severity of side effects depend on this. For young children, antibiotics are sometimes prescribed in the form of syrup - it is easier for children to drink a liquid than to swallow a tablet or capsule. In addition, the syrup can be sweetened to get rid of the unpleasant or bitter taste of the medicine itself.
2. Injectable- In the form of intramuscular or intravenous injections. With this method, the drug enters the focus of infection faster and acts more actively. The disadvantage of this method of administration is pain when injected. Injections are used for moderate and severe diseases.

Important:injections should only be given by a nurse in a clinic or hospital! Doing antibiotics at home is strongly discouraged.

1. Local- applying ointments or creams directly to the site of infection. This method of drug delivery is mainly used for skin infections - erysipelas, as well as in ophthalmology - for infectious eye damage, for example, tetracycline ointment for conjunctivitis.

The route of administration is determined only by the doctor. This takes into account many factors: the absorption of the drug in the gastrointestinal tract, the state of the digestive system as a whole (in some diseases, the absorption rate decreases, and the effectiveness of treatment decreases). Some drugs can only be administered one way.

When injecting, you need to know how you can dissolve the powder. For example, Abaktal can only be diluted with glucose, since when sodium chloride is used, it is destroyed, which means that the treatment will be ineffective.

Sensitivity to antibiotics

Any organism sooner or later gets used to the most severe conditions. This statement is also true in relation to microorganisms - in response to prolonged exposure to antibiotics, microbes develop resistance to them. The concept of sensitivity to antibiotics was introduced into medical practice - with what efficiency this or that drug affects the pathogen.

Any prescription of antibiotics should be based on knowledge of the susceptibility of the pathogen. Ideally, before prescribing the drug, the doctor should conduct a sensitivity test and prescribe the most effective drug. But the time for such an analysis at best is a few days, and during this time the infection can lead to the saddest result.

Therefore, in case of an infection with an unknown pathogen, doctors prescribe drugs empirically - taking into account the most likely pathogen, with knowledge of the epidemiological situation in a particular region and medical institution. For this, broad-spectrum antibiotics are used.

After performing a sensitivity test, the doctor has the opportunity to change the drug to a more effective one. Replacement of the drug can be made in the absence of the effect of treatment for 3-5 days.

Etiotropic (targeted) prescription of antibiotics is more effective. At the same time, it turns out what caused the disease - with the help of bacteriological research, the type of pathogen is established. Then the doctor selects a specific drug to which the microbe has no resistance (resistance).

Are antibiotics always effective?

Antibiotics only work on bacteria and fungi! Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms. There are several thousand species of bacteria, some of which coexist quite normally with humans - more than 20 species of bacteria live in the large intestine. Some bacteria are conditionally pathogenic - they become the cause of the disease only under certain conditions, for example, when they enter an atypical habitat for them. For example, very often prostatitis is caused by Escherichia coli, which enters from the rectum in an ascending way.

Note: antibiotics are completely ineffective in viral diseases. Viruses are many times smaller than bacteria, and antibiotics simply do not have a point of application of their ability. Therefore, antibiotics for colds do not have an effect, since colds in 99% of cases are caused by viruses.

Antibiotics for coughs and bronchitis may be effective if these symptoms are caused by bacteria. Only a doctor can figure out what caused the disease - for this he prescribes blood tests, if necessary - a sputum examination if it departs.

Important:Do not prescribe antibiotics to yourself! This will only lead to the fact that some of the pathogens will develop resistance, and the next time the disease will be much more difficult to cure.

Of course, antibiotics are effective for - this disease is exclusively bacterial in nature, it is caused by streptococci or staphylococci. For the treatment of angina, the simplest antibiotics are used - penicillin, erythromycin. The most important thing in the treatment of angina is compliance with the frequency of taking drugs and the duration of treatment - at least 7 days. You can not stop taking the medicine immediately after the onset of the condition, which is usually noted for 3-4 days. True tonsillitis should not be confused with tonsillitis, which may be of viral origin.

Note: untreated angina can cause acute rheumatic fever or!

Inflammation of the lungs () can be of both bacterial and viral origin. Bacteria cause pneumonia in 80% of cases, so even with empirical prescription, antibiotics for pneumonia have a good effect. In viral pneumonia, antibiotics do not have a therapeutic effect, although they prevent the bacterial flora from joining the inflammatory process.

Antibiotics and alcohol

The simultaneous use of alcohol and antibiotics in a short period of time does not lead to anything good. Some drugs are broken down in the liver, like alcohol. The presence of an antibiotic and alcohol in the blood gives a strong load on the liver - it simply does not have time to neutralize ethyl alcohol. As a result of this, the likelihood of developing unpleasant symptoms increases: nausea, vomiting, intestinal disorders.

Important: a number of drugs interact with alcohol at the chemical level, as a result of which the therapeutic effect is directly reduced. These drugs include metronidazole, chloramphenicol, cefoperazone and a number of others. The simultaneous use of alcohol and these drugs can not only reduce the therapeutic effect, but also lead to shortness of breath, convulsions and death.

Of course, some antibiotics can be taken while drinking alcohol, but why risk your health? It is better to abstain from alcohol for a short time - the course of antibiotic therapy rarely exceeds 1.5-2 weeks.

Antibiotics during pregnancy

Pregnant women suffer from infectious diseases no less than everyone else. But the treatment of pregnant women with antibiotics is very difficult. In the body of a pregnant woman, a fetus grows and develops - an unborn child, very sensitive to many chemicals. Ingestion of antibiotics into the developing organism can provoke the development of fetal malformations, toxic damage to the central nervous system of the fetus.

In the first trimester, it is advisable to avoid the use of antibiotics altogether. In the second and third trimesters, their appointment is safer, but also, if possible, should be limited.

It is impossible to refuse the prescription of antibiotics to a pregnant woman with the following diseases:

• Pneumonia;
• angina;
• infected wounds;
• specific infections: brucellosis, borreliosis;
• genital infections:,.

What antibiotics can be prescribed to a pregnant woman?

Penicillin, cephalosporin preparations, erythromycin, josamycin have almost no effect on the fetus. Penicillin, although it passes through the placenta, does not adversely affect the fetus. Cephalosporin and other named drugs cross the placenta in extremely low concentrations and are not capable of harming the unborn child.

Conditionally safe drugs include metronidazole, gentamicin and azithromycin. They are prescribed only for health reasons, when the benefit to the woman outweighs the risk to the child. Such situations include severe pneumonia, sepsis, and other severe infections in which a woman can simply die without antibiotics.

Which of the drugs should not be prescribed during pregnancy

The following drugs should not be used in pregnant women:

• aminoglycosides- can lead to congenital deafness (with the exception of gentamicin);
• clarithromycin, roxithromycin– in experiments they had a toxic effect on animal embryos;
• fluoroquinolones;
• tetracycline- violates the formation of the skeletal system and teeth;
• chloramphenicol- dangerous in late pregnancy due to inhibition of bone marrow function in a child.

For some antibacterial drugs, there is no evidence of a negative effect on the fetus. This is explained simply - on pregnant women do not conduct experiments to determine the toxicity of drugs. Experiments on animals do not allow with 100% certainty to exclude all negative effects, since the metabolism of drugs in humans and animals can differ significantly.

It should be noted that before you should also stop taking antibiotics or change plans for conception. Some drugs have a cumulative effect - they are able to accumulate in a woman's body, and for some time after the end of the course of treatment they are gradually metabolized and excreted. Pregnancy is recommended no earlier than 2-3 weeks after the end of antibiotics.

Consequences of taking antibiotics

The ingress of antibiotics into the human body leads not only to the destruction of pathogenic bacteria. Like all foreign chemicals, antibiotics have a systemic effect - in one way or another they affect all body systems.

There are several groups of side effects of antibiotics:

allergic reactions

Almost any antibiotic can cause allergies. The severity of the reaction is different: a rash on the body, Quincke's edema (angioneurotic edema), anaphylactic shock. If an allergic rash is practically not dangerous, then anaphylactic shock can be fatal. The risk of shock is much higher with antibiotic injections, which is why injections should only be given in medical facilities - emergency care can be provided there.

Antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs that cause cross-allergic reactions:

Toxic reactions

Antibiotics can damage many organs, but the liver is most susceptible to their effects - against the background of antibiotic therapy, toxic hepatitis can occur. Some drugs have a selective toxic effect on other organs: aminoglycosides - on the hearing aid (cause deafness); tetracyclines inhibit bone growth in children.

note: the toxicity of the drug usually depends on its dose, but with individual intolerance, sometimes smaller doses are enough to show the effect.

Impact on the gastrointestinal tract

When taking certain antibiotics, patients often complain of stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, stool disorders (diarrhea). These reactions are most often due to the local irritating effect of drugs. The specific effect of antibiotics on the intestinal flora leads to functional disorders of its activity, which is most often accompanied by diarrhea. This condition is called antibiotic-associated diarrhea, which is popularly known as dysbacteriosis after antibiotics.

Other side effects

Other side effects include:

• suppression of immunity;
• the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms;
• superinfection - a condition in which microbes resistant to a given antibiotic are activated, leading to the emergence of a new disease;
• violation of vitamin metabolism - due to the inhibition of the natural flora of the colon, which synthesizes some B vitamins;
• Jarisch-Herxheimer bacteriolysis is a reaction that occurs when bactericidal drugs are used, when, as a result of the simultaneous death of a large number of bacteria, a large amount of toxins are released into the blood. The reaction is clinically similar to shock.

Can antibiotics be used prophylactically?

Self-education in the field of treatment has led to the fact that many patients, especially young mothers, try to prescribe themselves (or their child) an antibiotic at the slightest sign of a cold. Antibiotics do not have a preventive effect - they treat the cause of the disease, that is, they eliminate microorganisms, and in the absence of only side effects of drugs appear.

There are a limited number of situations where antibiotics are administered before the clinical manifestations of infection, in order to prevent it:

• surgery- in this case, the antibiotic in the blood and tissues prevents the development of infection. As a rule, a single dose of the drug administered 30-40 minutes before the intervention is sufficient. Sometimes, even after an appendectomy, antibiotics are not injected in the postoperative period. After "clean" surgical operations, antibiotics are not prescribed at all.
• major injuries or wounds(open fractures, soil contamination of the wound). In this case, it is absolutely obvious that an infection has entered the wound and it should be “crushed” before it manifests itself;
• emergency prevention of syphilis carried out with unprotected sexual contact with a potentially sick person, as well as with health workers who have got the blood of an infected person or other biological fluid on the mucous membrane;
• penicillin can be given to children for the prevention of rheumatic fever, which is a complication of tonsillitis.

Antibiotics for children

The use of antibiotics in children in general does not differ from their use in other groups of people. Pediatricians most often prescribe antibiotics in syrup for young children. This dosage form is more convenient to take, unlike injections, it is completely painless. Older children may be prescribed antibiotics in tablets and capsules. In severe infections, they switch to the parenteral route of administration - injections.

Important: the main feature in the use of antibiotics in pediatrics is dosages - children are prescribed smaller doses, since the drug is calculated in terms of a kilogram of body weight.

Antibiotics are very effective drugs that have at the same time a large number of side effects. In order to be cured with their help and not harm your body, you should take them only as directed by your doctor.

What are antibiotics? When are antibiotics needed and when are they dangerous? The main rules of antibiotic treatment are told by the pediatrician, Dr. Komarovsky:

Gudkov Roman, resuscitator

Treatment of bacterial infections today is impossible without the use of antibiotics. Microorganisms tend to acquire resistance to chemical compounds over time, and older drugs are often ineffective. Therefore, pharmaceutical laboratories are constantly looking for new formulas. In many cases, infectious disease specialists prefer to use a new generation of broad-spectrum antibiotics, the list of which includes drugs with different active ingredients.

The principle of action of drugs

Antibiotics only act on bacterial cells and cannot kill viral particles.

According to the spectrum of action, these drugs are divided into two large groups:

• narrowly targeted, coping with a limited number of pathogens;
• broad spectrum of action, fighting different groups of pathogens.

In the case when the pathogen is known exactly, antibiotics of the first group can be used. If the infection is of a complex combined nature, or the pathogen is not detected by laboratory tests, drugs of the second group are used.

According to the principle of action, antibiotics can also be divided into two groups:

• bactericides - drugs that kill bacterial cells;
• bacteriostatics - drugs that stop the reproduction of microorganisms, but are not able to kill them.

Bacteriostatics are safer for the body, therefore, in mild forms of infections, preference is given to this particular group of antibiotics. They allow you to temporarily restrain the growth of bacteria and wait for their independent death. Severe infections are treated with bactericidal drugs.

List of new generation broad spectrum antibiotics

The division of antibiotics into generations is heterogeneous. So, for example, cephalosporin drugs and fluoroquinolones are divided into 4 generations, macrolides and aminoglycosides - into 3:

Unlike older drugs, new generation antibiotics affect the beneficial flora much less, are absorbed faster, and have a less toxic effect on the liver. They are able to quickly accumulate the active substance in the tissues, due to which the frequency of receptions is reduced, and the intervals between them increase.

What drugs to take depending on the disease?

Often the same broad-spectrum drug is prescribed for different diseases. But this does not mean that you can do without preliminary diagnosis. Only the correct diagnosis allows you to adequately choose an antibiotic.

Bronchitis treatment

Bronchitis is a common infectious and inflammatory disease that can lead to severe complications. For the treatment of bronchitis, the following drugs can be prescribed:

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Simultaneously with antibiotics in the treatment of bronchitis, mucolytic and anti-inflammatory drugs are used.

With pneumonia

Pneumonia should never be treated on its own at home. This disease requires mandatory hospitalization and serious therapy with intramuscular or intravenous antibiotics.

For the treatment of pneumonia in a hospital, the following drugs for injection can be used:

• "Ticarcillin";
• "Carbenicillin";
• "Cefepim";
• "Meropenem".

In some cases, antibiotics are also prescribed in tablets. These can be drugs:

• "Tigeron";
• "Gatispan";
• "Sumamed";
• "Avelox".

The dosage and frequency of administration in this case is determined individually, based on the patient's condition and therapeutic strategy.

Antibiotics for sinusitis

The decision to prescribe antibiotics for the treatment of sinusitis is made by the ENT doctor. Therapy with these drugs is carried out without fail if purulent discharge from the sinuses and intense headaches are observed:

Before prescribing antibiotics, the ENT doctor usually gives a referral for a bacterial culture and an antibiogram to determine the type of pathogen and its sensitivity to a particular active substance.

With angina

Angina in everyday life is called acute tonsillitis - inflammation of the tonsils caused by viruses or bacteria. The bacterial form of angina is caused by streptococci or staphylococci, and this disease can only be treated with antibiotics:

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It is important to understand that if acute tonsillitis is not bacterial, but viral in nature, it is useless to treat it with antibiotics. Only a doctor can distinguish between these two forms of the disease, so you should not take any drugs without his advice.

Colds and flu

Respiratory infections, which in everyday life are called colds, as well as the flu, are caused by viruses. Therefore, antibiotics in their treatment are used only in one case: if the disease becomes complicated and a bacterial infection joins the viral infection.

In such situations, therapy is usually started with penicillin antibiotics:

• "Flemoxin Solutab";
• "Flemoklav Solutab".

If after 72 hours after the start of taking these drugs there is no improvement, new generation macrolides are connected to therapy:

• "Sumamed";
• "Rulid";
• AzitRus.

The regimen for taking antibiotics in the treatment of respiratory infections is standard, but medical supervision is also necessary in this case.

Urinary tract infections

Genitourinary infections can be caused by pathogens of different nature - viruses, fungi, bacteria, protozoa. Therefore, it makes sense to start treatment only after a thorough laboratory diagnosis and determination of the type of pathogen.

In mild cases, you can remove the infection from the urinary tract using the following drugs:

• "Furadonin" - 2 mg per 1 kg of weight 3 times a day;
• "Furazolidone" - 2 tablets of 0.05 g 4 times a day;
• "Palin" - 1 capsule 2 times a day.

In more difficult situations, when pathogens are highly resistant (resistance) to chemical attack, broad-spectrum antibiotics can be prescribed:

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Simultaneously with antibiotics in the treatment of genitourinary infections, plenty of fluids and diuretic drugs are prescribed. In severe cases, injections of the drug Amikacin are advisable.

Antifungal drugs

For the treatment of fungal infections, drugs with fungistatic or fungicidal action are used. They differ from the drugs listed above and stand out in a separate class, within which there are three groups:

As in the treatment of bacterial infections, the treatment of fungal diseases requires accurate diagnosis of the pathogen and strict control by a specialist.

For eye disease

Antibiotics for the treatment of eye diseases are available in the form of ointments or drops. They are prescribed if the ophthalmologist has diagnosed conjunctivitis, blepharitis, meibomitis, keratitis and a number of other infections.

Most often, therapy is carried out using the following drugs:

• "Tsipromed" - drops containing Ciprofloxacin;
• "Albucid" - drops with sulfacetamide;
• "Dilaterol" - drops based on tobramycin;
• "Tobrex" - an analogue of "Dilaterol" in the form of an ointment;
• "Kolbiocin" is a multicomponent ointment containing tetracycline, chloramphenicol and sodium colistimethate.

A specific drug is prescribed based on the diagnosis, the severity of the course of the disease and the individual characteristics of the patient.

Inexpensive new generation antibiotics

The cost of new generation antibiotics is never low, so you can save money only by buying inexpensive analogues. They are produced on the basis of the same active substances, however, the degree of chemical purification of such preparations may be lower, and the cheapest excipients are taken for their production.

You can replace some expensive antibiotics based on the following table:

Another way to save money is to buy older antibiotics, not the latest generation.

For example, in many cases, such proven antibacterial drugs can help out:

• "Erythromycin";
• "Ceftriaxone";
• "Bicillin";
• "Cefazolin";
• "Ampicillin".

If more than 72 hours have passed since the start of treatment with inexpensive antibiotics, and there is no improvement in the condition, it is urgent to consult a doctor and change the drug.

Can it be used during pregnancy?

Antibiotics during pregnancy are prescribed by doctors only in emergency cases and after a thorough analysis of the possible risks.

But even in such situations, drugs of the following groups are not used:

• all fluoroquinolones;
• macrolides based on roxithromycin, clarithromycin, midecamycin;
• all aminoglycosides.

Only the attending physician can decide on the advisability of prescribing antibiotics during pregnancy. Self-administration of any drugs, even relatively safe and related to the new generation, is strictly prohibited.

Often, as soon as we notice a cough or a slight increase in temperature, we begin to study all possible pills and potions. Undoubtedly, knowledge of good medicines will always come in handy. Therefore, searching for information about them on the Internet is a very useful pastime. However, any disease should be treated carefully, having thoroughly studied everything and, of course, consulting a doctor. Especially when it comes to antibiotics.

Antibiotics are a powerful and effective remedy for many diseases. These antibacterial substances of synthetic, semi-synthetic or natural origin can quickly stop the growth of harmful microorganisms or completely destroy them.

Especially often they are used in the treatment of such common diseases as:

• angina;
• bronchitis;
• sinusitis;
• intestinal infections;
• otitis;
• pneumonia.

Also, antibiotics are used in a number of other cases, due to which they are one of the most popular types of medicines. However, not all and not always treated with these substances. For example, most antibiotics are usually useless in the treatment of viral diseases. Against viruses, only tetracyclines and some other groups are mainly used.

In addition, despite their widespread use, antibiotics are by no means harmless. Some of them, with prolonged use, can cause dysbacteriosis and skin rashes. Also, antibacterial drugs often have side effects, and if taken incorrectly, they can greatly weaken the body and make harmful bacteria resistant to treatment.

Therefore, for review, we have compiled a rating of the best antibiotics against specific diseases, in particular, sore throats, coughs and some others. When choosing funds, we were guided by the recommendations of specialists, patient reviews and a description of the pharmacological action of drugs. However, antibiotics should be taken strictly according to the doctor's prescription!

There are contraindications. Check with your doctor.

The best antibiotics for sore throat, bronchitis and cough

Most antibiotics are designed to fight several different types of microbes at once and have a fairly wide spectrum of action. However, only a few of them are really effective for coughs and respiratory tract infections.

3 Azithromycin

Best price
Country Russia
Average price: 160 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.0

The rating of the best antibiotics against colds is opened by a budget domestic broad-spectrum drug. Despite the low price, it copes well with various respiratory infections, including bronchitis, laryngitis and pneumonia. Therefore, it is one of the most prescribed antibiotics.

However, he was prevented from getting a higher place in the ranking by a large number of side effects and contraindications, alas, characteristic of most of these drugs. In addition, it is not recommended for children under 16 years of age, as well as for adults who have arrhythmias, kidney or liver failure.

2 Macrofoam

The best antibiotic tablets
Country: Slovenia
Average price: 262 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.4

Coated Slovenian tablets are a good remedy for pathogenic intracellular microorganisms. This antibiotic is used mainly for bronchitis, stomatitis, pneumonia and other infections caused by certain pathogens. Also, the drug can be taken for the treatment and prevention of whooping cough and diphtheria.

The advantages of this antibiotic include efficiency, few contraindications and minimal side effects. Plus, it's pretty easy to take. Usually it is prescribed 3 times a day, one tablet before meals.

The standard form of release of the antibiotic is 16 tablets. However, the drug is also found in the form of a suspension, which is given even to the smallest children.

1 Fluimucil-antibiotic IT

Best result
Country: Italy
Average price: 750 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.8

Fluimucil is one of the few truly effective antibiotics suitable for both injection and inhalation. This antibiotic is used mainly for inhalation with a wet cough, bronchitis, tonsillitis, tracheitis and a number of other respiratory diseases.

Also, this solution can be called one of the best means for washing or instillation for sinusitis, including sinusitis, and otitis media. Due to the successful combination of antibiotic and mucolytic, Fluimucil not only eliminates pathogenic microflora, but also helps to cleanse the problem area. For example, with bronchitis, the drug accelerates the process of sputum excretion.

Fluimucil-antibiotic IT is released in the form of a solution of 500 mg for inhalation and injection. It should not be confused with the effervescent tablets and granules of the same name for the preparation of a solution that is taken orally.

The best antibiotics for sinusitis

2 Polydex with phenylephrine

Antibacterial and vasoconstrictive action
Country: France
Average price: 320 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.7

Polydex spray is a complex remedy that is prescribed for a protracted cold with purulent discharge from the nose. Thanks to the combination of two antibiotics and the vasoconstrictor phenylephrine, this antibiotic has a wide spectrum of action and is effective in the fight against sinusitis and other sinusitis, rhinitis and a number of different bacteria. These drops can be called the best drug that has an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect and improves breathing. The effect of their application, as a rule, is noticeable after 3-5 days. The full course of treatment takes no more than 10 days.

It is important to remember that this is not only a nasal spray, but also a strong antibiotic that has a number of contraindications. In addition to pregnant women and children under 2.5 years old, Polydex is not suitable for adults suffering from glaucoma, kidney failure and kidney disease. Therefore, it is often replaced with a more gentle analogue.

1 Isofra

Best topical antibiotic
Country: France
Average price: 300 rubles.
Rating (2018): 5.0

The first place among the best remedies for sinusitis goes to a fairly powerful local antibiotic in the form of a nasal spray. Although this French drug is quite inexpensive and does not have the widest spectrum of action, it is literally indispensable in the treatment of a protracted cold with rhinitis, sinusitis or nasopharyngitis. In addition, this antibiotic is used to treat both adults and children.

The drug is considered one of the most harmless antibiotics, goes well with other drugs, has virtually no contraindications. Possible side effects include only an allergy to individual components and some deterioration in the microflora of the nasopharynx with prolonged use.

However, it is important to remember that this is still an antibiotic that must be used as prescribed by a doctor. In addition, it is categorically not recommended for use in allergic rhinitis or as a remedy for allergies.

Best Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

Although in most cases the use of narrowly targeted antibiotics is preferable, as they have fewer side effects, often recovery is not possible without a broad-spectrum antibiotic. For example, some diseases can be caused by several types of bacteria at once. In addition, not all pathogenic microflora can be eliminated by taking a specialized antibiotic.

3 Tetracycline

The widest range of action
Country Russia
Average price: 76 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.2

Probably almost every adult knows this frequently prescribed drug. Produced in various forms, the antibiotic is almost universal.

In most cases, tetracycline is taken in the form of tablets, including bronchitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, prostatitis, eczema, and various infections of the gastrointestinal tract and soft tissues. Acting in a complex way, this antibiotic quickly copes with most infectious causes of cough, fever and other ailments. Also, the antibiotic is available in the form of an ointment for external use and eye ointment, which helps to eliminate some problems locally.

However, the antibiotic has many contraindications and is not suitable for children under 8 years of age, as well as for women during pregnancy or lactation. Also, like many strong drugs, it can cause serious side effects.

2 Avelox

Better efficacy in acute and chronic diseases
Country: Germany
Average price: 773 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.5

Avelox tablets from the well-known German company Bayer are one of the most serious antibiotics used primarily to combat acute and chronic diseases that cannot be treated by most other means. Therefore, since 2012, it has been included by the Government of the Russian Federation in the List of Essential Medicines.

It is also one of the best drugs for adults due to its high efficiency and the fact that it is convenient and easy to take, so it does not depend on meals and does not require any additional actions. In addition, the antibiotic is well studied and, according to numerous studies, rarely causes side effects.

Also, the antibiotic is found in the form of an injection solution, which is often used for exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. In some cases, the course of injections of Avelox precedes the course of the same antibiotic in tablets.

1 Amoxicillin

The most harmless universal antibiotic
Country: Slovenia
Average price: 44 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.9

The time-tested popular drug becomes the leader in the ranking of the best broad-spectrum antibiotics. It is taken for many diseases that occur both with and without temperature, in particular:

• infections of the respiratory tract and ENT organs (including sinusitis, bronchitis, tonsillitis, otitis media);
• gastrointestinal infections;
• skin and soft tissue infections;
• infections of the genitourinary system;
• Lyme disease;
• dysentery;
• meningitis;
• salmonellosis;
• sepsis.

Amoxicillin is perhaps one of the most popular antibiotics for adults and children. The presence of different forms of release, including tablets and suspensions, as well as a relatively small list of possible side effects, allow even pregnant women and babies aged 1 month to take the medicine.

Best antibiotics for kids

The illness of a child in itself is not an easy test. However, the situation is often complicated by the fact that children do not want to take an antibiotic, or it has many side effects that are extremely harmful to the child's body. Therefore, we have selected some of the most harmless and palatable effective drugs for sore throats, bronchitis and other common diseases.

2 Augmentin

The best complex antibiotic
Country: UK
Average price: 150 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.4

Augmentin is one of the few antibiotics safe enough to be given to young children, even infants. Despite the relatively small number of side effects, the drug, unlike some analogues, can still have a negative effect on the kidneys and intestines. Therefore, it should be taken with caution, especially at an early age.

In general, the antibiotic is effective and has a good composition. Especially often this antibacterial agent is prescribed in the treatment of bronchitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, as well as various respiratory tract infections. In addition, due to the extended complex action, this antibiotic is also effective in the fight against various mixed infections.

In addition to the suspension, Augmentin is also available in the form of tablets that school-age children and adults can take.

1 Amoxiclav

Maximum benefit - minimum contraindications
Country: Slovenia
Average price: 220 rubles.
Rating (2018): 5.0

The leader among the best children's antibiotics can be confidently called a universal broad-spectrum drug, suitable for both adults and children. The most popular form of Amoxiclav are tablets, but in pharmacies you can easily find a suspension, which is usually given to young children and even newborns with severe colds, coughs and fever caused by various infections.

In addition to the convenient form of release and versatility, the advantages of the drug include:

• minimum contraindications and side effects;
• pleasant taste;
• speed;
• does not contain dyes;
• affordable price.

Despite the mild effect of the drug, you can take it, like other antibiotics, only as directed by a doctor. In addition, Amoxiclav cannot be combined with certain other medicines.