Paid ENT clinic. ENT treatment. What does the ENT see when examining the throat

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What kind of doctor is an ENT?

Diseases of which organs are treated by the "adult" ENT?

The scope of work of an otorhinolaryngologist includes:

• Ear diseases. This group includes not only diseases of the auricle, but also pathologies of the external auditory canal, tympanic cavity and inner ear ( a structure responsible for converting sound waves into nerve impulses that enter the brain, forming the sensation of sound).

• Diseases of the nose. The nasal passages belong to the initial section of the upper respiratory tract. Due to their special structure, they provide purification, warming and humidification of the inhaled air. Damage to the nasal mucosa may be due to infectious agents ( bacteria, viruses) or other factors ( injuries, diseases of the spine and so on).
• Throat diseases. The pharynx is the section of the throat that connects the nose, mouth, larynx, and esophagus. Throat diseases include infectious and inflammatory lesions of its mucous membrane, caused by the development of pathogenic microorganisms ( bacteria, viruses) and a decrease in the body's defenses. Also, the ENT deals with the treatment of injuries of the pharynx, burns or other lesions.
• Diseases of the larynx. The larynx belongs to the upper respiratory tract and is located between the pharynx and trachea ( connects them). The larynx contains the vocal apparatus, represented by two vocal cords. When a person speaks, the vocal cords tighten and vibrate ( from exposure to exhaled air), resulting in sounds. Any diseases of the larynx, as well as a speech disorder associated with damage to the vocal cords, are treated by ENT.
• Diseases of the trachea. The trachea is part of the upper respiratory tract and provides air to the bronchi, from where it enters the lungs. Damage to the trachea can be observed with many colds, with infectious and inflammatory lesions of the pharynx or oral cavity, and so on. In all these cases, the ENT can take part in the treatment process ( along with other specialists).

Children's ENT

ENT surgeon

ENT oncologist

An ENT oncologist diagnoses and treats:

• laryngeal cancer;
• tumors of the tonsils organs of the lymphatic system located in the pharynx);
• tumors ( including cancer) pharynx;
• benign neoplasms of the nasal cavity;
• malignant tumors of the nasal cavity;
• tumors of the paranasal sinuses;
• ear tumors.

audiologist

The responsibilities of an audiologist include:

• detection of hearing impairment;
• identifying the cause of hearing loss;
• referral for treatment;
• teaching the patient how to prevent the progression of the disease.

ENT phoniatrist

Speech problems may be due to:

• Damage to the vocal cords (performing a voice-forming function).
• Damage to the parts of the central nervous system responsible for speech. In this case, neurologists, neurosurgeons and other specialists are also involved in the treatment process ( if necessary).
• Speech disorders associated with mental illness. In this case, psychiatrists, neurologists, neuropathologists are involved in the treatment.

Are ENT consultations free or paid?

Paid ENT consultations can be obtained at private medical centers, as well as by calling a doctor from such a center to your home.

What ear diseases does ENT treat?

Otitis ( external, middle, purulent)

• outdoor. In this case, the skin of the auricle or external auditory canal is affected, with frequent involvement of the tympanic membrane. The reason for the development of this disease may be non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene ( that is, picking in the ears with various dirty objects - pins, matches, keys, and so on). The treatment is predominantly local - the ENT prescribes ear drops with antibiotics ( drugs that destroy pathogenic microorganisms). In the event of complications ( that is, during the formation of an abscess - a cavity filled with pus) surgical treatment is indicated.
• Medium. In this case, the structures of the middle ear become inflamed ( tympanic cavity) - the eardrum and auditory ossicles, which ensure the transmission of sound waves. Without treatment, this pathology can lead to permanent hearing loss, so otorhinolaryngologists recommend starting anti-inflammatory drugs as early as possible. With the development of purulent otitis media ( that is, with the accumulation of pus in the tympanic cavity) antibiotics are prescribed, and if they are ineffective, the eardrum is pierced and the pus is removed.
• internal. otitis media ( labyrinthitis) is an inflammation of the inner ear, in which sound waves are converted into nerve impulses, which then enter the brain. This pathology may be accompanied by ringing or tinnitus, hearing loss, headaches, and so on. Treatment consists of prescribing antibiotics with a bacterial form of the disease), and if they are ineffective - in the surgical removal of a purulent focus.

Earwax plugs

Treatment of sulfur plugs is to remove them. To do this, the ENT can flush the ear with warm water or remove the plug using special tools.

Ear injury

With a traumatic lesion of the tympanic cavity or inner ear, more severe complications are possible associated with damage to the auditory ossicles, tympanic membrane and other structures of the auditory analyzer. In this case, the patient may experience hearing loss, bleeding from the ear, headaches and dizziness ( caused by brain damage during trauma) and so on. Patients with such injuries should be hospitalized for a full evaluation, as they have a high probability of having skull fractures and other injuries. Treatment may be symptomatic ( relief of pain, removal of inflammatory tissue edema, and so on) or surgical, aimed at eliminating existing lesions ( fractures, bleeding from damaged vessels, and so on).

What throat diseases does ENT treat?

tonsillitis ( angina, inflammation of the palatine tonsils, tonsils)

Treatment is with antibiotics ( in case of bacterial angina) or antiviral drugs ( if angina is caused by viruses) and in symptomatic therapy ( anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and other medicines are used). Also, the ENT may prescribe a throat lavage with antiseptic solutions that destroy pathogenic microorganisms.

Chronic tonsillitis develops with neglected, untreated cases of tonsillitis and is characterized by a long, sluggish inflammatory process in the region of the palatine tonsils, which eventually leads to a violation of their functions. Systemic manifestations ( such as fever) are usually absent, however, almost all patients have a painful enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes, constant hyperemia ( redness) mucous membrane of the tonsils, as well as their increase and painful compaction.

Conservative treatment of chronic tonsillitis is the use of antibacterial drugs, but this does not always give the expected result. In the case of frequent exacerbations of tonsillitis, as well as the ineffectiveness of drug therapy, the otorhinolaryngologist may recommend surgical treatment ( removal of palatine tonsils), which will once and for all solve the problem of angina.

Pharyngitis

Treatment is to eliminate the root cause of the disease ( antibiotics are prescribed for a bacterial infection, antiviral agents for a viral infection, and so on), as well as in symptomatic therapy ( anti-inflammatory drugs are used to relieve swelling of the mucous membrane and eliminate pain).

Laryngitis ( inflammation of the larynx)

Laryngitis can manifest itself:

• Sore throat- due to swelling of the mucous membrane of the larynx.
• Hoarseness of voice- due to damage to the vocal cords.
• Difficulty breathing- due to swelling of the mucous membrane and narrowing of the lumen of the larynx.
• Dryness and itching in the throat.
• Cough.
• Systemic reactions- fever, general weakness, headaches and so on.

Stenosis of the larynx

The main manifestation of this pathology is respiratory failure associated with difficulty in the flow of air into the lungs. At the same time, breathing can become noisy, hoarse, each breath is given to the patient with great effort. Over time, signs of a lack of oxygen in the body may appear - increased heart rate, cyanosis of the skin, psychomotor agitation, fear of death, and so on.

An important point is the prevention of stenosis of the larynx, which consists in the timely and adequate treatment of inflammatory diseases of this organ. With severe stenosis, when conservative measures are ineffective, the ENT may prescribe a surgical operation - laryngoplasty, designed to restore the normal lumen of the larynx and prevent its further narrowing.

Does ENT treat tracheitis and bronchitis?

What diseases of the nose does ENT treat?

Adenoids

In most cases, adenoids appear in young children, which is due to the characteristics of their body ( in particular, an overreaction of the immune system to bacterial and viral infections). Frequent colds of the upper respiratory tract can contribute to the development of pathology, stimulating the activity of the immune system and leading to a gradual increase in the pharyngeal tonsil. Over time, it increases so much that it blocks most of the airways, as a result of which the child begins to experience difficulty in nasal breathing. Also, children may experience a constant runny nose, cough, hearing loss, fever and other signs of an infectious and inflammatory process.

At the initial stage of the development of the disease, the ENT may prescribe conservative treatment, which is aimed at fighting the infection ( antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs) and to strengthen the general protective forces of the child's body ( immunostimulants, multivitamin preparations). If medical treatment is ineffective, the adenoids increase, and it becomes more and more difficult for the child to breathe, the ENT performs surgical removal of the adenoids.

polyps

The reasons for the formation of polyps are unknown. It is believed that frequent infectious and viral lesions of the nasal mucosa can contribute to the development of the disease. Polyps can appear as in children ( in this case, you should contact the pediatric ENT) as well as in adults.

Drug treatment of polyps consists in the appointment of steroid drugs. However, often conservative measures are not enough ( polyps continue to grow, increasingly disrupting nasal breathing), in connection with which the ENT recommends removing them surgically. At the same time, it should be noted that the recurrence rate ( re-formation of nasal polyps) after surgery is about 70%.

Rhinitis ( acute, chronic, vasomotor)

With untreated or frequently recurring acute rhinitis, it can become chronic, in which signs of inflammation ( runny nose, stuffy nose) remain in the patient almost permanently.

In a separate group, vasomotor rhinitis should be distinguished, which develops with frequent allergic diseases of the nose, with a violation of the nervous regulation of the nasal mucosa, as well as with diseases of the autonomic ( autonomous) nervous system. All these causative factors lead to a violation of the functional activity of the nasal mucosa, which is accompanied by its edema and nasal congestion ( observed almost constantly), copious secretion of mucus from the nose, itching ( burning sensation) in the nose and so on.

Treatment of ordinary acute rhinitis is reduced to the elimination of the cause of the disease, as well as symptomatic therapy. The ENT may prescribe anti-inflammatory, antiviral or antibacterial drugs, and vasoconstrictor drops to normalize nasal breathing ( they constrict the vessels of the nasal mucosa, resulting in a decrease in the severity of its edema). Treatment of vasomotor rhinitis usually requires a more detailed examination, long-term drug therapy, and the participation of other specialists involved in the treatment of diseases of the nervous system ( neurologists, neurologists).

sinusitis ( sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, sphenoiditis)

Depending on the location of the lesion, there are:

• Sinusitis. Inflammation of the maxillary sinuses, located in the cavities of the maxillary bones. With inflammation of the mucous membrane of the sinuses, it swells, as a result of which the normal ventilation of the sinuses themselves is disturbed, and favorable conditions are created for the development of infection. For the treatment of non-purulent ( catarrhal) sinusitis ENT prescribes antibiotics, nasal lavage with antiseptic solutions, anti-inflammatory drugs. In case of progression of the disease and the formation of pus in the maxillary sinuses, their puncture may be required ( puncture) and removal of pus.
• Frontit. Inflammation of the frontal sinus, manifested by severe headaches, eye pain, lacrimation, fever, and so on. Frontal sinusitis is treated with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs. If they are ineffective, as well as in the case of accumulation of pus in the frontal sinus, the ENT can also perform a sinus puncture.
• Etmoiditis. It is characterized by inflammation of the cells of the ethmoid labyrinth located in the ethmoid bone of the nose. Manifested by pain in the bridge of the nose, headaches and pain in the eyes, fever. Treatment of ethmoiditis is carried out with antibiotics, and if they are ineffective, the otorhinolaryngologist performs a surgical operation ( opening the focus of infection, removing pus and local application of antibacterial drugs and antiseptic solutions).
• Sphenoiditis. It is characterized by inflammation of the sphenoid sinuses located in the back of the nose. The main symptoms are headaches in the parietal region and in the occipital region. Systemic signs of the disease do not differ from those of other sinusitis. Untreated sphenoiditis can quickly become complicated by damage to the optic nerves and visual impairment, and therefore treatment ( medical or surgical) should be started as soon as possible.

Deviated septum

Symptoms of a deviated nasal septum can include:

• Difficult nasal breathing- through one nostril if the septum is tilted to one side) or through both nostrils ( if the septum is curved in several places, as a result of which the passage of air in both nasal passages is disturbed).
• Chronic rhinitis- constantly present signs of inflammation of the nasal mucosa ( runny nose, nasal congestion and so on).
• Dryness in the nose- as a result of uneven distribution of air, one of the nostrils will constantly be dry.
• Decreased sense of smell- a person poorly detects odors through one or both nostrils.
• Frequent rhinitis- as a result of a change in the nasal passages, their protective function is disrupted, which contributes to the development of bacterial and viral infections.
• Changing the shape of the nose- typical if the curvature of the nasal septum occurred as a result of an injury.

Nose injury

With a traumatic injury to the nose, there may be:

• Closed soft tissue injury. May be accompanied by bruising, bruising or bruising in the area of ​​injury. Serious treatment is usually not required - it is enough to apply cold to damaged tissues for a few minutes.
• Fracture of the bones of the nose. A formidable condition that can be accompanied by damage to the orbit, paranasal sinuses and other adjacent tissues.
• Fracture of the walls of the paranasal sinuses. May be accompanied by a violation of their structure and functions.
• Deviation of the nasal septum. It usually occurs simultaneously with fractures of the bones of the nose. It can be extremely pronounced, requiring surgical correction.

Does ENT remove foreign bodies from the ear, throat, nose?

Things are much more complicated with foreign bodies of the larynx. The fact is that a large number of special nerve receptors are concentrated in this area, designed to protect the respiratory tract. If any foreign object of a sufficiently large size enters the larynx ( e.g. small toy, coin, bead), laryngospasm may develop - a pronounced contraction of the muscles of the larynx, accompanied by a tight closure of the vocal cords. In this case, breathing becomes impossible, as a result of which, without emergency medical care, a person dies within a few minutes. It is not worth waiting for an ENT in this condition, but you need to call an ambulance as soon as possible or take the child to the nearest medical center.

Symptoms of diseases of the ENT organs ( runny nose, cough, hearing loss, ear congestion, tinnitus, headache, fever)

The reason for contacting the ENT may be:

• Runny nose. A sudden runny nose most often indicates the presence of acute rhinitis. At the same time, a prolonged, sluggishly progressive runny nose can be a sign of chronic nasal disease.

• Cough. A dry, agonizing cough, accompanied by a sore or sore throat, may be a sign of sore throat, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, or bronchitis. At the same time, a cough accompanied by yellow or greenish sputum may indicate the presence of pneumonia ( pneumonia), which requires consultation with a therapist or pulmonologist.
• Sore throat. May indicate inflammatory diseases of the pharynx, palatine tonsils or larynx.
• Hearing loss. This symptom can be observed in diseases of the external auditory canal, tympanic cavity or inner ear.
• Ear congestion. The appearance of this symptom can often be associated with ordinary, not requiring medical intervention phenomena ( for example, during takeoff or landing of an aircraft, if water gets into the ear while swimming). At the same time, if ear congestion persists for a long time, it is recommended to visit an ENT specialist who can identify the cause of this phenomenon ( sulfur plugs, inflammatory diseases of the external auditory canal or tympanic cavity, and so on) and help fix it.
• Noise ( ringing) in the ears. Noise or ringing in the ears can occur with prolonged exposure to very loud sounds ( e.g. when listening to loud music). This phenomenon usually does not cause serious harm to health and does not require a visit to a doctor, however, with frequent noise exposure, it can cause hearing loss. Other causes of this symptom may be diseases of the tympanic cavity, inner ear, or nerve fibers through which impulses come from the organ of hearing to the brain.
• Headache and fever. These symptoms most often indicate the presence of an infectious-inflammatory process in the body. Quite often, these symptoms occur with a common cold, without requiring a visit to a doctor. At the same time, if the temperature gets too high ( more than 38 - 39 degrees), and headaches do not go away for several days in a row, it is recommended to consult a specialist.

Is an ENT consultation necessary during pregnancy?

Preventive visit to the ENT

How is the reception at the ENT in the clinic?

What questions can an ENT ask?

• How long ago did the first signs of the disease appear? cough, runny nose, stuffy ears and so on)?
• What contributed to the appearance of the first symptoms ( hypothermia, cold, injury)?
• Has the patient taken any self-treatment? If yes, what was its effectiveness?
• Has the patient had similar illnesses before? If yes, how often how many times in the last year) and what treatment did you take?
• Does the patient suffer from any chronic diseases of the ENT organs? If so, how long ago and what treatment did you take?
• Has the patient had ENT surgery? removal of tonsils, removal of adenoids and so on)?

What tools does the ENT use during the examination of the patient?

The main tools of the ENT are:

• Forehead reflector. It is a round mirror with a hole in the center. This device helps the doctor visually examine the patient's throat, as well as narrow nasal passages and the external auditory canal. The essence of his work is as follows - with the help of special mounts, the doctor sets the mirror so that the hole is right in front of his eye. Then he sits opposite the patient and turns on the lamp, which is usually located on the side of the patient. The light from the lamp is reflected from the mirror and hits the area under study ( in the nasal passage, in the throat, in the ear), and the doctor through the central hole sees everything that happens inside.
• Medical spatula. This is a long thin plate, which can be plastic or wooden. During the examination of the throat, the doctor uses a spatula to press the root of the patient's tongue, which allows you to examine the deeper parts of the pharynx. It is worth noting that most of the medical spatulas used today are disposable. Reusable iron spatulas are used somewhat less frequently.
• Otoscope. conventional otoscope ( ear examination device) is a lens system, a light source and a special ear funnel. All this is attached to the handle, which makes the device easy to use. With the help of an otoscope, the doctor can examine the external auditory canal and the outer surface of the eardrum, as well as remove foreign bodies or sulfuric plugs. More modern otoscopes can be equipped with video cameras, which allows them to be used for more complex and subtle manipulations.
• Nasal mirror. This is a metal device shaped like scissors, but instead of cutting surfaces, it is equipped with two longitudinal blades connected in the form of a funnel. A mirror is used to inspect the nasal passages and is applied as follows. The doctor inserts the working end of the device into the patient's nostril, after which he squeezes its handle. As a result of this, the blades expand, while pushing the walls of the nasal passage apart, which allows you to more carefully examine the nasal cavity.
• Mirror for posterior rhinoscopy. Rhinoscopy is a procedure during which the nasal cavity is examined. Posterior rhinoscopy is performed using special round mirrors attached to a long thin handle. The doctor asks the patient to open his mouth, and then inserts this mirror into the throat, pointing it up. This allows you to visually examine the nasopharynx and the posterior parts of the nasal cavity, revealing the presence of an inflammatory process, polyps or adenoid growths.
• Ear or nose tweezers. They have a special curved shape and are designed to remove foreign objects from the external auditory canal or from the nasal passages, and are also used during surgical procedures.
• Surgical instruments. In surgical practice, the otorhinolaryngologist uses special instruments designed to remove adenoid growths ( adenotom), palatine tonsils ( tonsillitis), nasal polyps ( snare for nasal polypotomy) and so on.

Ear examination by ENT

After examination, the ENT may slightly press on the auricle or behind the ear. If at the same time the patient feels pain, he should inform the doctor about it. The doctor also palpates probes) behind-the-ear, occipital and cervical lymph nodes, determining their size, texture and soreness.

How does an ENT test hearing?

Hearing test using special equipment ( audiometry) gives more accurate data on the state of the patient's auditory analyzer. The essence of the method is as follows. The patient sits on a chair, and a special earpiece is put on the ear to be examined. Next, the earpiece begins to receive a sound signal of varying intensity ( barely audible at first, then louder and louder). As soon as the patient distinguishes the sound, he must inform the doctor about it or press a special button. Then the study is repeated on the second ear.

It should be noted that today there are many modifications of audiometry that allow to identify a variety of hearing impairments.

What does the ENT see when examining the throat?

When examining the throat, the ENT draws attention to the condition of the mucous membrane of the pharynx - it reveals its hyperemia ( redness), swelling, the presence of pathological plaque ( its color, the nature of the location is evaluated) and so on. In addition, the doctor evaluates the condition of the palatine tonsils ( tonsils), taking into account their size, shape and the presence or absence of signs of inflammation. The presence of plaque in the tonsils may indicate acute tonsillitis ( sore throat). After examining the throat, the ENT also palpates the cervical and other lymph nodes.

Nose examination by ENT

If the patient has a stuffy nose. Rhinoscopy can be performed only 5-10 minutes after the use of vasoconstrictor drops, otherwise the edematous and hyperemic mucosa may be traumatized, which can lead to bleeding.

After examination, the doctor feels the walls of the nose, and also slightly presses with his fingers in the area of ​​​​the maxillary and frontal sinuses. If the patient feels pain at the same time, there is a high probability that he has sinusitis or frontal sinusitis.

What tests can an ENT prescribe?

smear ( sowing) on the microflora in ENT infections

The essence of bacterioscopy is as follows. From the surface of the affected mucosa ( nose, throat, palatine tonsils and so on) or a material sample is taken from the external auditory canal. To do this, glass rods or sterile cotton swabs can be used, which are carried out 1 time over the surface of the area under study. Next, the samples are placed in a special test tube and sent to the laboratory under sterile conditions. In the laboratory, the obtained samples are stained according to a special technique, and then examined under a microscope. This allows you to determine the form of the pathogen and, in some cases, make a diagnosis.

Simultaneously with microscopy, bacteriological examination is carried out. Its essence is as follows. The material obtained from the patient is inoculated on special nutrient media ( for this, a cotton swab is carried out several times over the surface of the dishes with a nutrient medium), after which it is placed in a thermostat, which creates optimal conditions for the growth and reproduction of bacteria. After a certain time, the dishes with nutrient media are removed and the colonies of microorganisms that have appeared on them are examined. This allows you to accurately determine the type of pathogen, as well as assess its sensitivity to certain antibiotics, which is extremely important in the process of prescribing antibiotic therapy.

Investigation of ENT organs ( x-ray, computed tomography, MRI, endoscopy)

During the diagnosis, the ENT can use:

• Ear x-ray. May be prescribed to detect pathological processes ( e.g. accumulations of pus) in the tympanic cavity. X-rays are also useful in diagnosing fractures and detecting radiopaque foreign bodies ( made of iron, stone and so on).
• X-ray of the sinuses and nasal cavity. Allows you to identify swelling of the mucous membrane of the nasal sinuses, as well as to detect the accumulation of pus in them. With injuries, it is also possible to identify fractures of the walls of the sinuses and to detect foreign bodies in this area.
• X-rays of light. This study is not intended to diagnose diseases of the upper respiratory tract, however, it allows to exclude pneumonia, which can be a complication of bacterial and viral infections of the upper respiratory tract.
• Computed tomography ( CT). This is a modern study based on the X-ray method combined with computer technology. CT can provide detailed, clear images of many internal organs and structures that cannot be seen on conventional x-rays. Bone formations are most clearly visible on CT, and therefore it is most often used to detect fractures of the bones of the nose or ear region, as well as to detect foreign bodies in the tissues of the head.
• magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI). This is a modern study that allows you to get a layered three-dimensional image of the area under study. Unlike CT, MRI can more clearly visualize soft tissues and fluids, and therefore it can be used to detect benign and malignant tumors of the ENT organs, to determine the prevalence of a purulent process in the tissues of the head and neck, and so on.
• Endoscopy of the ear, throat or nose. The essence of this method is as follows. In the study area ( into the external auditory meatus, into the nasal passages, into the pharynx or larynx) introduce a thin flexible tube, at the end of which a video camera is fixed. While moving the tube through the area under study, the doctor can visually ( with multiple magnification) assess the condition of the mucous membrane, identify pathological changes or tissue growths.

Who can be hospitalized in the ENT department?

Indications for hospitalization in the ENT department are:

• Purulent sinusitis. The accumulation of pus in the paranasal sinuses can lead to the melting of the sinus wall and the spread of pus to surrounding tissues, including the brain, which can cause meningitis ( severe, often fatal complication).
• Purulent otitis media. As mentioned earlier, the accumulation of pus in the tympanic cavity can lead to rupture of the eardrum or destruction of the auditory ossicles, which will lead to partial or complete deafness.
• Acute otitis in children of the first year of life. In children, the infection can spread faster than in adults, which is why childhood infections require more attention from doctors.
• The presence of a foreign body in the respiratory tract or in the external auditory canal. If the foreign body was not deep, and its extraction was not difficult, hospitalization is not required.
• Injury to the nose, ear, or respiratory tract. The danger in this case lies in the fact that when these organs are injured, blood vessels, nerves or skull bones could be damaged, which must be identified in a timely manner and appropriate treatment initiated.
• Preoperative preparation. During this period of time, all necessary examinations are carried out and certain medications are prescribed.
• postoperative period. After performing some complex operations, the patient must remain in the hospital, where doctors can prevent or eliminate possible complications in time.

Is it possible to call an ENT at home?

At the same time, it is worth noting that in some private clinics, home visits are practiced by a specialist ( for a fee). In this case, the doctor can take with him all the necessary tools in order to examine the patient, make a diagnosis and prescribe treatment. In severe cases, when the doctor doubts the correctness of the diagnosis, he may recommend that the patient visit the clinic and undergo additional examinations.

What ENT diseases are antibiotics prescribed for?

When choosing an antibiotic, the doctor is first guided by data on the disease itself, as well as on those microorganisms that most often cause it. When a bacterial infection is detected, broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed, active against a large number of different bacteria. At the same time, it is recommended to take material for bacteriological examination, according to which the doctor can choose the drug that will be most effective against a particular infectious agent.

It should be noted that with viral diseases ( like the flu) Antibiotics are ineffective as they have no effect on viral particles. In this case, the use of antibacterial drugs is justified only for preventive purposes ( to prevent the development of bacterial infections) within a short period of time set by the doctor.

What procedures can an ENT perform?

Washing the nose and paranasal sinuses ( "cuckoo")

Flushing ( blowing) ears ( "steamboat")

Washing the throat and palatine tonsils

What operations can an ENT perform?

The competence of the LOR includes the implementation of:

• Laryngoplasty– operations to restore the normal shape of the larynx.
• Otoplasty- Correction of the shape of the ears.
• Septoplasty- elimination of curvature of the nasal septum.
• Tympanoplasty- washing the tympanic cavity and restoring the integrity and location of the auditory ossicles.
• Myringoplasty– restoration of the integrity of the eardrum.
• Stapedoplasty– stirrup replacement ( one of the auditory ossicles) prosthesis.
• Adenoidectomy- removal of adenoids.
• Polypotomy- removal of nasal polyps.
• Tonsillectomy- removal of palatine tonsils ( tonsils).
• Repositions of the bones of the nose- restoration of the bone skeleton of the nose after fractures.

Jokes about ENT

When examining a patient, the ENT decided to check his hearing and whispered:
- Twenty…
The patient yells back:
- From the fool I hear!

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There was a runny nose. I went to the ENT, who prescribed me drops in the nose. I bought it, I read the list of adverse reactions - “drowsiness ( sometimes insomnia), eye pain, headaches, ringing in the ears, irritability, muscle pain, convulsions, nausea, vomiting, depression, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nosebleeds…”. Here I sit and think - well, maybe this runny nose will pass by itself ...

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Medical examination in first class. The ENT asks the child:
- Do you have any problems with your nose or ears?
- Yes, they prevent me from putting on a sweater ...

Imagine that a singer can't sing, or you can't hear beautiful music. Think what if you can't smell the flower, or can't taste and enjoy your favorite dish. It is not possible to sleep all night next to a loved one because he snores.
All this, as a rule, is caused by diseases of the ENT organs.

Hearing and balance, swallowing and speech, breathing and sleeping problems, allergies and inflammation of the sinuses, and even facial plastic surgery are just some of the problems that ENT specialists can help with.
In professional terminology, these doctors are called "otolaryngologists", but it's easier to just say "ENT".

An otolaryngologist is a doctor who specializes in the treatment of diseases of the ear, nose and throat. He performs medical diagnostics and treatment, including surgeries including endoscopic surgery, laryngeal microsurgery, hearing-improving surgeries.

Treatment of simple and complex

Did you know that almost half of the patients who first come to medical institutions have some kind of ENT problems?

Almost everyone has a stuffy nose, sore throat or ear problems... ENT doctors treat a wide range of conditions and disorders of the ears, nose, throat - from simple to severe.

Otorhinolaryngologists are not only doctors who can treat your sinusitis, your child's otitis, or your father's sleep apnea. They are also surgeons who can perform extremely delicate operations: to restore hearing - operations on the middle and inner ear; to restore nasal breathing - correct the curvature of the nasal septum, remove polyps in adults or adenoids in a child; get rid of a sore throat - by performing surgical interventions in the pharynx.

What Do Otorhinolaryngologists Treat?

Otorhinolaryngologists do not limit their practice to any one part of the ENT organs, and can treat various diseases. However, some physicians receive additional training (specialization) in one of the following areas:

Ears (audiology / otoneurology): Hearing and balance (vestibular function) are extremely important to our daily lives. Treatment of conditions such as middle ear infections, hearing loss, dizziness, tinnitus (tinnitus).

Nose (rhinology): Our nose cleans, humidifies and warms the air we breathe, helping to prevent potentially harmful substances, allergens from viruses and bacteria from entering the lower respiratory tract. Doctors treat difficulty in nasal breathing, rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa), acute and chronic sinusitis (inflammation of the paranasal sinuses).

Throat (laryngology/phoniatrics): Diseases of the pharynx and larynx can have a huge impact on our quality of life. Doctors of this specialization treat acute and chronic diseases of the pharynx and larynx, voice disorders (dysphonia), hoarseness or complete loss of the ability to speak (aphonia).

Dream: A good restful night's sleep affects how we feel during the day, how we do our work. Sleep problems can contribute to the development of diseases of the heart, nervous system. Specialists treat sleep disorders, snoring and sleep apnea (episodes of stopping breathing), as well as other conditions that cause sleep problems.

Facial plastic surgery and reconstructive surgery: Damage to the face and related changes in appearance caused by an accident, trauma, birth defect. Doctors in the field of facial plastic surgery treat congenital cleft palate, ear deformities, congenital and post-traumatic deformities of the external nose.

ENT diseases in children: Frequent diseases of the ear, throat and nose in childhood need special attention. Otorhinolaryngologists treat acute and chronic otitis, tonsillitis, chronic tonsillitis and palatine tonsil hypertrophy. A special place among ENT diseases in children is occupied by hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids), adenoiditis (acute or chronic inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsil). These problems very often lead to difficulty with nasal breathing. Often, the lower respiratory tract is involved in the process. There are sleep disorders and much more.

Applied surgical treatment

Correction of the nasal septum –

). He is called "doctor ear-nose-throat" or doctor ENT, which is one and the same.

Such diseases are very common, disturbing every person, which leads to a great demand for doctors in this specialty.

Who is ENT

The incomplete name of the specialty of a laryngootorhinologist is ENT and it is widely known among the people. ENT is considered a reduction from the word "laryngootorhinologist".

• An otorhinolaryngologist who deals with diseases of the nose is called a rhinologist.
• An otolaryngologist who deals with diseases of the ears is called an otologist.
• A doctor who treats diseases of the larynx is called a laryngologist.
• Other otolaryngologists are involved in reconstructive surgery of the ears, nose and larynx.

The otolaryngologist is obliged to work in certain situations and as a therapist. He must continuously improve knowledge in the economics of medicine.

There is also an otolaryngologist who specializes in operations. It is practiced on the removal of various formations in the neck, nose, ears, by adjusting the nasalized septum.

The main sciences that study the head and neck are: audiology and speech anomaly, immunobiology, endocrinology and otorhinolaryngology.

Reasons for contacting the ENT

You should visit a doctor if the following symptoms appear:

• suddenly decreased hearing, there was a feeling of pain in the ear;
• the ear began to swell, there was a discharge with a purulent effect, deafness or hearing loss;
• the larynx is sick, the tonsils are reddened;
• bad breath;
• the voice disappeared for a long time;
• runny nose, pain and pressure where the nose is;
• snoring and allergies;
• stopping or obstruction of breathing through the nose;
• modification of the sense of smell;
• pain in the upper jaw, temples, nose;
• pain that occurs in the eyes and forehead;
• an increase in lymph nodes located near the ears, larynx;
• constant headaches, the appearance of blood from the nose.

When such signs appear, a consultation with an ENT doctor is simply necessary. Launched ENT diseases turn into an exacerbated form, up to a threat to the most important human organs on which life depends.

What does ENT treat?

In the office of an otolaryngologist, which is equipped with everything necessary, the following treatment is performed:

• Allergy: its treatment with medications, immunotherapy, or informing the patient about methods of avoidance.
• Orthopraxy: multifunctional surgical removal of oddities of the face, neck and ears.
• Head and neck: tumors in the neck, sinuses, mouth, throat.
• Laryngology: diseases of the larynx, difficulties with the voice.
• Otology: different directions for the treatment of ears, their injuries, infections, tumors.
• Children's otorhinolaryngology: conclusion about children, treatment of their ENT diseases.

Doctors may do a stapedectomy (to eliminate deafness).

They explore ways of surgical treatment and prevention of diseases, the appearance of some formations, diseases of the ears, respiratory system, face, jaws.

Pediatric otorhinolaryngology

In children, the ENT organs and their functions differ from adults, which means that the diseases of these organs proceed differently. In order to treat these diseases there is a pediatric otolaryngologist. Who is this polyclinic, the children know.

Children often suffer from ear, nose, and throat pain. 80% of children suffer from an ear infection before the age of 3. Doctors can cure a baby with hearing loss, now it is quite possible.

With the support of modern technologies, which ENTs currently have, they can effectively treat the ears from the most serious forms of pathology.

In polyclinics, implants are implanted, giving children hearing, eliminating the need to wear ordinary hearing aids.

Otolaryngologists are currently successfully curable and.

Whether we have an ear, throat or nose ache, we know that we should rush to the specialist who is responsible for the functioning of these vital organs, a kind of “three in one” doctor. It’s just that nature is arranged in such a way that these organs in the human body are anatomically connected, and therefore the infection, once in one place, can spread to other areas without hindrance. Of course, you guessed that we are talking about ENT doctors.

As you know, an ENT is a doctor whose duties include the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of a group of organs: ear, throat and nose. There are few specialists whose profession name would allow so many different variations. In the people, this doctor is simply called "ear throat", because not everyone can remember the tricky "otorhinolaryngologist". Although the latter term is the most correct, since it is formed from three Greek words - “from” (ear), “rhino” (nose) and “laring” (throat, larynx). On an equal footing with the scientific term, there is also the name "otolaryngologist", which apparently arose due to the desire to simplify a compound word, however, in this version, one of the components - the nose (rhino) - is clearly omitted, although it is implied.

When to go to the ENT doctor?

As a rule, we rush to the ENT when we are disturbed by:

• frequent colds,
• noise, pain in the ears or purulent discharge from them,
• sore throat, cough.

The situation is more complicated with young children, because they cannot say that they are in pain. Therefore, mothers come with a child to an appointment if he:

• often cries, sucks badly at the breast,
• nasal, wheezing, coughing,
• sleeping with open mouth
• hard of hearing
• as well as in case of mucous discharge from the nose.

Most often, patients in Moscow are diagnosed with: sinusitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, otitis media, laryngitis, tonsillitis and pharyngitis.

How to become an otorhinolaryngologist in Moscow?

Everyone who intends to devote their lives to the fight against diseases of the ear, throat and nose should, upon arrival in Moscow, go to the Russian National Research Medical University. N.I. Pirogov or the First State Moscow Medical University. THEM. Sechenov. However, any other university in Moscow, where there is a specialty "Medicine", is also suitable. After training in this program, you will be able to choose the specialization of an ENT doctor.

Famous specialists of the capital

Otorhinolaryngology as a science in the world was formed quite late - only by the 70s of the XIX century. The reason for this was the scattered study of diseases of the ENT organs. The first clinic specializing in the treatment of diseases of the ear, nose and throat was opened in Moscow in 1896. The outstanding Russian scientists N.P. Simanovsky and S.F. Matte.