Describe the type of domestic cat according to the main criteria.? Briefly about the morphology and physiology of the domestic cat

Question 1. Define the species.

A species is a collection of individuals that have similar genetic, morphological, physiological characteristics, are capable of interbreeding with the formation of fertile offspring, inhabit a certain area, have a common origin and similar behavior. The species is the basic systematic unit. It is reproductively isolated and has its own historical destiny. Species traits ensure the survival of both an individual and the species as a whole. At the same time, behavior that is beneficial for the species can even suppress the instinct of self-preservation (the bees die protecting the colony).

Question 2. Tell us what biological mechanisms prevent the exchange of genes between species.

The exchange of genes between species is prevented by reproductive isolation, i.e., the impossibility of interbreeding with individuals of another species. There are several reasons for reproductive isolation.

geographic isolation. Species living at a great distance or separated by an insurmountable barrier are not able to exchange genetic information.

Seasonal isolation. It is ensured by the difference in breeding seasons in different species. For example, in one species of California pine, pollen ripens in February, and in another, in April.

behavioral isolation. characteristic of higher animals. For example, in many related species of waterfowl, mating behavior has its own characteristic features, which excludes the possibility of interspecific crossing.

Question 3. What is the reason for the infertility of interspecific hybrids?

Each individual species has its own karyotype, which differs in the number of chromosomes, their shape, size, and structure. The difference in karyotypes leads to a violation of fertilization, to the death of the embryos or the birth of infertile offspring. The sterility of the offspring is due to the fact that in the absence of paired homologous chromosomes, conjugation is disturbed in prophase I of meiosis. As a result, bivalents are not formed, meiosis is disturbed, and the development of full-fledged gametes in hybrid offspring does not occur.

Question 4. What criteria do scientists use to characterize a species?

There are several basic criteria for the type.

Morphological - the similarity of the external and internal structure of organisms. With its help, it is easy to identify individuals of relatively well-distinguished species.

Genetic - structural features of the karyotype (number of chromosomes, their shape, size) and DNA. Used to separate closely related species and sibling species.

Physiological - the similarity of life processes. For example, different times of sexual activity in closely related species of Drosophila. This criterion can also include features of sexual and child-parental behavior: courtship rituals, care for offspring, etc.

Biochemical - similarity or difference in the structure of proteins, the chemical composition of cells and tissues. With its help, for example, close species of fungi are separated, which synthesize different chemicals.

Ecological - certain forms of interaction with other species and factors of inanimate nature. For example, there are related species of oaks that live on different soils: one - on limestone, the other - on sandy, the third - on volcanic.

Geographic - by area (distribution area). For example, Galapagos finches are isolated from South American ones, i.e., island and mainland species have completely different ranges.

Question 5. What is the species range?

The range of the species is the area of ​​distribution of the species. Range sizes can vary greatly between species. For example, Scotch pine grows almost throughout Russia, and snowdrop is typical only for the North Caucasus.

Species that occupy vast areas and are found everywhere are called cosmopolitans, and those that live only in small specific areas are called endemics. It is endemic species that make the greatest contribution to the diversity of life on our planet. And they also need the most careful protection - due to their small number, rigid attachment to certain living conditions, certain food, etc.

Question 6. Describe the type of domestic cat according to the main criteria.

Morphological criterion: a mammal of small size, has four paws and a tail, is covered with hair, has developed fangs and retractable claws.

Genetic - the karyotype of a cat is represented by 19 pairs of chromosomes, of which 18 pairs are somatic chromosomes and one pair is sex chromosomes. material from the site

Physiological: prefers an evening-night lifestyle, lies in wait (rather than pursues) prey, if necessary, makes characteristic meowing and purring sounds.

Biochemical: the chemical composition of polymers is standard for warm-blooded mammals.

Ecological: is a predator, preys on small rodents, birds.

Geographical: the species is cosmopolitan, lives almost everywhere and is tied to human dwellings.

Question 7. Define the concept of "population".

A population is a collection of individuals of the same species, inhabiting a certain territory for a long time, freely interbreeding with each other and partially or completely isolated from individuals of other similar populations.

A fairly significant number of populations usually inhabit the territory of the species range, each of which is an elementary unit of evolution.

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On this page, material on the topics:

• lion morphological criterion
• What are the criteria used by scientists to characterize the species?
• morphological criterion of species examples of animals
• what biological mechanisms prevent the exchange of agents between species
• kind of its criteria and structure briefly

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Lesson Objectives:

1. To consolidate the knowledge about the criteria of the species, obtained in the theoretical lesson.
2. Recall the morphology and systematics of plants studied in the course of botany.
3. To develop in students the ability to analyze, compare, draw generalizations and conclusions.

Lesson type: practical work.

Practical work is designed for 2 paired lessons of 45 minutes each. If necessary, the first one can be held in the biology room, and the second one in the computer class.

Equipment:

1. Personal computer (or laptop) for the teacher.
2. Multimedia projector.
3. Screen.
4. Personal computers (or laptops) for students (it is convenient to conduct a lesson in a computer class).
5. Plant herbarium.
6. Whatman sheets.
7. Scissors.
8. Glue.

During the classes

1. Organizational part.

The teacher announces the topic of the lesson, reveals its connection with other topics of the course.

2. Control of the initial level of knowledge.

Conducted in the form of a frontal survey:

What is systematics?

What is a taxon?

What is the smallest taxonomic unit?

Define the term "view".

What does the genus include?

What taxonomic groups does the family unite?

What taxonomic groups unite closely related families?

What does the class include?

In what taxonomic groups are related classes united?

Briefly describe the ideas about the form of K. Linnaeus.

What did J. B. Lamarck say about the view?

Describe the ideas about the form of Ch. Darwin.

What is a subspecies?

What is a population?

List the view criteria.

Give a description of the morphological criterion.

What is the genetic criterion based on?

What is meant by physiological criteria?

Describe the ecological criterion.

What is the geographical criterion based on?

If a student cannot answer a question, they move on to the next student. As a result, almost all students are surveyed.

3. Doing practical work.

Part 1: Distribution of plant and animal species by taxonomic groups.

The teacher invites students to recall the taxonomy of plants and animals using the example of a medicinal dandelion and a domestic cat.

• Kingdom - Plants
• Department – ​​Angiosperms
• Class - Dicotyledonous
• Order - Astrocolors
• Family - Compositae
• Genus - Dandelion
• Species - Dandelion officinalis

• Kingdom - Animals
• Type - Chordates
• Class - Mammals
• Squad - Carnivores
• Family - Feline
• Genus - Cat
• View - domestic cat

Then all students are divided into groups of 4 people, each group is given sheets of paper with images of animals and plants printed on them and the names of various taxonomic units (species, classes, departments, types, kingdoms)Attachment 1, as well as Whatman sheets, scissors and glue. Students should draw up a simplified classification scheme for the organic world on a piece of drawing paper, using the materials given to them, correctly distributing the resulting plant and animal species into taxonomic groups.

Part 2: Determination of plant species based on morphological criteria.

The teacher instructs students on how to work with an electronic determinant:

To identify a plant means to find out what it is called.

The definition of plants using classical botanical determinants is based on morphological, ecological, geographical and physiological criteria ( demonstrates the determinant P.F. Mayevsky "Flora of the middle zone of the European part of Russia"). Now a large number of modern paper guides are being produced, which are more compact and contain not only descriptions, but also photographs of plants. (demonstrates I.A. Shantser’s guide “Plants of the middle zone of European Russia”). In addition, computer identifiers have appeared, which, in addition to the description, also contain photographs of the whole plant and its individual parts. You can work with them on a computer, tablet, and even on some types of phones and smartphones.

Since the identification of plants requires a lot of time, during the lesson, students are invited to work with a simplified determinant, which contains representatives of only some families and is based mainly on morphological criteria. Application 2

Work algorithm:

1. Consider the designated plant.
2. Open the electronic identifier on the computer by double-clicking the left mouse button on the corresponding icon on the desktop.
3. To navigate through the pages of the determinant, use the control buttons.
4. Compare the characteristics of the plant being determined with the characteristics indicated in the determinant.
5. If the signs match, press the corresponding control button. So, moving from trait to trait, you will determine the species name of the plant.
6. During the determination, write down in your notebook:

Latin and Russian names of the family, genus and species of the studied plant;

Numeric course of the definition (comma-separated numbers of items in the determinant that you followed).

For work, all students are again divided into groups of 4 people. Each group receives 3 plants for identification. Upon completion of the work, a representative from each group reports to the rest of the students which plants they got to determine.

4. Reflection.

The teacher during the conversation finds out what difficulties the students had in the course of practical work, invites them to evaluate the effectiveness of their work in the classroom and the results achieved.

5. Fixing.

It is carried out in the form of biological tasks. Each group receives 2 task cards.Annex 3It is necessary to determine what kind of criteria of the type the task is talking about.

1. Creeping clover blooms from mid-May to autumn, pollinated by bumblebees.

- Physiological.

2. Two breeds of rabbits have the same number of chromosomes (44), but do not interbreed.

- Genetic.

3. Horsetail forms two types of shoots - spring and summer. Collectors of medicinal plant materials are only interested in summer shoots. They are green in color, consist of a thin stem with bud-shaped branches. The branches are directed upwards and resemble a Christmas tree.

- Morphological.

4. Bison and bison are two species belonging to the same genus. They are very similar to each other in appearance and in captivity they give fertile offspring - bison. In nature, they do not interbreed, because. live on different continents - bison in Europe, and bison - in North America.

- Geographic.

5. Cabbage aphids settle on cabbage leaves, twisting them, which makes it difficult to fight them.

- Ecological.

6. The polar bear has a thick white coat. The mass of the animal can reach 1000 kg, and the body length is 3 m.

- Morphological.

7. House mouse - a mammal of the genus Mice. Initial range - North Africa, tropics and subtropics of Eurasia; followed by man spread everywhere.

- Geographic.

8. The spruce crossbill has a thin beak, convenient for getting seeds, and the pine crossbill has a thick, massive beak, which allows it to get seeds from pine cones.

- Morphological.

9. The black crow lives in Western Europe, and the gray crow lives in Eastern Europe and Western Siberia.

- Geographic.

10. It has been established that under the name "black rat" two twin species are hidden: rats with 38 and 42 chromosomes, they do not interbreed.

- Genetic.

11. The white hare changes its fur to pure white in winter. The hare does not turn white in winter. His paws are narrower and shorter than those of a white hare. This enables him to run quickly on shallow and hard snow.

- Physiological.

12. The great tit usually chooses a deep hollow in the lower part of the trunk, formed as a result of rotting of a wood knot, for the nest. The titmouse prefers to build a hollow itself, plucking cavities in rotten or old trunks.

- Ecological.

13. Black bears, or baribals, are smaller than brown ones. Their muzzle is light brown, there is a small light spot on the chest. With this spot, they resemble Himalayan bears.

- Morphological.

14. In many fruit flies, the sperm of an alien species causes an immunological reaction in the female genital tract, which leads to the death of spermatozoa.

- Physiological.

15. The caustic buttercup grows only in the clearing, the creeping buttercup along the road.

- Ecological.

6. Summing up.

The teacher grades the lesson, comments on the results.

Biology. General biology. Grade 11. Basic level Sivoglazov Vladislav Ivanovich

5. Type: criteria and structure

5. Type: criteria and structure

Remember!

What levels of wildlife organization do you know?

What is a view?

What other systematic categories do you know?

At the heart of the evolutionary theory of Ch. Darwin lies the idea of ​​a species. What is a species and how real is its existence in nature?

The first idea of ​​a species was created by Aristotle, who defined a species as a collection of similar individuals. The very term "species" in Latin means "image". This word accurately defines the main criterion used by researchers until the 19th century. when determining the species affiliation of any organism. The famous scientist K. Linnaeus, who created the doctrine of the species, believed that the species consists of many similar individuals that give fertile offspring.

In modern biology view called a set of individuals with similar morphological and physiological characteristics, capable of interbreeding with the formation of fertile offspring, inhabiting a certain area (habitat), having a common origin and similar behavior.

A biological species is not only the main taxonomic unit in biological taxonomy. This is an integral structure of living nature, which is reproductively isolated from other similar structures and has its own destiny. The integrity of this system is given, firstly, by the processes of interaction between individual individuals. The relationship between organisms of different generations, between parents and children, males and females, features of territorial behavior - all this determines the internal structure of the species. Species traits do not always ensure the survival of an individual, but they are always favorable for the species as a whole. For example, a bee that has lost its sting will die, but at the same time it will protect the rest of the individuals.

The second reason for maintaining the unity and integrity of the species is reproductive isolation, i.e., the impossibility of interbreeding with individuals of another species. This is how protection works species gene pool(the totality of genes of the species) from the influx of alien genetic information. There are various factors preventing interspecific crossbreeding. For example, two closely related pine species grow in California. In one of them, pollen spills out in early February, and in the other in April, so there is seasonal isolation between these species. In higher animals, mating behavior has characteristic species features; therefore, females of one species do not respond to the courtship of males of another closely related species - this is an example of behavioral isolation (Fig. 12).

The presence of reproductive isolation in natural conditions is a decisive factor in defining a species as a genetically closed biological system.

Characteristic features and properties that distinguish some species from others are called species criteria.

View criteria. There are several basic criteria for the type.

Morphological criterion is the similarity of the external and internal structure of organisms. For a long time this criterion was the main, and sometimes the only one. With its help, individuals of non-related species are easily identified. Even a small child can distinguish between a cat and a mouse, any adult can distinguish between a mouse and a rat, but only a specialist can distinguish between a brownie and a small mouse. There are special determinants that are based on the morphological features of the organization. However, within a species, there is always structural variability between different individuals, so it can sometimes be quite difficult to determine the species of a particular individual.

genetic criterion. Sometimes, among very similar individuals, groups are found that do not interbreed with each other. These are the so-called twin species, which are found in almost all large systematic groups and differ from each other in the number of chromosomes. For example, among insects, there are two widespread species of ichneumons, which until recently were considered as a single species (Fig. 13).

Rice. 12. Different types of mating behavior of two closely related species of gulls

Rice. 13. Species-twins. Parasitic insects (A, B) with different karyotypes (C): 2n = 10 and 2n = 14

Each species has a certain set of chromosomes - a karyotype, which differs in the number of chromosomes, their shape, size, and structure. A different number of chromosomes in the karyotype of different species and species differences in genomes provide genetic isolation during interspecific crossing, because they cause the death of gametes, zygotes, embryos or lead to the birth of sterile offspring (hinny is a hybrid of a horse and a donkey). It is the use of the genetic criterion that makes it possible to reliably distinguish twin species.

Physiological criterion reflects the similarity of all vital processes in individuals of the same species: the same methods of nutrition, reproduction, similar reactions to external stimuli, the same biological rhythms (periods of hibernation or migration). For example, in two closely related species of the Drosophila fruit fly, sexual activity is observed at different times of the day: in one species, in the morning, in the other, in the evening.

Biochemical criterion is determined by the similarity or difference in the structure of proteins, the chemical composition of cells and tissues. For example, certain types of lower fungi differ from each other in their ability to synthesize various biologically active substances.

Environmental criterion characterized by certain forms of relationships between organisms of a given species with representatives of other species and factors of inanimate nature, i.e., by the conditions in which this species occurs in nature. In Texas, related species of oak grow on different soils: one species is found only on limestone soil, another on sandy soil, and the third grows on igneous rock outcrops.

Geographic criterion defines the scope, i.e. range, kind. Different species have very different range sizes. Species that occupy vast areas and are found everywhere are called cosmopolitans, but those who live in small areas and are not found in other places, - endemic.

Thus, to determine the species affiliation of an organism, it is necessary to use all the criteria in the aggregate, because individual criteria may coincide in different species.

view structure. In reality, in nature, individuals of any species within the range are unevenly distributed: somewhere they form clusters, and somewhere they may be completely absent. Such partially or completely isolated groupings of individuals of the same species are called populations (from Latin populus - people, population), i.e., in natural conditions, any species consists of a set of populations.

population- this is a collection of individuals of the same species, for a sufficiently long time (a large number of generations) inhabiting a certain territory within the range of the species, freely interbreeding with each other and partially or completely isolated from individuals of other similar populations.

It is the population that is elementary unit of evolution.

Review questions and assignments

1. Define the concept of "view".

2. Tell us what biological mechanisms prevent the exchange of genes between species.

3. What is the reason for the infertility of interspecific hybrids? Explain this phenomenon using your knowledge of the mechanism of meiosis.

4. What criteria do scientists use to characterize a species? What criteria do you consider the most important in determining the species?

5. What is the species range?

6. Describe the type of domestic cat according to the main criteria.

7. Define the term "population".

Think! Execute!

1. Why can one species be distinguished from another only by a combination of various criteria? What criteria do you think are the most important?

2. Do you know examples when the formulation “a species as a genetically closed system” turned out to be incorrect? (Remember the selection material from the 10th grade course.)

3. Do your research. Find out which species in your area are endemic and which are cosmopolitan. Prepare a report on the work done in the form of a stand.

4. In your opinion, can the words "population" and "popular" be considered the same root? Explain your point of view.

5. Provide evidence showing that species objectively exist in nature.

Work with computer

Refer to the electronic application. Study the material and complete the assignments.

6.2.4. Coat structure An expert cynologist during the exhibition examination does not miss the opportunity not only to examine, but also to feel the dogs. For him, the texture of the wool of the evaluated animals, especially the leaders, is important. Most breed standards clearly specify gloss, hardness