Human lymphatic system: lymph formation, functions, movement pattern. Lymphatic system Scheme of the direction of movement of lymph in the human body

The lymphatic system is an addition to the cardiovascular system, unlike the circulatory structure, it is not closed and plays an important role in cellular cleansing and metabolic processes. Speaking about the structure of the lymphatic system, the LS of the lower and upper extremities, small pelvis, head and neck, chest, and abdominal cavity are considered separately.

Before presenting a general description of the lymphatic system (systema lymphoideum), it is important to note that it performs the functions of removing foreign substances of exogenous and endogenous origin from organs and tissues by filtering tissue fluid (lymph) through the lymph nodes. The structure of the human lymphatic system includes lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, ducts, trunks and lymph nodes.

The structure of the capillaries and vessels of the lymphatic system

capillaries of the lymphatic system vasa lymphocapillaria) , with a diameter of up to 200 microns, are found in all organs and tissues of the human body, except for the brain and spinal cord, eyeball, inner ear, epithelial cover of the skin and mucous membranes, cartilage, spleen parenchyma, bone marrow and placenta. Tissue fluid is absorbed into the lymphatic capillaries along with the substances contained in it and takes the name of lymph (lympha).

The walls of the lymphatic capillaries are built from a single layer of endothelial cells. Due to this structure of the lymphatic capillaries, large protein molecules, particles of dead cells, and tumor cells easily penetrate through these walls along with tissue fluid. When connected to each other, capillaries form closed lymphocapillary networks (retia lymphocapillaria) in organs and tissues.

lymph vessels ( vasa lymphatica) , through which the lymph flows to the lymph nodes and from these nodes, are formed by the fusion of the lymphatic capillaries, three membranes are distinguished near the walls of the vessels. The inner shell (tunica intima) is thin. Outside of it is the middle shell (tunica media) then comes the outer shell (tunica externa). Lymphatic vessels have valves formed by folds of the inner membrane. The presence of valves ensures the flow of lymph in one direction - to the lymph nodes - and gives the lymphatic vessels a characteristic beaded appearance.

From the nodes of the lymphatic system, through their efferent lymphatic vessels, lymph flows to the next (along the lymph flow) nodes or to large vessels - the lymphatic ducts and trunks.

Trunks of the human lymphatic system

lymph trunks ( trunci lymphatici) and lymphatic ducts (ductus lymphatici) collect lymph (tissue fluid) from parts of the body and go to the lower neck, where these vessels flow into the so-called venous angle, formed on the right and left by the confluence of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. The right jugular trunk (truncus jugularis dexter) flows into the right venous angle, through which lymph flows from the organs and tissues of the right half of the head and neck, the right subclavian trunk (truncus subclavius ​​dexter), which carries lymph from the right upper limb, and the right lymphatic duct ( ductus lymphaticus dexter), which receives lymph from the organs of the right half of the chest cavity.

The left venous angle, formed by the confluence of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins, drains the left jugular trunk (truncus jugularis sinister), into which lymph (tissue fluid) enters from the left half of the head and neck, and the left subclavian trunk (trunks subclavius ​​sinister), collecting tissue fluid from the organs and tissues of the left upper limb, and the largest lymphatic vessel - the thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus), which receives tissue fluid (lymph) from the right half of the body and lower extremities.

Jugular trunk of the lymphatic system (right and left - truncus jugularis dexter et sinister) It is formed by the fusion of the efferent lymphatic vessels of the lateral deep cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes of the corresponding side, lying near the internal jugular vein throughout its entire length.

The subclavian trunk in the structure of the lymphatic system (right and left - truncus subclavius ​​dexter et sinister) is formed from the system of efferent lymphatic vessels of the axillary lymph nodes located in the axillary cavity.

The thoracic duct of the lymphatic system of the body

The thoracic duct of the lymphatic system ( ductus thoracicus) It is formed in the retroperitoneal tissue (at the level of the XII thoracic - II lumbar vertebrae) at the confluence of the right lumbar trunk (truncus lumbalis dexter) and the left lumbar trunk (truncus lumbalis sinister). The lumbar lymphatic trunks are formed from the efferent lymphatic vessels of the right or left lumbar lymph nodes. 1-3 intestinal trunks (trunci intestinales), which carry lymph from the mesenteric lymph nodes, also flow into the initial part of the thoracic duct. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the prevertebral, intercostal, and mediastinal lymph nodes of the chest cavity flow into the thoracic duct.

The length of the thoracic lymphatic duct is 30-41 cm. The initial (abdominal) part of the thoracic duct often has an extension - the cistern of the thoracic duct (milk cistern - cisterna chyli) or has the appearance of a network formed by the efferent lymphatic vessels of the lumbar, celiac, mesenteric lymph nodes.

From the abdominal cavity, the thoracic duct of the lymphatic system passes through the aortic opening of the diaphragm into the posterior mediastinum of the chest cavity, where it is located on the anterior surface of the spinal column, behind the esophagus.

As can be seen in the photo of the human lymphatic system, at the level of the VI-VII thoracic vertebrae, the thoracic duct begins to deviate to the left, exits from under the left edge of the esophagus, rises up behind the left subclavian and common carotid arteries and the vagus nerve:

At the level of the VI-VII cervical vertebrae, the thoracic duct bends and forms an arc of the thoracic duct (arcus ductus thoracici), which goes around the dome of the pleura from above and flows into the left venous angle or into the final section of one of the veins that form it. One of the features of the structure of the lymphatic system is the division (optional) of the final section of the thoracic duct into two or more (up to seven) stems. The walls of the thoracic duct have a middle muscular membrane capable of pushing lymph along the duct from its beginning to the mouth. The thoracic duct has 7-9 valves.

Right duct of the lymphatic system ductus lymphaticus dexter) has a length of 10-12 mm, the right broncho-mediastinal trunk flows into it, sometimes the right subclavian and jugular trunks flow into it, which usually follow independently to the right venous angle.

Vessels and nodes of the lymphatic system of the lower extremities

Lymphatic vessels and nodes of the lower limb are divided into superficial and deep. Superficial lymphatic vessels located under the skin, on the superficial fascia, are formed from networks of lymphatic capillaries in the thickness of the skin, subcutaneous tissue. The superficial lymphatic vessels of the lower limb follow the great saphenous vein of the leg to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

Part of the superficial lymphatic vessels of the sole of the foot and the back of the leg run along the small saphenous vein of the leg and flow into the popliteal lymph nodes located in the popliteal fossa near the popliteal artery and vein. The deep vessels of the lymphatic system of the lower extremities, formed from the lymphatic capillaries of the muscles, tendons, articular fossae, synovial sheaths, periosteum, are directed along the deep blood vessels to the deep inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes of the lower extremities.

Inguinal lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici inguinales) , superficial and deep, to which the lymphatic vessels of the lower limb, external genitalia, skin of the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall, gluteal region are directed, are located in the upper parts of the femoral triangle, below the inguinal ligament. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici inguinales superficiales) in the general structure of the lymphatic system lie on the surface plate of the wide fascia of the thigh.

Deep inguinal lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici inguinales profundi) located in the iliopectineal groove near the femoral arteries and veins.

The efferent lymphatic vessels of the inguinal lymph nodes through the vascular lacuna are sent to the pelvic cavity, to the external iliac lymph nodes.

Lymphatic vessels and pelvic nodes

Lymphatic vessels and nodes of the pelvis are divided into visceral and parietal lymph nodes.

Visceral (visceral), or internal iliac lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici iliaci interni) located in the pelvic cavity near the internal organs. Near the bladder there are paravesicular nodes (nodi lymphatici paravesiculares), near the uterus and vagina - parauterine (nodi lymphatici parauterini) and paravaginal (nodi lymphatici paravaginales). Near the rectum there are pararectal lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici pararectales). The efferent lymphatic vessels of the visceral nodes of the pelvis are sent to the common iliac and subaortic lymph nodes (under the aortic bifurcation). Lymphatic vessels from the ovaries follow up to the lumbar lymph nodes.

Parietal (parietal), or external iliac lymph nodes ( ) , located on the walls of the pelvis near large blood vessels - branches and tributaries of the external iliac arteries and veins.

Near the superior and inferior gluteal arteries lie gluteal lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici gluteales) , to which the lymphatic vessels are directed from the muscles and other organs of the gluteal region and from the adjacent walls of the small pelvis. Near the obturator vessels are the obturator lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici obturatorii). On the anterior surface of the sacrum, medially from the anterior sacral openings, there are sacral lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici sacrales), to which lymph flows from the rectum. From the parietal lymph nodes of the small pelvis, the efferent lymphatic vessels are sent to the external and common iliac lymph nodes.

External iliac lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici iliaci externi) are located near the external iliac arteries and veins, where these nodes form the medial, lateral and intermediate (in the groove between the vessels) chains.

The efferent lymphatic vessels of the internal and external iliac nodes are sent to the common iliac lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici iliaci communes) , located on the side wall of the pelvis next to the common iliac artery and vein, where these nodes also form the lateral, intermediate and medial chains. The medial chain of the right and left common iliac nodes of the human lymphatic system at the top passes into the subaortic lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici subaortici), located directly under the aortic bifurcation. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the common iliac and subaortic lymph nodes are sent to the lumbar lymph nodes lying near the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava.

Lymphatic vessels and nodes of the abdominal cavity

Lymphatic vessels and nodes of the abdominal cavity are divided into visceral (visceral) and parietal (parietal). Visceral lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici viscerates) are located near the unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta (celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries). And to the celiac lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici coeliaci), lying near the celiac trunk, lymphatic vessels are sent from the lymph nodes of the stomach, pancreas and spleen, from the renal and hepatic lymph nodes. The right and left gastric lymph nodes are located near the lesser curvature of the stomach along its arteries and veins.

Left gastric lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici gastrici sinistri) adjacent to the left gastric artery and its branches. Lymphatic vessels running from the anterior and posterior walls of the stomach flow into these nodes.

Right gastric lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici gastrici dextri) are located along the eponymous artery above the pylorus. Pyloric (pyloric) lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici pylorici) are located near the pylorus (on the head of the pancreas), next to the superior gastroduodenal artery. Lymphatic vessels flow into the pyloric nodes not only from the pylorus, but also from the head of the pancreas. Cardiac lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici cardiaci) are located near the cardial part of the stomach (cardia) and in the form of a chain surround the entrance to the stomach - the lymphatic ring of the cardia (anulus lymphaticus cardiae). The lymphatic vessels of the cardial part of the stomach and its bottom, as well as from the abdominal part of the esophagus, are sent to these nodes.

Along the greater curvature of the stomach, there are right and left gastroepiploic abdominal lymph nodes, into which the lymphatic vessels flow from the walls of the stomach, adjacent and greater curvature, as well as from the greater omentum. The right gastroepiploic lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici gastroomentales dextri) are adjacent to the right gastroepiploic artery. The left gastroepiploic lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici gastroomentales sinistri) lie along the course of the artery of the same name.

Along the upper edge of the pancreas (near the splenic arteries and veins) located pancreatic lymph nodes nodi lymphatici pancreatici) . The splenic lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici splenici) are located in the hilum of the spleen, in the thickness of the gastrosplenic ligament. Lymphatic vessels are sent to these nodes from the fundus of the stomach, the left gastro-omental lymph nodes and from the spleen capsule.

From the head of the pancreas and from the duodenum, the vessels in the structure of the lymphatic system are sent to the pancreatic-duodenal nodes (nodi lymphatici pancreatoduodenales), which are located between the head of the pancreas and the duodenum, at the place where the common bile duct flows into it. One of the nodes of this group lies in the anterior wall of the omental opening (the node of the omental opening - nodus foraminalis).

hepatic lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici hepatici) located in the thickness of the hepatoduodenal ligament along the common hepatic artery and portal vein, as well as near the neck of the gallbladder (biliary node - nodus cysticus). The efferent lymphatic vessels of the hepatic and gallbladder lymph nodes are sent to the celiac and lumbar lymph nodes.

Mesenteric lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici mesenterici) located in the mesentery of the small intestine near the superior mesenteric artery and its branches. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the mesenteric lymph nodes follow the lumbar lymph nodes or form intestinal trunks (trunci intestinales), which flow directly into the thoracic duct. The lymphatic vessels of the terminal ileum flow into the ileocolic-intestinal lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici ileocolici).

The lymphatic vessels of the colon flow into the lymph nodes adjacent to the colonic arteries - branches of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. The anatomy of the lymphatic system is such that the vessels of the caecum and appendix flow into the cecal lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici caecales), as well as into the ileocolic lymph nodes. The lymphatic vessels of the ascending colon flow into the right colonic lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici dextri), adjacent to the right colon artery and to the ascending colon.

The lymphatic vessels of the transverse colon go to middle colonic lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici medii colici) , lying in the thickness of the mesentery of the transverse colon, near the middle colon artery and its branches. From the descending and sigmoid colon, the lymphatic vessels go to the left colonic lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici colici sinistri) and to the sigmoid intestinal lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici sigmoidei), which are located near the arteries of the same name and their branches.

to the sigmoid-intestinal lymph nodes and to upper rectal nodes ( nodi lymphatici rectales superiores) suitable lymphatic vessels from the upper part of the rectum. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the sigmoid-intestinal and left colonic lymph nodes are directed to the inferior mesenteric lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici mesenterici inferiores). The efferent lymphatic vessels of the ileocolic, as well as the right, middle and left colonic lymph nodes are sent to the lumbar lymph nodes.

Lumbar lymph nodes in the anatomy of the human lymphatic system (nodi lymphatici lumbales) are located throughout the posterior abdominal wall (retroperitoneally) near the aorta and inferior vena cava. This group has left, right and intermediate lumbar lymph nodes. The left lumbar lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici lumbales sinistri) are adjacent in the form of a chain to the abdominal part of the aorta on the left, front and back (lateral aortic, preaortic and behind the aortic - nodi lymphatici aortici laterales, preaortici et postaortici). The right lumbar lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici lumbales dextri), located near the inferior vena cava, are divided into precaval, retrocaval and lateral caval lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici precavales, postcavales et cavales laterales). In the groove between the aorta and the inferior vena cava are intermediate lumbar (interaortocaval) lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici lumbales intermedii). lymphatic system vessels + and nodes

Lymph passes through the lumbar lymph nodes from the lower extremities, walls and organs of the pelvis, from the internal organs located in the abdominal cavity, as well as from the gastric, mesenteric, hepatic, colonic and other lymph nodes.

Pay attention to the photo of the lymphatic system - the efferent vessels of the lumbar nodes form the right and left lumbar lymphatic trunks (truncus lumbalis dexter et truncus lumbalis sinister), which flow into the thoracic duct:

Parietal lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity are also present on its anterior wall. In the lower parts of the anterior abdominal wall there are lower epigastric lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici epigastrici inferiores), paired, lying along the same blood vessels. Lymphatic vessels flowing from the organs of the anterior abdominal wall flow into these nodes. The efferent lymphatic vessels of these nodes are sent down to the external iliac lymph nodes, and up along the upper epigastric vessels to the parasternal lymph nodes.

In the abdominal cavity near the right and left lower phrenic arteries are located lower diaphragmatic lymph nodes nodi lymphatici phrenici inferiores) , into which the lymphatic vessels of the diaphragm, the back of the right and left lobes of the liver flow.

The efferent lymphatic vessels of the lower diaphragmatic nodes of the lymphatic system are sent to the celiac and lumbar lymph nodes.

Vessels and nodes of the lymphatic system of the chest cavity

Lymphatic vessels and nodes of the chest cavity are also divided into parietal (parietal) and visceral (visceral) lymph nodes. The parietal (parietal) lymph nodes of the chest cavity include the upper diaphragmatic lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici phrenici superiores), which lie on the diaphragm, anterior and to the sides of the pericardium, as well as the parasternal, intercostal and prevertebral lymph nodes.

In the group of upper diaphragmatic lymph nodes (in relation to the pericardium), prepericardial, lateral pericardial lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici prepericardiales et pericardiales laterales) . The prepericardial nodes are located behind the xiphoid process, at the point of entry into the diaphragm of the musculophrenic arteries. The lateral pericardial nodes lie near the phrenic nerves. The lymphatic vessels of the diaphragm, pericardium, pleura and diaphragmatic side of the liver are sent to the upper diaphragmatic nodes. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the upper diaphragmatic lymph nodes flow into the peristernal, mediastinal, lower tracheobronchial and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes.

On the back side of the anterior chest wall to the right and left of the sternum, near the internal mammary arteries and veins, are located peristernal lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici parasternales) . Lymphatic vessels flow into these nodes, coming from the organs of the anterior chest wall, from the pleura and pericardium, the lower epigastric and upper diaphragmatic lymph nodes, as well as from the diaphragmatic side of the liver (penetrate through the diaphragm) and from the mammary gland, which carry out the lymphatic vessels of the right parasternal lymph nodes flow into the prevenous lymph nodes located near the right brachiocephalic vein. The lymphatic vessels of the left parasternal nodes flow into the preaortic lymph nodes, as well as directly into the thoracic duct.

In the intercostal spaces near the posterior intercostal vessels are located intercostal lymph nodes of the thoracic lymphatic system nodi lymphatici intercostales) , and near the spinal column are prevertebral lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici prevertebrales). Lymphatic vessels are sent to these nodes from the posterior wall of the chest cavity. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the intercostal nodes flow into the thoracic duct, as well as into the perithoracic and deep lateral cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes located near the internal jugular vein.

Visceral (intestinal) lymph nodes of the lymphatic system of the chest cavity, located near the internal organs and large blood vessels, are divided into anterior and posterior mediastinal.

Anterior mediastinal lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici mediastinales anteriores) located in the upper mediastinum, are divided into precaval lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici precavales), which lie anterior to the superior vena cava and right brachiocephalic vein, preaortocarotid (nodi lymphatici preaorticocarotici), lying near the beginning of the left common carotid and subclavian arteries, and nodes of the horizontal chain located on the anterior surface of the left brachiocephalic vein and brachiocephalic trunk. The lymphatic vessels of the heart, pericardium, as well as the efferent lymphatic vessels of the bronchopulmonary and tracheobronchial lymph nodes flow into the anterior mediastinal lymph nodes. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the prevenous lymph nodes form the right bronchomediastinal trunk (truncus bronchomediastinalis dexter), and also go to the preaortocarotid lymph nodes. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the anterior mediastinum flow into the thoracic duct, into the left jugular trunk, and also go to the left lateral (internal jugular) lymph nodes of the neck.

Separately, with the characteristics of the lymphatic system of the chest cavity, posterior mediastinal nodes ( nodi lymphatici mediastenales posteriores) , which are located near the descending part of the aorta and near the esophagus: paraesophageal lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici juxtaoesophageales), as well as interaortoesophageal nodes (nodi lymphatici interaorticooesophageales). Behind the aorta and to the side of it are the peri-aortic lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici juxtaaortici). The efferent lymphatic vessels of these nodes flow directly into the thoracic duct, as well as into the lower tracheobronchial and left bronchopulmonary lymph nodes.

The lymphatic vessels of the lungs are sent to the bronchopulmonary and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Intraorgan bronchopulmonary nodes ( nodi lymphatici bronchopulmonales) are located in each lung in the places of branching of the main bronchus into lobar and equity - into segmental bronchi. Extraorganic (root) bronchopulmonary lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici bronchopulmonales (hilares)) are located around the main bronchus, near the pulmonary artery and veins. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the right and left bronchopulmonary lymph nodes are sent to the lower and upper tracheobronchial lymph nodes, and also flow into the prevenous (right) and pre-aortocarotid (left) lymph nodes.

The lower tracheobronchial (bifurcation) nodes of the lymphatic system of the body (nodi lymphatici tracheobronchiales inferiores) lie under the place where the trachea divides into the main bronchi. The superior tracheobronchial lymph nodes are located on the lateral surface of the trachea above the corresponding main bronchus. Near the trachea are the paratracheal lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici paratracheales). The efferent lymphatic vessels of the right upper tracheobronchial lymph nodes are involved in the formation of the right bronchomediastinal trunk. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the left upper tracheobronchial lymph nodes empty into the thoracic duct.

Vessels and nodes of the lymphatic system of the human head and neck

Lymph nodes of the head are located on the border of the head and neck. There are occipital, mastoid, parotid and pharyngeal, submandibular, submental lymph nodes, from which the lymph through the vessels goes down to the superficial and deep lymph nodes of the neck.

occipital lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici oscipitales) lie behind the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, near the occipital blood vessels. Lymphatic vessels go to the occipital lymph nodes from the skin of the occipital region and from the deep tissues of the occiput. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the lymph nodes are sent to the lateral deep cervical lymph nodes.

Mastoid emphatic nodes ( nodi lymphatici mastoidei) located behind the auricle on the mastoid process. The efferent lymphatic vessels of these nodes are sent to the parotid, superficial cervical (near the external jugular vein) and to the lateral deep cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes. The parotid lymph nodes of the head (nodi lymphatici parotidei), superficial and deep, are located in the region of the salivary gland of the same name. Lymphatic vessels are sent to the parotid lymph nodes from the skin and other organs of the frontal and parietal regions of the head, from the auricle, external auditory canal of the auditory tube, upper lip, parotid salivary gland. The efferent lymphatic vessels of these nodes of the human head flow into the superficial (near the external jugular vein) and lateral deep cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes.

pharyngeal lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici retrotropharyngeales) lie behind the pharynx and on its side walls. Lymphatic vessels are sent to these nodes from the walls of the pharynx, the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal (paranasal) sinuses, from the palate, the auditory tube and the tympanic cavity of the middle ear. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the pharyngeal nodes empty into the lateral deep cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes. The submandibular nodes of the lymphatic system of the head of the head (nodi lymphatici submandibulares) are located under the lower jaw. Lymphatic vessels are sent to these Nodes from the skin of the face, soft tissues of the eyelid, nose, lips, cheeks. Mental lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici submentales) lie between the anterior bellies of the right and left digastric muscles. The efferent lymphatic vessels of these groups of nodes go down and flow into the lateral deep cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes.

Near the lymphatic system of the head in the neck, superficial and deep lymph nodes are distinguished. Surface cervical lymph nodes nodi lymphatici cervicales superficiales ) are located near the external jugular vein, on the trapezius muscle. The efferent lymphatic vessels of these nodes are sent to the lateral deep cervical (internal jugular) lymph nodes.

Deep cervical lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici cervicales profundi) located in the anterior and lateral regions of the neck. These nodes include preglottal (nodi lymphatici prelaryngeales), thyroid (nodi lymphatici thyroidei), pretracheal (nodi lymphatici pretracheales), paratracheal (nodi lymphatici paratracheales) lymph nodes lying next to the trachea. In the lateral region of the neck, near the internal jugular vein, the lateral cervical deep (internal jugular) lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici cervicales laterales profundi) lie in the form of a chain.

In the lymphatic system of the neck, the efferent vessels of the lateral cervical deep nodes form a jugular trunk (truncus jugularis dexter et sinister) on each side of the neck. This trunk flows into the venous angle or into one of the veins that form it on the corresponding side, into the right lymphatic duct (on the right) or into the final section of the thoracic duct (on the left).

Lymphatic vessels and nodes of the upper extremities

In the upper limb, superficial and deep lymphatic vessels are distinguished, heading to the ulnar and axillary lymph nodes. Superficial lymphatic vessels are located near the saphenous veins of the upper limb. Deep lymphatic vessels that drain lymph from the muscles, tendons, fascia, articular ligaments and capsules, periosteum, nerves, accompany the arteries and deep veins of the upper limb.

Elbow lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici cubitales) located in the cubital fossa superficially, near the medial saphenous vein, as well as in depth, under the fascia, near the arteries and veins. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the ulnar nodes are sent to axillary lymph nodes ( nodi lymphatici axillares) located in the axillary cavity. In the group of axillary lymph nodes, lateral, medial (or thoracic), subscapular (or posterior), lower, central and apical lymph nodes are distinguished, which are adjacent to the walls of the axillary cavity, and the central and apical ones are located near the neurovascular bundle.

The superficial and deep lymphatic vessels of the upper limb, the anterior, lateral and posterior walls of the chest cavity and the mammary (breast) gland flow into the axillary lymph nodes of the upper extremities. From the mammary gland, the lymphatic vessels are directed mainly to the medial (thoracic) axillary, as well as to the central and apical lymph nodes. The lymphatic vessels of the mammary gland also follow the parasternal and lateral cervical deep lymph nodes. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the lateral, medial, posterior, lower and central groups of axillary nodes are sent to the apical axillary lymph nodes. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the apical axillary lymph nodes form the subclavian trunk (truncus subclavius) or two or three large vessels that flow into the venous angle in the lower neck or into the subclavian vein on the right, and on the left - into the cervical part of the thoracic duct.

Lymph is a liquid tissue of the body contained in and In the human body, lymph is formed in the amount of 2-4 liters per day. It is a transparent liquid, the density of which reaches 1.026. The reaction of the lymph is alkaline, it is pH 7.35-9.0. This liquid helps to maintain and is able to flush out pathological microorganisms from the tissues.

The composition of the lymph

This liquid tissue circulates in the vessels of the lymphatic system and is found in almost all organs. Most of all it is in organs with high permeability of blood vessels: in the liver, spleen, skeletal muscles, and also in the heart.

It is worth noting that its composition is not constant, since it depends on the organs and tissues from which it flows. The main constituents can be called water, decay products of organic compounds, lymphocytes and leukocytes. Unlike tissue fluid, lymph has a higher protein content. Its chemical composition resembles but its viscosity is lower.

Lymph also contains anions, enzymes and vitamins. In addition, it contains substances that increase blood clotting ability. When small blood vessels (capillaries) are damaged, the number of lymphocytes increases. Also in the lymph there is a small amount of monocytes and granulocytes.

It is worth noting that human lymph is devoid of platelets, but it can coagulate because it contains fibrinogen. In this case, a loose yellow clot is formed. In addition, humoral immunity factors (lysozyme, properdin) and complement were identified in this fluid, although the bactericidal ability of lymph is much lower than that of blood.

The meaning of lymph

The following main functions of lymph can be noted:

Return of electrolytes, proteins and water from the interstitial space to the bloodstream;

Normal lymphatic circulation ensures the formation of the most concentrated urine;

Lymph carries many substances that are absorbed in the digestive organs, including fats;

Certain enzymes (such as lipase or histaminase) can only enter the blood through the lymphatic system (metabolic function);

Lymph takes erythrocytes from tissues, which accumulate there after injuries, as well as toxins and bacteria (protective function);

It provides communication between organs and tissues, as well as the lymphoid system and blood;

Maintenance of a constant microenvironment of cells, i.e. homeostatic function.

In addition, lymphocytes and antibodies are formed in the lymph nodes, which take part in the body's immune response. In oncological diseases, it is the lymph that is the main route for the spread of cancer cells.

It should be noted that lymph, tissue fluid and blood are closely related, therefore they provide homeostasis.

Lymph formation

This process is based on filtration, diffusion, osmosis and the difference in hydrostatic pressure, which is recorded in the capillaries and in the interstitial fluid.

How is lymph formed? In this process, the degree of permeability of the lymphatic vessels is of great importance. Thus, particles of various sizes pass through the walls of the lymphatic capillaries in two main ways:

1. Intercellular, when highly dispersed particles pass through the intercellular gaps, the size of which reaches 10 nm - 10 microns.

2. Through the endothelium, such transport of substances is associated with their direct movement with the help of micropinocytic vesicles and blisters.

It is worth noting that these paths work simultaneously.

If you answer the question “how is lymph formed”, it is worth remembering about oncotic pressure. So, high blood pressure promotes the formation of lymph, and high oncotic pressure inhibits this process. The filtration of the fluid takes place in the capillaries, while it returns to the venous bed, since there is a pressure difference at the venous and arterial ends of the capillaries.

It should be noted that the permeability of lymphocapillaries varies depending on the functional state of the organs, as well as under the influence of various mechanical, chemical, as well as humoral or nervous factors. The rate of formation of lymph and its volume depend on the relationship between systemic and lymphatic circulation. So, if the minute volume of blood circulation is 6 liters, then 15 ml of fluid is filtered through the blood capillaries, 12 ml of which is reabsorbed back, but 5 ml remains in the interstitial space, after which it returns to the circulatory system through the lymphatic vessels.

To better understand how and where lymph is formed, you should know the structural features of the lymphatic system.

Features of the organization of the lymphatic system

The initial link is the lymphatic capillaries. They are located in all tissues and organs. They are absent only in the brain and spinal cord, eyeballs and in the inner ear, as well as in the epithelium of the skin, in the spleen, bone marrow, placenta.

Lymphocapillaries are able to unite, forming lymphocapillary networks and larger lymphatic vessels, which have three membranes:

Internal - consists of cells called endotheliocytes;

Medium - contains cells of smooth muscle tissue;

External - connective tissue sheath.

It should be noted that the lymphatic vessels have valves. Thanks to them, the movement of lymph occurs only in one direction - from the periphery to the center. As a rule, lymphatic vessels from muscles and organs exit with blood vessels and are called deep.

Lymph nodes are important components of the lymphatic system. They act as a filter and provide the immune defense of the body. Lymph nodes are located near large blood vessels, as a rule, in groups, they can be superficial or located in the internal cavities of the body. They accumulate and remove viruses and bacteria, as well as foreign particles from the body. With excessive load, the lymph nodes increase and become painful, which indicates excessive pollution of the lymph. Lymph nodes in the groin tend to swell with infection in the pelvis or legs. The inflammatory process can also be associated with allergic reactions, the presence of benign cysts, or after muscle overstretching.

It must be said that in the lymphatic system there are also specific lymph trunks and straits, through which the outflow of lymph from various parts of the body and internal organs occurs.

Features of lymph movement

Approximately 180 ml of lymph enters the lymphatic vessels per hour, up to 4 liters of this fluid can pass through the thoracic lymphatic duct per day. Subsequently, it returns to the general bloodstream. Knowing how lymph is formed, it is worth familiarizing yourself with how it moves through the body.

Since lymph is formed in the lymphatic capillaries, a more intense filtration of fluid from the small blood vessels leads to an acceleration of its formation and an increase in the speed of its movement. Among the factors that increase lymph formation, the following should be mentioned:

High hydrostatic pressure in capillaries;

High functional activity of organs;

High capillary permeability;

Introduction of hypertonic solutions.

The main role in the processes of lymph movement is assigned to the creation of primary hydrostatic pressure. It promotes the movement of the bodice from the lymphatic capillaries towards the outlet vessels.

What ensures its further movement? Lymph is formed from tissue fluid. At the same time, the main force that contributes to its movement from the place of formation to the flow into the veins of the neck is the rhythmic contraction of lymphangions.

Features of the structure of lymphangions. Other mechanisms for moving lymph

Lymphangion is a tubular formation with valves and a muscular "cuff". These formations can be called a kind of lymphatic hearts. So, lymph accumulates in them, which leads to stretching of the “cuff”. In this case, the distal valve of the lymphangion closes, and the proximal valve, on the contrary, opens. As a result of this, the lymph moves to the next lymphangion (and so on until it flows into the venous system).

If we talk about the structure of the walls of lymphangions, then they are represented by adrenergic fibers that modulate spontaneous rhythmic contractions. The smooth muscles of the lymphangion are also capable of contraction, which leads to an increase in pressure in the lymphatic vessels and to the flow of lymph into the bloodstream. This process can be influenced by certain hormones, biologically active substances (for example, histamine), as well as changes in the concentration of metabolic compounds and high temperature.

The described mechanism of lymph movement is the main one, but there are also secondary factors. So, when you inhale, the lymph flows from the thoracic lymphatic duct more intensively, and when you exhale, this process slows down. Due to the movements of the diaphragm, the cisterns of this strait are periodically compressed and stretched, which contributes to the further movement of the lymph.

The intensity of the lymphatic flow is also affected by the rhythmic contraction of the organs (heart and intestines), which leads to a more active transition of tissue fluid into the lumen of the capillaries. The contractions of the skeletal muscles that surround the lymphatic vessels are also capable of squeezing out the lymph, since they contribute to its mechanical movement, and also increase the contractility of the lymphangions that are located in the muscle fiber. Due to this, the movement of lymph through the vessels is accelerated.

Stagnation in the lymphatic system

Insufficiency of lymphatic circulation is a violation of the formation or movement of lymph. Many diseases are accompanied by disorders in the functioning of the lymphatic system, which is often crucial in the progression of the pathological process.

In case of insufficiency of lymphatic circulation, the lymph cannot cope with its main task - the removal of metabolites from the tissues of the body with sufficient speed. In this case, mechanical insufficiency of lymphatic circulation can be of a general or regional nature.

Lymph stasis is manifested by various symptoms, which depends on a number of factors:

From the zone in which lymphostasis develops;

From the features of the lymphatic network;

From the age of the patient;

From the speed with which lymphatic insufficiency develops.

Violation of the lymph flow leads to the accumulation of toxic products. When the lymphatic vessels are damaged, blood clots occur, which, as a rule, consist of leukocytes and fibrin. They are delayed by regional lymph nodes, so they do not pose a danger.

It should be noted that lymphostasis is especially dangerous in infectious pathologies and malignant diseases, since it causes generalization of the lesion and the appearance of retrograde metastases (spread against the flow of lymph).

Edema is a common clinical manifestation of lymph circulation insufficiency. Lymph stagnation is accompanied by tissue hypoxia, disturbances in metabolic processes and water and electrolyte balance, as well as dystrophic and sclerotic phenomena. With a general stagnation of the lymph, varicose changes in the lymphatic vessels develop, hypertrophy of their muscle fibers, as well as intin sclerosis, changes in valves.

Violation of the coagulation ability of the lymph

It is known that the lymph contains almost all the components that are responsible for the processes of coagulation, anticoagulation and fibrinolysis, so intravascular coagulation is characteristic not only of blood vessels, but also of lymphatic vessels. At the same time, tissue coagulation factors affect not only hemostasis, but also vascular permeability and interstitial transport of tissue fluid. At the same time, the mechanisms that cause blood clotting can provoke similar phenomena in the lymphatic capillaries, vessels and nodes.

It should be noted that the relationship between the various components of blood and lymph has been little studied, but it is known that various pathological processes can affect lymph coagulation in different ways. So, with the introduction of heterogeneous blood, the ability of the lymph to coagulate disappears, since the amount of natural anticoagulants increases. It is assumed that a significant amount of anticoagulants in this case is formed in the liver, and the lymph only transports them into the blood.

Almost nothing is known about the violation of lymph coagulation during the development of thrombosis. There are experimental data that confirm that quantitative changes in the blood and lymph may differ somewhat, but their direction is identical. In addition, it is known that thrombosis is accompanied by a slight slowdown in lymph flow from the drained thoracic lymphatic duct, and the formation of a venous thrombus is accompanied by pronounced changes in both blood and lymph. This pattern indicates that there is every reason not only to theoretically study the features of coagulation processes in the lymphatic system, but also to use them in clinical practice.

Lymph cleansing: indications

In case of violation of the normal functioning of the lymphatic system, a significant amount of harmful compounds accumulate in the intercellular space. In this case, the lymph is polluted, which leads to the development of lymphostasis. This condition is accompanied by an increase in the load on the organs, especially the liver, kidneys and intestines. To prevent the damaging effects of toxins, it is necessary to provide lymphatic drainage and a constant outflow of interstitial fluid.

Indications for cleaning the lymphatic system are the following conditions:

Insufficient due to disturbances in the liver and intestines (hepatitis, colitis, dysbacteriosis, constipation and bile stasis);

Frequent colds;

Chronic infectious lesions of the pelvic organs (for example, cystitis, adnexitis or endometritis);

Intestinal infections or other pathologies that are accompanied by significant intoxication;

Skin diseases;

Allergic lesions (for example, neurodermatitis, eczema or atopic dermatitis);

Conditions accompanied by massive tissue damage and absorption of decay products into the bloodstream (injuries, burns and fractures);

Circulatory disorders due to blood loss, thrombosis, embolism;

Endocrine pathologies, especially obesity, diabetes mellitus and thyroid pathology.

The main methods of cleansing the lymph

Before cleaning the lymph, you should consult a doctor who will determine possible contraindications and help you choose the best option.

You need to take 900 ml of orange juice, the same amount of grapefruit juice, and 200 ml of fresh lemon juice. All this should be diluted with 2 liters of melt water. Do not have breakfast in the morning, make an enema of 2 liters of water, in which you must first add 2 tbsp. l. apple cider vinegar. After setting the enema, you should drink 100 ml of water, in which it is diluted, immediately take a hot shower, then drink 200 ml of a pre-prepared mixture of citrus juices and melt water. In the future, you should drink all 4 liters of this mixture (in portions, 100 ml every half hour).

Cleansing the lymph by this method must be carried out for three days. It should be remembered that after this it is impossible to suddenly switch to the usual diet, the diet should be expanded gradually. It is recommended to drink juices, eat fruits, boiled vegetables and cereals.

Method number 2. It helps to cleanse the lymph, remove toxins and saturate the body with vitamins. In the morning, you should do a cleansing enema. Then you need to eat one grated lemon with steamed zest, combined with honey and fruit sugar. Every day you need to use one lemon more, bringing the amount to 15. Then their number should be reduced, eating 1 less lemon every day.

Method number 3. You need to take lemons, beets, carrots, pomegranates (all 2 kg each), squeeze the juice, mix with honey and take 50 ml on an empty stomach for 10 days, then take a five-day break. Repeat such courses until the end of the prepared mixture, which should be stored in the refrigerator with a tightly closed lid.

Method number 4. Tibetan doctors recommend to purify the lymph as follows. You need to take 200 ml of fresh juice of carrots and beets in a ratio of 4:1 daily before meals. At the same time, an infusion of celandine should be taken according to the appropriate scheme: on an empty stomach in the morning - 1 drop, before lunch - 2 drops, in the evening for dinner - 3 drops, etc., bringing the dose to 15 drops, and then reducing the amount of infusion to the initial dosage ( up to 1 drop).

To prepare this infusion, celandine grass should be crushed and squeezed out the juice, then strain it. After that, for every 450 mg of juice, add 70 ml of alcohol. The resulting infusion should be stored in the refrigerator.

It should be noted that this method of cleaning the lymphatic system is also beneficial in patients with hypertension, diseases of the digestive system, psoriasis, hemorrhoids, osteochondrosis.

Conclusion

To summarize, we can say that lymph is a liquid that surrounds and washes all the cells of the human body. The primary task of the lymph is to clean tissues and organs from decay products. Lymph circulation is closely related to blood circulation and ensures the optimal physical condition of a person and a high level of his vital energy.

How is lymph formed? As mentioned above, this is a rather complex process that goes through several schemes and depends on many factors. The cleansing of the body due to lymph is that it takes excess fluid, as well as metabolic products from the intercellular space, and transfers them to the lymph nodes, which are "filtration stations". In addition, lymph performs a protective function, as it helps to get rid of foreign agents and pathogenic microbes.

Lymph is an important regulator of metabolic processes in the body, as well as a factor in the proper nutrition of cells. In cases of violation of the formation of lymph or a slowdown in its circulation, stagnation of the intercellular fluid develops, which leads to the appearance of edema. It should also be noted that slow lymph circulation leads to excessive fatigue, as well as to the inertia of vital processes, which in the future can cause various kinds of diseases and premature cell aging.

In addition to the circulatory system, the human body has a lymphatic system. They are closely related to each other and completely complement each other. The lymphatic system, with the help of numerous capillaries, penetrates into all tissues and organs of the body (the diagram in the pictures is shown below) where it delivers the biological fluid - lymph, which is necessary for the normal functioning of internal organs.

This helps to increase the protective properties, as well as cleanse the body of toxins, infections, toxins and microbes.

The human lymphatic system (a diagram in pictures will be presented later) is a complex mechanism that includes several structural components: vessels, nodes, lymph. And to understand this, it is worth considering the links of this chain separately.

Vessels

The human lymphatic system (the diagram in pictures will clearly show the location of its main nodes) has some structural features. Its branches resemble the roots of plants. Vessels penetrate into the tissues of organs. The exception is the brain, spinal cord, parenchyma of the spleen, lens, inner ear, sclera, placenta, cartilage, and epithelial.

The biological fluid enters from the cells into the capillary processes of the system, one end of which is completely closed. That is, the movement occurs only in one direction - up. The walls of the capillaries have good permeability, which allows the liquid to freely penetrate inside.

Capillaries converge into vessels equipped with valves that prevent the reverse movement of lymph. They completely braid the internal organs and flow to the lymph nodes located throughout the body. The trunks coming out of them are sent to the ducts, and eventually enter the veins. In this way, lymph enters the blood.

Knots

Lymph nodes are made up of lymphoid tissue. It is in them that B-lymphocytes are formed and develop, the role of which is indispensable in immune processes. Thanks to them, antibodies are produced to fight various pathogens.

In addition, T-lymphocytes are located in the lymph nodes, where they differentiate after contact with the antigen. Lymph nodes perform not only the role of a connecting link, but are also an active participant in the formation of immunity at the cellular level.

Lymph

Lymph is a liquid of biological properties, which includes lymphocytes. It consists of water, salts, fats and other substances. The viscosity of the lymph is provided by colloidal proteins. Its composition is in many ways similar to blood.

The volume of lymph in the body is 1-2 liters. The movement of the substance occurs under pressure, which is formed as a result of contraction of the cells of the vessel walls. Significantly affects the speed of movement of the lymph, adjacent muscles, phases of respiration, body position.

Basic functions in the body

The human lymphatic system (the diagram in pictures shows the relationship between the lymphatic and circulatory systems) plays an important role in the body. Immunity, metabolic processes, and protective function depend on how well it will function.

Important tasks assigned to the LS:

1. Delivery of fatty acids, fats of the small intestine to all organs and tissues that need them.
2. Cleansing the body of harmful substances.
3. Synthesis of lymphocytes that increase resistance to the negative effects of harmful microorganisms.
4. Removal of tissue fluid, which allows you to remove harmful substances from the tissues.

Diagram of human lymph movement

There are about 500 lymphatic vessels and nodes in the body. The movement of lymph in them occurs strictly from the bottom up, from the peripheral endings to the center. Fluid enters the lymph nodes through multiple vessels, and exits through 1-2 channels. The movement of lymph, thus, reaches the main lymphatic vessels - pillars.

The largest of them is the thoracic duct, which is located near the aorta. This vessel passes the liquid collected in the organs on the left side, located below the ribs, in the head, chest, and arm. Ultimately, the lymph of the left thoracic duct enters the subclavian vein.

Similarly, there is a right duct of the LS. Its function is to collect lymph from the right side, which departs from the head, arm and chest. This division of the flow allows you to divide the load on the vessels and nodes, as a result of which the lymph has the ability to move freely in the body. Any blockage of lymphatic vessels threatens with swelling and the formation of tissue tumors.

Organs of the lymphatic system

The human lymphatic system (the diagram in pictures clearly depicts the location of the lymph nodes in the body), in addition to vessels and nodes, includes organs. Each of them performs a specific function, which allows you to strengthen the body's defenses.

The coherence of their work affects the level of immunity of the body.

1. Bone marrow. This organ consists of soft tissue that is located in the cavity of the bone. It is in it that white and red blood cells are formed. Despite the fact that its mass is only 250 g, it produces 5 million blood cells daily, replacing obsolete ones.
2. Thymus. The organ is located behind the sternum. Its function is to provide protection against exposure to pathogens. It takes stem cells and converts them into T-lymphocytes. The laying of the organ occurs even in the state of the embryo, but as a person grows, it gradually decreases. With the achievement of puberty, the thymus gland loses its peculiarity and redistributes its function between other organs.
3. Spleen. The function of this organ is to cleanse the blood of damaged red blood cells, foreign components and bacteria. The spleen also contributes to the formation of antibodies when an infection enters the body. The connection of this organ in metabolic processes has also been established, which contributes to the accumulation of iron in it, which is necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin.

Types and groups of diseases

Violation of the function of the drug provokes the development of a number of diseases. All of them are divided into inflammatory and non-inflammatory. The first type includes infectious and non-communicable diseases. To the second - toxic, allergic, autosomal pathologies.

According to the nature of development, they are acute, subacute and chronic forms. Depending on the scale of tissue damage, diseases of the lymphatic system are limited, widespread. With constant progression, the pathological process eventually develops into a generalized one.

The main types of diseases:

Causes of disorders in the body

Damage to the lymphatic system can occur for a number of reasons. Specialists of them distinguish the most basic.

1. Heredity. The likelihood of developing the disease is very high if close relatives have been diagnosed with such diseases.
2. Virus defeat. Many viruses, such as influenza, measles, HIV, are able to penetrate the lymphatic system, provoking the development of inflammation.
3. Bad environment, bad habits. Both factors contribute to increased pollution of the body with toxins and harmful substances. As a result, the load on the lymphatic system increases significantly, which leads to its failure.

Symptoms of the onset of diseases

Despite the fact that the diseases can be different, in most cases they have the same primary signs of LS damage.

Main symptoms:

• annoying itching of the skin;
• elevated temperature;
• chills;
• enlarged lymph nodes;
• swelling of the limbs;
• weight loss;
• skin pigmentation that was not there before;
• enlargement of the spleen;
• fast fatiguability;
• general weakness;
• irritability;
• abrupt change of mood.

Subsequently, others are added to the already existing symptoms, depending on the type of pathological process.

Condition Diagnostics

When making a diagnosis, the doctor takes into account the results of various examinations and tests. What kind of measures will be required, only a specialist can say on the basis of the patient's complaints and the symptoms identified when interviewing the patient.

Main diagnostic methods:

1. visual inspection. In this case, the doctor examines the lymph nodes, and also determines the likelihood of inflammation of the spleen by palpation.
2. Blood analysis. This examination allows you to determine the leukocyte formula.
3. Lymphography. The method is used to confirm or refute oncological diseases. It is carried out by introducing a radiopaque component into the vessel of the lymphatic system. In the future, the movement of the fluid is monitored using images.
4. Biopsy, histological examination. The method involves the collection of fluid and tissue to detect a malignant tumor. Subsequently, the samples are sent to the laboratory to confirm or refute the diagnosis.

Based on the collected data, the doctor determines the form of the disease and the degree of tissue damage, which allows him to prescribe the appropriate course of treatment.

Treatment options

Therapy is carried out depending on the established disease, as well as the nature of the pathological process.

Treatment methods:

1. Medical treatment. It is prescribed for an increase in lymph nodes as a result of a bacterial or viral infection. Special therapy is not required, since the inflammation will go away on its own after the elimination of the underlying disease. It is allowed to take antiviral, as well as antibacterial drugs. If the provoking factor is an allergen, then therapy is carried out using antihistamines.
2. Surgery. This method is prescribed for the formation of an abscess in the lymph node, a tumor that should be eliminated in order to avoid serious complications. An operation to remove the spleen (splenectomy) is also used in case of an injury to the abdomen, which provoked its rupture.
3. Sclerosing with alcohol. This method is used in the detection of benign neoplasms of small diameter. To remove them, the introduction of alcohol into the tumor tissue is used, which leads to their necrosis, and subsequently to death.
4. Chemotherapy. It is prescribed for the detection of malignant tumors. The principle of its action is based on the detrimental effect of toxins and poisons on neoplasm tissues. The drug is injected into the body periodically after a certain number of days, since its action is aimed at the destruction of tumor cells, so the introduction is associated with the cell cycle.
5. Radiation therapy. The procedure is prescribed for oncological diseases. The principle of its action is based on the use of high-dose ionizing radiation. Thanks to this technique, the growth and division of malignant tumor cells is stopped, which subsequently leads to its destruction.
6. Combined therapy. In some cases, the doctor prescribes several methods of treatment. This technique is used when the disease continues to progress despite the steps taken.

How to cleanse the lymphatic system

The human lymphatic system cleanses the body of harmful substances and toxins. On the schematic representation of its organs and nodes, which is presented in the pictures above, you can see how important it is for the full functioning of the internal organs. Negligent attitude to one's health leads to increased pollution of the lymph.

This negatively affects its functionality. The liquid begins to linger in the vessels, the concentration of toxins in its composition increases. As a result, the lymphatic system begins to work to the detriment of the body. This leads to a decrease in immunity, as a result of which the body's susceptibility to the effects of pathogens increases.

Signs indicating lymph pollution:

• colds, infectious diseases;
• failure of the kidneys, liver, spleen;
• regular exacerbations of chronic diseases;
• skin rashes, pigmentation;
• allergy;
• obesity;
• dysfunction of the thyroid gland;
• inflammation of the joints;
• diseases of the reproductive organs;
• psoriasis.

To cleanse the lymph, you can use several methods: medicines, massage, folk remedies. Each of them gives a stable positive result. Therefore, it is worth understanding the features of each procedure separately.

Experts identify some rules for cleaning the lymph, which should be considered during the procedure. Ignoring them can lead to the futility of this event.

1. During the week before the procedure, you should visit the bath twice.
2. Conduct a cleansing enema at intervals of 3 days.
3. Increase daily water intake to 2.5 liters.
4. To refuse from bad habits.
5. Cleaning is carried out once every six months, in spring and autumn.
6. Indulge in outdoor walks.
7. Enrich your diet with healthy foods. Give preference to greens, walnuts, flax oil, fresh fruits and vegetables, eggs, berries, dairy products.
8. Exclude fried and fatty foods, alcohol, animal fats, flour products, canned food, smoked meats, pickles, sweets.
9. It is recommended to eat often, but in small portions.
10. You can’t starve, you need to eat as much as you want, but at the same time, food should be healthy.
11. Meals should be taken at the same time every day.

Medications

In some cases, medications are prescribed to clean the lymphatic system. The need for this procedure is determined by the doctor, in case of frequent cases of damage to the body by viruses and infections. Medicines have a directed effect on increasing immunity. Dosage, frequency of administration, course of treatment depends on the individual characteristics of the patient.

The main types of drugs:

1. Herbal preparations(Immunorm, Immunal). Help to activate the protective function.
2. Medicines containing weakened bacilli(Broncho-munal, Likopid, Baktisporin, Broncho-Vaxom). Their use causes the body to produce antibodies to fight pathogens, which significantly improves immunity.
3. Nucleic acid products(Derinat, Poludan, Sodium nucleinate). They have a complex effect on the body: they improve wound healing, activate the bone marrow, enhance the synthesis of leukocytes.
4. Medicines based on the thymus gland of animals(Taktivin, Timalin, Thymogen). Strengthen immunity, normalize metabolism in cells.
5. Interferon preparations(Anaferon, Arbidol, Viferon). Increase resistance to viruses and infections.

Massage

The main types of massage:

1. Lymphatic drainage. The massage is carried out with a soft bristled brush. The skin should be dry, clean and warm. Movements should be superficial, wave-like. Their direction should correspond to the movement of lymph in the vessels.
2. Vacuum roller procedure. Massage is carried out with a special device, which allows you to create a vacuum environment to expand the lumen in the vessels.
3. Pressotherapy. For the procedure, a special suit is used, where air is supplied. Under its pressure, the body initially contracts, and when released, it relaxes. Despite the feeling of discomfort during this massage, its effectiveness is much higher than other methods.
4. Microcurrents. The procedure is carried out with a special device that affects the body with low-frequency current pulses. This helps to activate the flow of blood, as well as the outflow of lymph. As a result, the stagnation of the biological fluid is eliminated.

The effectiveness of massage directly depends on the professionalism of the master. Therefore, it is recommended to contact medical institutions that have proven themselves over the years.

Folk remedies

To clean the lymphatic system, as well as to prevent diseases, it is recommended to use traditional medicine. This method is not only affordable, but also effective.

Effective recipes for restoring the function of the lymphatic system:

The function of the lymphatic system (diagram in pictures) in the human body should not be underestimated. Schematically, it is a separate organ, parts of which are located throughout the body, which can be seen in the figures given earlier in the article. The work of all internal organs depends on how effectively it will cope with its tasks.

Useful videos about the lymphatic system and its diseases

How the lymphatic system works:

Causes of inflammation of the lymph nodes:

Lymph is a clear fluid that circulates throughout the body. Its main function is to cleanse the body of toxins and infectious agents by supplying intercellular fluid to the lymph nodes, as well as transporting nutrients from the lymph nodes to the human circulatory system. The lymphatic system, through which lymph moves, is a complex structure similar to the circulatory system. There are a number of diseases of the lymphatic system, which are very dangerous, so they must be detected in a timely manner.

The efficiency of the whole organism depends on the health of the lymphatic system.

The lymphatic system serves to cleanse the body. It ensures the maintenance of metabolism and tissue trophism, and also removes toxins, infections and pathogens from tissues and organs.

The lymphatic system is a complex structure, the structure of which is similar to the structure of the circulatory system. However, unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system is not closed, so the lymph does not circulate in a circle, but moves strictly from the bottom up.

Passing through the lymph nodes, the lymph is cleared and moves on. Approximately at the level of the collarbone, it enters the circulatory system, thus supplying the necessary substances to the blood.

The anatomy and structure of the lymphatic system is quite complex, the movement of lymph is carried out thanks to the smooth muscle structures of the lymphatic vessels, since there is no “pump” like the heart in this system.

The movement of lymph is carried out throughout the body. The main function of the lymphatic system is the production of immune cells - lymphocytes. Passing through the lymph nodes, the lymph is saturated with these cells and brings them into the circulatory system, ensuring the normal functioning of the immune system.

Any disturbances in the functioning of the body immediately affect the functioning of the lymphatic system. So, diseases accompanied by a decrease in immunity, and systemic infections can lead to an increase and inflammation of the lymph nodes.

The lymphatic system can fail with autoimmune diseases, infections, SARS and influenza, etc.

The efficiency of the whole organism depends on the health of the lymphatic system, since local disturbances in the movement of the lymph lead to its decrease, and also cause a number of severe symptoms. In order to timely recognize a malfunction of the lymphatic system, you should know how it works, its functions and symptoms of various disorders.

Lymph capillaries

The lymphatic system begins with the lymphatic capillaries that permeate the entire human body. They are rather large formations compared to blood capillaries.

Features of the lymphatic capillaries:

• large diameter - up to 0.2 mm;
• the contours are uneven, there are protrusions of the walls of the capillaries;
• the walls are thin, permeable to the interstitial fluid.

Lymphatic capillaries "collect" the intercellular fluid, transport it to the vessels, and from there to the lymph nodes. The liquid literally passes through the walls of the capillaries, due to the peculiarities of their structure.

Capillaries can form lymphocapillary networks. Such networks are located near large organs and help collect intercellular fluid.

The main function of the capillaries of the lymphatic system is to collect tissue fluid and supply it to the lymphatic vessels. The tissue fluid that enters the lymphatic system is called lymph.

Lymphatic vessels go around the joints, bifurcating in front of them

The fusion of lymphatic capillaries forms a lymphatic vessel. The main difference between a vessel and a capillary is thicker walls and a larger diameter. If the capillary wall is formed by a single layer of endothelial cells, the vessel walls consist of three layers:

• connective tissue sheath (outer layer);
• smooth muscle tissue that forms the middle layer;
• endothelial cells that form the inner layer of the vessel wall.

It is the cells of smooth muscle tissue that provide the movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels. Vessels have valves that ensure the movement of lymph from the periphery to the center.

The location of the vessels of the lymphatic system largely repeats the structure of the blood vessels. Deep lymphatic vessels are located in the muscles and near the internal organs, most of them run parallel to the blood vessels. Superficial lymphatic vessels run parallel to all major saphenous veins. Lymphatic vessels go around the joints, bifurcating in front of them, and gathering into a large vessel after the joint - this ensures the continuity of the lymphatic system.

Interesting! Large lymphatic vessels have nerve endings in the walls.

The vessels of the lymphatic system, like the lymphatic capillaries, can connect to form networks.

The lymph nodes

The lymph node is the most important organ of the lymphatic system. It is this organ that performs the main function - cleansing and saturating the lymph with immune cells. It is a formation of a round, oval or bean-shaped shape with a complex structure.

Lymph nodes are located in all parts of the body except the back, as well as near important internal organs. In general, there can be from 400 to 800 lymph nodes in the human body. Their sizes range from a few millimeters to two centimeters in diameter.

Large lymph nodes are located superficially. These are the so-called signal lymph nodes, which are located on the neck, in the groin and in the armpits. With any violation of immunity, they can noticeably increase in size.

The largest number of lymph nodes is located in the abdominal cavity and along the intestines. Different people can have from 100 to 400 lymph nodes in this zone. Various toxins and by-products of digestion are absorbed from the intestines into the lymph in large quantities, therefore a large number of lymph nodes “work” in this zone at the same time to ensure the normal functioning of the digestive system and the whole organism as a whole.

Lymph nodes are the most vulnerable part of the lymphatic system. In them, the maturation of immune cells (lymphocytes) occurs and antibodies produced by the body to fight various infections accumulate. When the lymph enters the node, it goes through several stages of purification, and all the "pollution" remains in the lymph nodes. If there are too many of them, they can accumulate in these organs, causing inflammation of the lymph nodes (lymphadenitis).

In addition, sentinel lymph nodes are a kind of marker of the health of the whole organism. They increase against the background of severe infectious processes, inflammation, autoimmune reactions, and oncopathologies.

Lymph trunks and ducts

The thoracic duct is the largest in the body

Lymph nodes are connected and form the main ways of movement of lymph in the body - the lymphatic trunks and ducts.

In total, there are 6 such trunks and ducts in the human body, three for the left and right venous nodes. The thoracic duct is the largest. It receives lymph from the lower extremities, abdominal cavity, mediastinum. Then, through the thoracic duct, the lymph enters the circulatory system.

To prevent reverse movement of the lymph, the ducts and trunks are equipped with valves that allow fluid to flow in only one direction, so that the lymph moves only from the bottom up.

Lymph movement pattern

The movement of lymph is carried out from the lower extremities to the head. The flow of lymph in the body is ensured by the coordinated work of the entire lymphatic system. Lymph enters the vessels and lymph circulation occurs according to the following scheme:

• lymphocapillaries collect intercellular fluid from surrounding organs and tissues;
• capillaries form vessels through which lymph moves to the lymph node;
• lymph is cleansed in the lymph nodes, after which it is saturated with immune cells;
• from the lymph node, the lymph exits into large vessels called trunks;
• lymph moves along the trunks into the ducts, penetrating into the circulatory system.

The lymphatic system does not have a pump to move the lymph. Lymph circulation is maintained by the vessels themselves, which push fluid out thanks to the smooth muscle cells of the walls.

To understand how the human lymphatic system is arranged, the diagram will help best of all, since the movement of lymph can only be explained in general terms. In general, lymph in the human body moves from bottom to top, from the periphery to the center, and then enters the circulatory system.

What is lymph?

Lymph serves to transport nutrients to the blood.

Having figured out how the lymphatic system works, you should take a closer look at what lymph is and why it is needed. Lymph is a clear liquid that flows throughout the body. The colloquial name for lymph is ichor.

Despite the fact that few people know how the lymphatic system works, a person encounters lymph very often. For example, a clear liquid protruding from the wound after the blood stops - this is the lymph.

Lymph and lymphatic circulation are very important concepts that need to be understood. Thanks to this fluid, the regulation of immunity is ensured. In other words, if it were not for the lymph, the human body would be less able to cope with various infections and harmful compounds that enter the air through the respiratory tract.

The main properties of lymph are to cleanse the body and ensure the transport of immune cells into the circulatory system.

At the same time, lymph cells can pose a serious danger to the whole organism, in case of particularly severe diseases. The lymphatic system serves to transport nutrients into the blood, but it can also serve as a kind of highway for infections and cancer cells in the event of a strong weakening of the body. So, if the immune system is significantly weakened, the lymphatic system cannot cope with the load, so the intercellular fluid is not completely cleared, and infectious agents settle in the lymph nodes. Through the movement of lymph, they can be carried throughout the body.

Where does lymph come from?

The formation of lymph occurs directly with the penetration of interstitial fluid into the lymphatic system. This fluid is a by-product of the blood that enters the intercellular space through the blood capillaries. Thus, blood and lymph are indeed strongly connected and complement each other.

This fluid bathes every cell in the body. It collects all harmful substances, including infections and toxins, and then literally seeps through the lymphatic capillaries into the lymphatic system. At this stage, the tissue fluid becomes lymph, and its further transformation occurs due to the lymph nodes. Blood and lymph are related in the following way. Tissue fluid is formed when blood pressure rises, as a result of which some of the fluid penetrates into the intercellular space. This fluid then enters the lymphatic system and after some transformation becomes lymph. The functions of the lymph include the transport of nutrients into the circulatory system, so after a short period of time, the lymph enters the bloodstream, again becoming part of it.

Compound

The lymph consists mainly of water and immune cells. The composition of lymph is approximately 96-97% water or interstitial fluid. There are no erythrocytes in the ichorus, however, it contains a large number of lymphocytes, the maturation of which is carried out in the lymphatic system. In addition to lymphocytes, lymph contains a small amount of other leukocytes - monocytes and granulocytes.

Important! The main cells of the lymph are represented by lymphocytes or immune cells, thanks to which humoral immunity is supported.

However, to the question of what lymph is, one cannot simply answer that it is water. In small quantities, lymph contains:

• proteins;
• glucose;
• lipids;
• minerals.

There are three types of protein in the chemical composition of lymph - albumin, fibrinogen, globulin.

Functions

The functions of the lymph include the transport of nutrients into the circulatory system.

Having figured out what lymph consists of and what it is, you should dwell in more detail on the functions of lymph in the body. Together with tissue fluid, not only harmful compounds enter the lymphatic system, but also proteins, minerals, and electrolytes necessary for the body. These substances are needed by the body, so they must return to the blood - this is precisely the function that the lymph performs.

In addition, lymph itself is needed in order to transport immune cells and antibodies into the blood from the lymph nodes. After the lymph passes through the lymph nodes, it is cleared of harmful substances, and all the useful that is contained in the lymph must return back to the circulatory system. Thus, the following functions of this liquid can be distinguished:

• transport of electrolytes, proteins and water into the blood from the intercellular space;
• transport of enzymes into the blood;
• protection of the body from infection of injuries and wounds.

With any damage to the skin, blood first comes out of the wound, and then lymph. This fluid collects red blood cells and bacteria in damaged tissues, thereby protecting against the development of inflammation.

Some enzymes can enter the blood only through the lymph - these are histaminase and lipase. This is how the metabolic function of the lymph and the lymphatic system as a whole manifests itself. In addition, through the lymph, a constant connection is maintained between tissues and organs, as well as between the lymphatic and circulatory systems.

The exact speed of lymph movement is unknown, but on average, a person's body produces from two to four liters of this fluid per day. The process of lymph release from tissues is continuous, so the loss of this fluid is replenished soon enough.

Knowing everything about lymph and the features of the lymphatic system, each person will be able to better understand how his own body works.

What are the differences between blood and lymph?

The difference between the lymphatic and circulatory systems is the presence of a “pump” (heart) in the second

On the one hand, blood and lymph are different fluids necessary for the human body. On the other hand, they are closely related. Without loss of water in the blood, with an increase in pressure, lymph will not form, since it is this process, natural for each organism, that leads to the appearance of intercellular fluid. Having figured out how lymph is formed (from water penetrating into the intercellular space from the blood), and where it is located, it becomes clear that it cannot function without blood. Lymph is obtained from the blood and then incorporated into the blood. However, the composition of these two liquids is different. Lymph consists mainly of water, blood is plasma and a suspension of cellular components (erythrocytes, leukocytes). There are a lot of proteins in blood plasma, so it is more viscous and dense than lymph.

Like blood, lymph coagulates. However, this process is much slower. You can notice this at the site of small wounds - after a while the ichorus becomes denser, instead of a freely flowing liquid, a small transparent and yellowish clot appears.

The main difference between the lymphatic and circulatory systems is the presence of a “pump” in the second, the function of which is performed by the heart. Thanks to this, the blood circulates in a circle, but the lymph always moves in only one direction.

The main function of blood is to transport oxygen to tissues and organs, while lymph serves to supply useful substances to the blood, thereby supplementing it. The main differences between lymph and blood can be summarized as follows:

1. Blood supplies oxygen and nutrients, lymph serves to cleanse the body or drain.
2. Blood moves much faster than lymph. Moreover, the speed of blood changes with fluctuations in blood pressure, while the speed of lymph movement is a constant value.
3. The difference between lymph and blood is in composition, functions, speed of movement, however, both fluids are closely interconnected.
4. The kidneys and liver are “engaged” in cleaning the blood, and the lymph nodes are the lymph nodes.
5. The volume of circulating blood is 4-5 liters, the amount of lymph in the human body is an average of 2-3 liters.

In addition, for clarity, you can compare the tables of the composition of lymph and blood in order to clearly see the differences between these fluids.

The importance of lymph in the human body is difficult to overestimate. Having figured out what lymph and blood consist of, it becomes clear that they are inextricably linked and complement each other's functions.

Lymph movement after surgery

As already mentioned, the location of the lymph is the whole body. Lymph is located in the lymphatic capillaries and vessels, through which it moves to the lymph nodes for purification. Despite the fact that this fluid serves to remove excess from the body, violations of the speed of its movement have negative consequences for health.

Normally, lymph flow is constant. It can worsen if the lymphatic vessels, ducts, and nodes are damaged. Thus, the speed of lymph movement after surgery may decrease. Such a disease of the lymph is called lymphostasis, the main symptoms are severe swelling and pain at the site of vascular damage.

In the vast majority of cases, the deterioration of the outflow of lymph occurs after surgery on the mammary gland - a radical mastectomy. Such surgical interventions are the main treatment for breast cancer, while the deterioration of the lymph flow is due to the removal of the lymph nodes located around the breast and in the armpit. Removal of the lymph node in this case is carried out due to the spread of metastases from the mammary glands, or to prevent this process in the event of further progression of cancer.

Analysis of the composition of the lymph

For a general assessment of the state of the lymphatic system, there is no need to take lymph - a blood test is enough

The composition of the lymph is determined by puncturing the lymph node (biopsy) and taking a small amount of fluid for analysis. Indications for such an analysis are inflammation of the lymph nodes, prolonged enlargement of the lymph nodes, suspicion of oncology.

A healthy person does not need to take a prophylactic lymph test; the health of the lymphatic system can be assessed by a biochemical blood test.

A biopsy of the lymph nodes is a rather traumatic procedure, which is prescribed only if there are strict indications. In other cases, the evaluation of the work of the lymphatic system is carried out according to the general and biochemical blood tests. By the nature of the change in the number of lymphocytes, a diagnosis can be made in case of suspicion of pathology of the lymphatic system. Moreover, a biochemical blood test can detect lymphoma at an early stage.

Diseases of the lymphatic system

Knowing what lymph looks like, where it comes from and how it flows in the body, it becomes clear that the lymphatic system is subjected to tremendous stress every day, providing cleansing of the body and supporting immunity. Accordingly, there are a number of pathologies of this system in which the movement of the lymph is disturbed. There are three main groups of diseases:

• pathology of the lymph nodes;
• lymphomas;
• lymphostasis.

Pathologies of the lymph nodes are associated with pathogenic bacteria and infections absorbed into the lymph from the affected surrounding tissues and organs. In addition, antibodies and immune cells formed in the lymph nodes cannot always cope with the disease, so the lymph nodes become infected and inflamed, and the lymph can spread the infection throughout the body.

Lymphadenitis and lymphadenopathy

Causes of lymphadenitis - any infectious diseases of organs (ARVI, influenza) located near the affected lymph node

Most often there are two pathologies of the lymph nodes - lymphadenopathy and lymphadenitis. Lymphadenopathy is called enlargement of the lymph nodes. This is not an independent disease, but rather a symptom, meaning that something is going wrong in the body. Most often, the lymphatic system reacts with an increase in lymph nodes to episodes of a weakened immune system. Causes of lymphadenopathy:

• infections;
• inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract;
• pathology of the digestive system;
• diseases of the mediastinum;
• tuberculosis;
• sexually transmitted diseases;
• allergic reactions;
• post-vaccination reactions;
• autoimmune processes.

As a rule, lymphadenopathy is observed in those groups of lymph nodes that are closest to the diseased organ. So, with tonsillitis, cervical lymph nodes increase, with mastopathy - chest and axillary, with diseases of the genitourinary system - inguinal. The lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity increase against the background of gastrointestinal diseases, including exacerbation of chronic diseases. The only specific symptom of lymphadenopathy is an increase in lymph nodes.

Lymphadenitis is an inflammation of a lymph node. If lymphadenopathy is not a disease, and therefore does not require treatment, lymphadenitis is very dangerous. During the inflammatory process, the lymph node noticeably increases, the skin around it turns red, pain appears on palpation and at rest. The causes of lymphadenitis are any infectious diseases of organs located near the affected lymph node. The infection penetrates into the lymph nodes with the lymph flow when they are unable to cope with the cleansing of the lymph due to the large number of pathogenic bacteria and toxic compounds.

The causes of lymphadenitis are predominantly bacterial, the disease can cause:

• staphylococcus;
• streptococcus;
• Pneumococcus;
• pale treponema;
• Koch stick.

All these bacteria cause inflammatory diseases. Pale treponema is the causative agent of syphilis, Koch's bacillus is Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Treatment of lymph in this case is to take antibacterial agents. The drugs are selected by the doctor after a series of relevant tests to accurately identify the causative agent of the disease.

It should be remembered that with pathologies of the lymph nodes, it is important not only to eliminate the symptoms, but also the disease that caused inflammation or enlargement of the organs of the lymphatic system.

Lymphomas

Lymphomas are a group of diseases of the lymphatic tissue. They are divided into two types - Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Hodgkin's lymphoma (lymphogranulomatosis) is a malignant pathology of the lymphatic system with rapid progression and complex treatment. The disease is asymptomatic for a long time. A sign of pathology may be an increase in sentinel lymph nodes without any other ailments and signs. This disease is treated with radiation and chemotherapy. In advanced cases, the disease can be cured only by bone marrow transplantation. Due to the absence of specific symptoms at an early stage, the pathology is characterized by a high probability of death.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are also called lymphosarcomas. In fact, this is a benign tumor of the lymphoid tissue, which spreads from one pathological focus throughout the entire lymphatic system. The first symptom of the disease is an increase in one or more superficial lymph nodes and general malaise. As a rule, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are treated quite successfully, but timely diagnosis and therapy are important here. Any benign lymphoma has some risk of malignancy.

Lymphomas are diagnosed using a biochemical blood test. Since no one is immune from this disease, it is recommended to take a blood test annually.

Lymphostasis

At the initial stage of lymphostasis, lymphatic drainage massage shows high efficiency.

The definition of lymphostasis is the accumulation of fluid with a high protein content in the lower or upper limbs. Pathology develops as a result of a violation of the outflow of lymph due to damage to the lymphatic vessels, removal of lymph nodes or oncopathologies.

The disease usually affects the lower extremities. The development of hand lymphostasis is associated mainly with mastectomy.

Typical symptoms of the disease:

• severe swelling of the affected limb;
• a noticeable increase in the volume of the affected leg or arm;
• pain on exertion;
• tissue trophism disorders.

The disease greatly impairs the patient's quality of life and is difficult to treat. The initial forms of lymphostasis are treated with lymphatic drainage massage and wearing special compression stockings to prevent overstretching of the lymphatic vessels. Severe forms of pathology are not treatable. In these cases, lymphostasis leads to elephantiasis and disability.

Thus, the lymphatic system is an important part of the body, and lymph is its main instrument. Pathologies of the lymphatic system are very dangerous, therefore, they require timely treatment. You can check the lymph by a blood test, which doctors recommend taking annually, even in the absence of any symptoms.

Lymph nodes are one of the most important organs of the lymphatic system, they play the role of filters, preventing various microorganisms from entering the bloodstream. .

The location of the lymph nodes is conceived by nature very rationally, so that they would serve as a barrier to bacteria, viruses, and malignant cells. The lymphatic system is not closed in a circle, like the cardiovascular system, the fluid (lymph) moves through it in only one direction. Through the lymphatic capillaries and vessels, it gathers and moves from the periphery to the center,
vessels are collected in large ducts, and then flow into the central veins.

Lymph nodes are located in clusters along the blood vessels and their branches through which the lymph is filtered, as well as near the internal organs. Knowing where the lymph nodes are located, everyone can evaluate their size and density. Monitoring the state of your lymph nodes allows you to note even their minor changes, which in turn contributes to the timely diagnosis of many diseases.

By location, lymph nodes can be divided into two large groups:

• Internal
• External

internal lymph nodes

Internal lymph nodes are located in groups and chains along large vessels, next to the most important human organs.

Visceral nodes

They collect lymph from the organs in the abdominal cavity.

Allocate:

• splenic nodes. They lie at the gates of the spleen, receive lymph from the left half of the body of the stomach and its bottom.
• Mesenteric nodes - located directly in the mesentery of the intestine, receive lymph, respectively, from their part of the intestine.
• Gastric - left gastric, right and left gastro-omental.
• Hepatic - along the large hepatic vessels.

Parietal or parietal

These are retroperitoneal nodes, which include para-aortic and paracaval. They are located along the aorta and the inferior vena cava in the form of clusters of various sizes, interconnected by lymphatic vessels. Three clusters were distinguished among them: left, right and intermediate lumbar clusters.

external lymph nodes

External lymph nodes are those that are close to the surface of the body, often just under the skin, sometimes deeper, under the muscles. They are characterized by the fact that for their examination it is not necessary to resort to complex diagnostic manipulations. It is enough to examine and feel in order to suspect a particular pathology.

Everyone needs to know the location of the lymph nodes of the external level, this will help to independently identify changes in them in the early stages in order to consult a doctor. The external ones include those that collect lymph from the head, neck, arms and legs, the mammary gland, partly the organs of the chest, abdominal cavity, and small pelvis.

Superficial lymph nodes are the following large groups:

1. Lymph nodes of the head and neck.
2. Supraclavicular and subclavian nodes.
3. Axillary lymph nodes.
4. Elbows
5. Inguinal

The cervical, supra- and subclavian, axillary and inguinal lymph nodes are of the greatest importance in the diagnosis. Where the lymph nodes of these groups are located will be discussed below.

Lymph nodes of the head and neck

Lymph nodes on the head are several small clusters:

• Parotid superficial and deep
• Occipital
• mastoid
• and chin
• Facial

Below in the figure you can see the lymph nodes on the head and on the face, the location of which is important to know for the correct diagnosis of diseases and in cosmetology practice. Knowing where the lymph nodes are located is the basis for many lymphatic drainage procedures, in particular the Asahi rejuvenating massage. The group of facial nodes is located deep enough in the fiber, rarely becomes inflamed and has no diagnostic value in medical practice.

The lymph nodes of the neck are divided as follows:

• Anterior cervical

1. superficial;
2. deep.

• Lateral cervical

1. superficial;
2. deep top and bottom.

• Supraclavicular
• Additional

It's called. This is a wake up call that should not be ignored.

Axillary lymph nodes

Lymph nodes on the hands are an integral part of the examination. Elbow and axillary lymph nodes are easily accessible.
Of great clinical importance are, the location of which caused the outflow in them not only of lymph from the upper limb, but also from the organs of the chest and mammary gland. They are located in the fatty tissue of the armpit, divided into 6 groups, due to their anatomical location in the cavity.

For a more accurate understanding of where the axillary lymph nodes are located, a diagram of their location is presented.

Such a detailed scheme with the division of nodes into groups is important in oncological practice. Based on the defeat of nodes from specific groups, postoperative staging of breast cancer is based. In normal clinical practice, such a detailed division into groups is not of great importance, especially since it is almost impossible to probe deeply located nodes.

Elbow lymph nodes are of lesser importance, as they are collectors only from the lower part of the arm, the elbow joint, they increase only with systemic diseases of the lymphatic system and a direct infection of the hand or forearm. Their increase is easily noticeable, and therefore does not require complex diagnostic techniques.

Inguinal lymph nodes

The inguinal lymph nodes in women and men are located the same way, they are divided into deep and superficial. Superficial ones are easily felt under the skin in the inguinal fold, between the pubic bone and the leg, even normally they can be felt in the form of small moving peas up to 5 mm in size.

The location of the lymph nodes in the groin is conceived by nature in such a way as to collect lymph in them not only from the lower limb, but also from the pelvic organs (uterus and ovaries in women and the prostate in men) and external genital organs.

The causes of inflammation of the inguinal lymph nodes in men and women may be of a different nature.

Below is a drawing that shows all groups of lymph nodes in the pelvis and inguinal region.

In addition to the inguinal, there are also lymph nodes on the legs, the principle of location of which does not differ from the same on the hands.

These are also large joints, in this case the knee. The nodes are located in the tissue of the popliteal fossa, increase mainly in infectious processes below the knee, purulent wounds, erysipelas.

Method of examination of lymph nodes

For the diagnosis of lymphadenopathy, examination and palpation (palpation) are used. These methods are available only to superficial lymph nodes, deeper located must be examined using the method of ultrasound diagnostics.

Examination of the lymph nodes is carried out necessarily from both sides at the same time, since it is necessary to compare the affected lymph node with a healthy one. Note the number of enlarged nodes in each examined group.

In addition, their density, soreness, mobility in relation to the skin, to each other are determined. Also, in the diagnosis of inflammation, examination of the skin over the node is of great importance, redness, elevated local temperature can indicate a purulent process in the node.

Examination of the lymph nodes of the head

Palpation is carried out from top to bottom, starting with the occipital nodes on the head. Palpation is carried out with the pads of half-bent fingers. Feeling should be soft and smooth without pressure, you need to slightly roll over the knots.

First, the occipital lymph nodes are felt, the location of which is easy to determine by placing your fingers on the muscles of the neck, in the place where they are attached to the head. After palpation behind the ear or mastoid lymph nodes, they are located behind the auricle near the mastoid process. Then the parotid and submandibular lymph nodes are examined.

The location of the submandibular nodes, their characteristics are determined by bent fingers, which are led under the lower jaw and, as it were, slightly press the nodes to the bone. The chin lymph nodes are examined in the same way, only closer to the center line, that is, under the chin.

Examination of the lymph nodes of the neck

After examining the lymph nodes of the head, they begin to feel the lymph nodes of the neck. Only superficial and supraclavicular lymph nodes are available for palpation. The location of the hands during palpation of the cervical lymph nodes is as follows: gently press half-bent fingers to the lateral surface of the neck along the posterior, and then the anterior edges of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. It is there that the superficial groups of cervical lymph nodes are located. The brushes should be held horizontally.

The supraclavicular lymph nodes are located above the collarbones, between the legs of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The pads of half-bent fingers are placed on the area above the collarbone and lightly pressed.

Normally, the supraclavicular nodes are not palpable, however, with gastric cancer, there may be a single metastasis in the left supraclavicular region (Virchow's metastasis), in addition, an increase in the left supraclavicular nodes indicates an advanced stage of ovarian cancer in women, bladder, testicles and prostate cancer in men, sometimes cancer pancreas.

An increase in the right supraclavicular lymph nodes indicates a tumor located in the chest. After the supraclavicular, the subclavian lymph nodes are palpated in the same way.