Nootropic drugs. Side effects of nootropics. What is a nootropic drug

1. Cortexin + Cerebrolysate

Let's not delay, this is the strongest scheme that I had a chance to try. Yes, these substances have a weak evidence base. Yes, they need to be injected intramuscularly. But they change behavior very much, susceptibility to intellectual load.

Substances are sold only in pharmacies. And they are quite expensive! On average, the course will cost 2 thousand rubles or $ 35.

The course is 10-20 days. Personally, I did the first half on cerebrolysate, the second on cortexin.

What are the benefits:

+ Processing

It is difficult to describe this point. It is often mentioned that any information becomes more understandable. On personal experience, I noticed that I read prof. literature on neuroscience as an artist. Moreover, pictures are drawn and three-dimensional objects, and tables with data. Data processing speed is like on stimulants, only without the effect of the stimulation itself. No matter how much information you receive in a day, it seems that your head is still half empty.

+ Sociality

Perhaps there is an effect on some hormones, but the behavior becomes softer. Less impulsive. It is easier to talk even with conflicting people. Yes, and you yourself become kinder, more reasonable.

These benefits persist for a couple of weeks after the course. Courses are done 1-2 times a year, more often you probably don’t want to, very specific drugs.

1. PRL 8-53

An experimental nootropic, which we were even going to start implementing, but did not dare. There is very little data about him, the working dosage jumps from 5 mg to 50, even the side effects are not clear, they simply were not in the studies. The effects are unstable and the combinations are also not clear.

You can buy now only on Western resources. The price for 1 gram is $25-30. It is advised to take small courses of 2 weeks.

Benefits:

+ Memory

This is probably the strongest nootropic for improving memory ( Link). In one study, improvements in humans were 150% greater than starting parameters. Here you remember 5 numbers by looking at them, and with this nootropic you will have all 10-15. I didn't notice much change myself.

+ Concentration

Increasing attention, focus. If normally you force yourself not to be distracted, then here you force yourself to be distracted. I would not say that there is an increase in motivation and mood, only rough concentration and memory.

The substance seemed to me similar to oxiracetam, which is a little more studied) So if you don’t find prl, look for oxiracetam.

1. Modafinil

Dark magic among nootropics. banned in the Russian Federation, but in some other neighboring countries it is sold as a supplement, not even a prescription drug. Therefore, if you are caught in the Russian Federation, you will be considered a drug addict, in Ukraine, with the same substance - a stronghold of the healthy lifestyle movement. For Russia, modafinil can be replaced with caffeinated hydrafinil or phenylpiracetam.

The prices for everything are very different, it is not advisable to use the course, since all compounds are strong and can cause insomnia.

Primary Benefit: Motivation + Speed ​​of Thinking

Outcome:

Naturally, if you search well, you can find nootropics with a huge potential for brain development, but they are rare and there is even less information than PRL. We had more details. The nootropics on today's list are relatively easy to find, don't cost hundreds of dollars, and have quite tangible effects. We recommend only experienced people to get acquainted with these nootropics:

1. Cortexin + Cerebrolysate = Renewal, it's easy to sort through anything.
2. PRL 8-53 = Strange prep yet, but it's often said that gives super memory
3. Modafinil, for countries where it is allowed, is one of the most powerful nootropics. In the Russian Federation, formally, a drug, so forget about it.

I would love to hear real opinions in the comments! I hope you liked the release and remember that the best nootropic is self-education, the rest is auxiliary elements! Good luck and see you soon!

Nootropic drugs - what are these medicines? You will receive the answer to the question asked from the presented article. In addition, you will learn the history of their occurrence, principles of action, properties, indications and effects from the application.

General information

Nootropic drugs - what is it? Such drugs improve brain function, rejuvenate the body and prolong life. These are neurometabolic stimulants that have an activating effect on learning. In addition, they significantly improve mental activity and memory. The term "nootropic" is made up of two Greek words νους and τροπή, which means "mind" and "change" respectively.

Description

Nootropic drugs do not have their own class in the classification of medical drugs. That is why they were combined with psychostimulants and began to belong to the pharmacotherapeutic group with the following ATC code: N06BX.

History of occurrence

In 1963, the Belgian pharmacologists S. Giurgea and V. Skondia synthesized the first drug from the presented group - Piracetam. Today, such a nootropic drug is known to most patients under the name "Nootropil". Like a psychostimulant in the middle of the 20th century, it increased mental and at the same time did not have any side effects.

In 1972, one of the creators of this drug proposed the term "nootropic" to refer to a group of drugs that improve intellectual memory, learning and attention, and also affect the transcallosal potential, have antihypoxic activity and do not have a negative effect on the body.

Unlike well-known psychostimulants, nootropics stimulate, which further leads to an increase in their activity, which is quantitative, not qualitative. It should be especially noted that the effect of most of these drugs does not appear after the first dose, but with long-term treatment.

Latest Nootropics

Currently, more than 10 original nootropics of the pyrrolidine series have been synthesized, which are in phase 3 clinical trials or have already been registered in a number of countries. Among these drugs, one can single out Oxiracetam, Nefiracetam, Etiracetam, Aniracetam, Rolziracetam, Isacetam, Pramiracetam, Cebracetam, Dupracetam, Detiracetam, etc. The presented medicines have common name "Racetams".

Among others, other families of nootropic agents have been synthesized, including GABAergic, cholinergic, glutamatergic, and peptidergic systems. It should also be noted that the nootropic active ingredient is also present in other medicines that have a different chemical origin.

Operating principle

Nootropic drugs - what are these drugs, and what are they prescribed for? The therapeutic effect of such drugs is based on several mechanisms:

• activation of plastic processes in the central nervous system due to increased protein and RNA synthesis;
• improvement of the energy state of neurons, which is manifested in increased ATP synthesis, as well as antihypoxic and antioxidant effects;
• improved glucose utilization;
• strengthening the processes of synaptic transmission in the central nervous system;
• membrane stabilizing effect.

Features of drugs

The main mechanisms of such drugs are considered to be their direct effect on bioenergetics and metabolic processes in nerve cells, as well as interaction with brain systems (primarily neurotransmitter systems).

It has long been proven that nootropics are able to activate adenylate cyclase and increase its concentration in the neuron. In addition, an increased level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate leads through a change in the flow of intracellular Ca2+ and K+ ions to a rapid release of the mediator from the sensory neuron.

It should also be noted that activated adenylate cyclase is able to maintain the stability of ATP production in cells without oxygen, and under conditions of hypoxia, transfer brain metabolism to a conserved mode.

Nootropic drugs for the elderly and children are urgently needed to increase their creativity and restore intellectual retardation. Manufacturers of such stimulants claim that their drugs improve the metabolism of nucleic acids, activate the synthesis of protein, ATP and RNA, penetrate the BBB well, and also increase the rate of glucose utilization.

Properties of nootopes

The effect of a number of nootropic drugs is sometimes mediated through the neurotransmitter system of the brain (cholinergic, monoaminergic, glutamatergic).

According to manufacturers, nootropics can also have other types of effects, including:

• antioxidant;
• membrane stabilizing;
• neuroprotective;
• antihypoxic.

Other drug options

Nootropics are recommended to be used in combination. After all, this is the only way to improve the bioelectrical activity and integrative activity of the brain, which manifests itself in the form of characteristic changes in electrophysiological patterns (a noticeable increase in the level of wakefulness, as well as a dominant peak, facilitated the passage of information between the hemispheres of the brain, an increase in the relative and absolute power of the EEG spectrum of the hippocampus and cortex).

Due to the increase in cortico-subcortical control, the improvement of information exchange in the brain, the positive effect on the reproduction and formation of a memory trace, we can safely say that such drugs lead to an increase in learning ability, improvement of memory, thinking, attention, perception, as well as activation of intellectual functions. .

By the way, many manufacturers claim that such tools can significantly improve and accelerate cognitive (or However, these statements have not been scientifically confirmed.

effects

According to manufacturers, nootropic drugs have the following effects on a person:

Are Nootropics Effective for Stroke Prevention?

What are these drugs, we figured out. But this raises a new question about how effective they are in the treatment and prevention of strokes. It should be noted that this practice is questionable. This is due to the fact that the use of nootropics in relation to such deviations has not been confirmed.

Clinical Application

Before explaining why such funds are used in official medicine, it should be noted that nootropic drugs without prescriptions from attending physicians are not dispensed in pharmacies. This is due to the fact that they belong to the same drug group as strong psychostimulants.

Initially, the drugs presented were used to treat brain disorders in older people with an organic brain syndrome. Although in the past few years (usually in third world countries) they have become quite widely used in various fields of medicine, including surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, neurology, narcology, as well as obstetric and geriatric practices.

Thus, nootropic drugs are used by doctors for:

Indications for children

In developing countries, the presented funds are especially common in pediatrics. Thus, nootropic drugs are prescribed for children with:

• mental retardation;
• delayed speech and mental development;
• children's cerebral palsy;
• the consequences of perinatal damage to the central nervous system;
• attention deficit disorder.

Other indications for use

The best nootropic drug is the drug that has a pronounced therapeutic effect and does not negatively affect the human body. It should be noted that such funds are sometimes used for:

• stuttering ("Pantogam", "Phenibut");
• correction of neuroleptic syndrome ("Hopantenic acid", "Pyritinol", "Deanol aceglumate", "Pantogam");
• hyperkinesis ("Hopantenic acid", "Phenibut", "Memantine");
• urination disorder ("Pantogam", "Nicotinoyl-GABA");
• sleep disorders ("Fenibut", "Calcium gamma-hydroxybutyrate", "Glycine");
• migraine ("Pyritinol", "Nicotinoyl-GABA", "Semax");
• dizziness ("Ginkgo biloba", "Phenibut", "Piracetam");
• for the prevention of motion sickness ("GABA", "Phenibut").

By the way, in ophthalmic practice, such drugs are used as part of combination therapy for open-angle glaucoma, vascular diseases of the retina and macular (Nicotinoyl-GABA), as well as senile and diabetic retinopathy (Ginkgo biloba).

Natural Nootropics

In addition to drugs, natural substances with similar properties are often used to obtain a therapeutic effect. Of course, natural nootropics are not as effective as pharmacological agents, but after a few weeks after use, patients still begin to notice an improvement in cognitive functions and so on.

Urban people do not have time to take care of their health. The fast pace of life makes you work hard and relax with a rare opportunity. Vitamins, which are considered a panacea, in fact, do not help to adapt to the high requirements of the metropolis.

A person often needs help in resisting stress factors, speeding up brain activity and maintaining psycho-emotional balance. Preparations from the group of nootropics, in this case, become indispensable and help to avoid negative consequences due to nervous tension.

What are nootropics

Nootropics are a group of drugs that have a positive effect on brain activity and cognitive functions. Due to the ability to improve metabolic processes in the nervous tissue, these drugs enhance higher integrative activity, as well as increase mental abilities.

In the human body, special substances are physiologically produced, which are called neurotransmitters. Their role is to ensure the flow of chemical reactions that are necessary for the proper functioning of organs. Such connections exist in the brain. They are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses, and with their deficiency, various disorders occur. Medicines from the group of nootropics are similar in chemical structure to some neurotransmitters, therefore they are able to perform the same functions, eliminating their deficiency in pathological conditions.

The nervous system and the brain work in an increased rhythm if a person is in a state of stress, worries, or under conditions of increased psychological stress. In this case, there is a higher need for certain chemicals and the activation of additional body capabilities. Nootropic drugs can help to cope with adverse factors and enhance the protective properties of cells.

The mechanism of action is to increase the utilization of glucose, which leads to increased energy production and the full functioning of cells. Nootropics affect the biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, which improves the structure of tissues, and also accelerates the regeneration process.

An important pharmacological effect is antioxidant - by eliminating free radicals, drugs of this group stabilize cell membranes and increase resistance to adverse factors. Complete nutrition of the nervous tissue leads to the restoration of the structure and functions of cells. After the use of nootropics, hypoxia conditions are better tolerated, blood circulation and metabolic processes are normalized.

The advantage of this group of drugs is the absence of toxicity and dangerous side effects. Nootropics are used in conditions of existing stress, as well as to prepare for it (for example, during exams or reports), as a protective agent for brain cells.

However, despite the results of treatment and wide experience of use, some doctors believe that nootropics are drugs with unproven effectiveness. Studies of this group of drugs are ongoing, since the possibilities of their use and the need for such drugs are quite large.

Indications for use

The list of conditions for which nootropics are effective is as follows:

• Decreased mental or physical performance.
• Neuroinfection.
• Impairment of memory or attention.
• Ischemic stroke.
• Exposure to toxic substances.
• Senile dementia.
• Violation of cerebral circulation.
• post-traumatic period.
• encephalopathy.
• Withdrawal syndrome, including alcohol.

Encouraging results of treatment for brain tissue damage of various origins are explained by a wide range of pharmacological effects of this group of drugs:

• Improving the metabolic processes of the cortical layer, a positive effect on human judgment, speech, thinking.
• Getting rid of depression or fatigue.
• Antiasthenic action is manifested by the elimination of lethargy, physical and psychological weakness.
• The adaptogenic effect is to enhance the protective properties and increase resistance to adverse factors.
• Increase learning ability, improve memory.
• Decreased irritability and emotional excitability.

The instructions for use of most nootropic drugs allow their over-the-counter dispensing from pharmacies. During a stressful period or mental exhaustion, everyone can take them on their own according to the scheme indicated by the manufacturer.

Contraindications

For a healthy person, nootropics are safe. But people with diseases need to be careful, since the group of drugs in question has contraindications:

• hemorrhagic stroke.
• Individual intolerance to the drug component.
• Hereditary degenerative diseases of the CNS.
• Renal failure.
• Pregnancy period.
• Arterial hypotension.

Before starting treatment, you should study the instructions for the specific remedy that the doctor prescribed to the patient.

Which drug to buy

Given that most of the drugs in the group of psychostimulants and nootropics are sold without a prescription, it becomes necessary to understand the differences and selection criteria:

• If the drug is chosen without the help of a doctor, the patient should first read the contents of the instructions. The decision is made on the basis of the active substance, indications, regimen of administration or indicated restrictions.
• After that, the patient must decide which form of release of the drug is suitable in a particular situation. For example, it is more convenient for children to give the product in liquid form, so many manufacturers offer syrups or nootropic powders. Adult patients are suitable capsules or tablets.
• Based on one active substance, a pharmacy may offer several trade names. To make a final decision, you need to pay attention to the price, the reception scheme and the manufacturing company.

Despite non-prescription leave, self-medication is still not recommended. Before you start taking any medication, it is better to consult a doctor or consult a pharmacist.

Nootropics: a list of drugs

Below is a list of drugs from the group of nootropics that have earned positive feedback from patients and the trust of doctors.

The main active ingredient is a synthetic analogue of the natural neurotransmitter - gamma-aminobutyric acid. The drug affects the processes of inhibition in the brain, and also regulates the metabolism of the central nervous system. Acts as an antioxidant and detoxifier.

Glycine is able to improve mood, increase mental activity, reduce negative vegetative-vascular manifestations, protect cells from the toxic effect of alcohol or the adverse effects of stress.

The drug has a high safety profile, rarely causes adverse reactions and is approved for use in children from the age of three. It is a cheap plus effective remedy that every patient can buy at a pharmacy without a prescription.

Piracetam

The main component is a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid, which is produced by the human body. This nootropic improves the cognitive functions of the brain. For the patient, this is manifested by an increase in concentration, better memorization and a high ability to learn.

Positive effects are achieved due to a decrease in pathological excitation in the brain, an increase in the metabolism of nerve cells, and the normalization of microcirculation. The drug is produced in the form of capsules and tablets, it is used only for the treatment of adults.

Available in several dosages. The main active ingredient is piracetam. Pharmacological action is similar to the two previously described medicines. Not applicable to children. The choice of patients is often stopped in favor of this drug because of the Belgian quality.

A remedy with nootropic properties, however, belongs to a group of drugs intended for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Contains two active ingredients - vitamin pyridoxine and threonine. The second of them regulates the processes of tissue metabolism (cells are quickly restored, and the patient's craving for alcohol decreases).

The first active substance (vitamin) also performs important functions: it stimulates redox reactions, respiration and energy metabolism of cells. The drug is prescribed for the treatment of alcoholism, as well as for the relief of withdrawal symptoms. In the second case, it is better to take the pill under the tongue, then the positive effect will come in 20 minutes.

Produced in the form of capsules. It is a combined remedy based on cinnarizine with piracetam. Individually, they exhibit nootropic properties and improve brain microcirculation, and when combined, they enhance each other's action.

The therapeutic effect begins within an hour after the start of administration, however, to achieve a stable result, doctors prescribe the drug in a course. In addition to affecting nerve cells, Combitropil has a positive effect on the rheological properties of blood. It protects red blood cells from destruction, reduces viscosity and improves blood flow.

Nootropic based on a synthetic derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid. The composition differs from other drugs in this group, while exhibiting similar pharmacological effects. In addition to psycho-emotional disorders, it is also prescribed in the complex therapy of migraine, autism, alcoholism, and even urological diseases. Effective in depression and other conditions that are accompanied by anxiety. Approved for use from the age of three. In most cases, it is well tolerated and does not cause side effects.

A unique nootropic that comes in the form of nasal drops. Contains a mixture of amino acids needed to treat brain damage. It is prescribed in the post-traumatic period, during neurosurgical operations, neurotic disorders. It has a good positive effect when used under conditions of stress or psycho-emotional overload. In addition to increasing the adaptive properties of the nervous system, the drug has found application in ophthalmology (neuritis) and pediatrics (autism). The method of operation of the drops is described in detail by the instruction.

The medicine has a positive effect on the nervous system. Indications for use are very wide - from traumatic brain injuries to functional disorders and withdrawal symptoms. Due to the parenteral form of release, it is often prescribed for acute conditions (intoxication, inflammatory processes, cerebrovascular accidents).

Nootropics of the latest generation

Application to children

Recently, pediatric neurologists have begun to prescribe nootropics more often. Doctors from various fields of medicine, especially pediatricians, do not always agree with such decisions and doubt the validity of such prescriptions.

There are direct indications that nootropics of any generation should be used in childhood. In practice, it often happens that drugs are prescribed for other reasons. For example, a hyperactive baby, a delay in speech or the first steps do not always indicate a developmental disorder. Due to the high safety profile of nootropics, some doctors still prefer to prescribe these drugs, which does not comply with the instructions and official treatment protocols.

When drugs are really needed, the choice of the active substance and the specific dosage is made by the doctor. Drugs that are allowed to be used in children have an additional form of release, for example, syrup or powder. Diagnoses in which nootropics are indicated for childhood:

• encephalopathy.
• Cerebrosthenia.
• Consequences of neuroinfection.
• Mental retardation.
• Speech delay.

Drugs that are approved for use in pediatrics:

• Glycine. Contains a substance that is synthesized by the body naturally, so the drug is very popular. It rarely causes adverse reactions. Despite the data in the instructions, it is prescribed by some doctors even to small children with a daily dose adjustment.
• Pantogam. Known in the pharmaceutical market as a children's nootropic. Available as a syrup for toddlers and tablets for older patients. Effectively eliminates the symptoms caused by vegetative disorders.
• Cogitum. Available in ampoules. It is safe and non-toxic.
• Picamilon. It has been used since the age of three for asthenic conditions, mental retardation.

The list of drugs is constantly expanding, and pharmaceutical companies are successfully working on the creation of new drugs that are of high quality, efficacy and safety.

Doctor's conclusion

Nootropics have a wide range of applications. Pharmacological properties of representatives of this group are indispensable for traumatic brain injuries, functional disorders caused by cerebrovascular pathologies. In addition, drugs are prescribed for children with developmental delays, adults during periods of strong psycho-emotional stress and the elderly to improve the functioning of the nervous system.

Nootropics show good compatibility with drugs from other groups and rarely cause side effects. Adults can safely take them along with multivitamin complexes 1 or 2 times a year to maintain the health of the body.

Nootropics have been developed to boost metabolism and improve the functioning of nervous system cells. To date, nootropics, the effectiveness of which has been proven in the course of research, are used mainly for the treatment of neurological diseases.

Nootropic drugs contain chemical compounds that enhance brain activity, stimulate the nervous system and metabolic processes in general. Increased stress on the nervous system slows down the activity of the brain and leads to impaired blood circulation.

These drugs can increase energy, speed of thinking and remembering information. No wonder they are also called "smart drugs".

Nootropics with proven effectiveness affect the activity of nerve impulses, speeding up the work of the brain. Piracetam (the first nootropic substance) was invented in 1964 in Belgium as a pyrrolidone derivative. From this stage, the synthesis and development of neurometabolic stimulants began.

Nootropics with proven effectiveness help with neuralgic diseases. The list of drugs will help you choose the best ones.

The most common nootropics are:

• pyrrolidone derivatives;
• derivatives of diaphenylpyrrolidone;
• derivatives of amino acids;
• neuropeptides.

Complex preparations containing a combination of stimulating substances have been developed.

Indications for admission

When the properties of nootropics were just beginning to be studied, they were used to treat senile dementia. Over time, the range of application of these drugs has expanded to the areas of pediatrics, neurology, narcology and psychiatry.

In the CIS countries, nootropics are prescribed for the treatment of:

• pathological damage to the vessels of the brain;
• degradation of the integrative function;
• neurotic disorder;
• infectious lesions of the nervous system;
• complications of traumatic brain injury;
• decrease in integrative functions of the brain;
• alcohol addiction.

In the field of pediatrics, nootropics are prescribed for:

• mental retardation;
• damage to the nervous system at birth;
• chronic anomalies of the brain;
• delayed speech development.

In addition to these cases, nootropic drugs are used to treat private neurological pathologies and in the complex treatment of various diseases.

Contraindications

The effectiveness of nootropics has been proven in many cases, but do not forget about the contraindications to taking neurostimulants.

Depending on the type, nootropic drugs should not be taken by patients with:

• severe diseases of blood vessels and heart;
• pronounced psychomotor activity;
• diabetes mellitus;
• diseases of the urinary system;
• hypotension;
• individual intolerance to the components of the drug;
• stomach ulcer.

Also, nootropics are not advisable to take during pregnancy and with muscle cramps.

Instructions for use

Nootropic drugs are available in the form of tablets, ampoules for injection, intranasal drops. The dosage depends on the reason for prescribing the drug. In the initial days of admission, the maximum dosage is prescribed to accelerate the achievement of results. In the following days, the dosage is gradually reduced. Nootropics have a cumulative effect in the body.

A sharp refusal to take neurostimulants is contraindicated. It is not recommended to take these drugs in the afternoon, as side effects in the form of sleep disturbance are possible. After intravenous injections, it is desirable to reduce physical activity for the next half hour.

The effect of taking some medications is not felt immediately, but after a while, mostly 1-2 weeks.

In certain cases, nootropics can be addictive and "withdrawal". These drugs should not be combined with the intake of alcoholic beverages. Nootropics can be prescribed to professional athletes to restore the body.

Possible side effects

Side effects from taking pyrrolidone derivatives are mainly manifested in people with mental disorders.

It is rare to observe such reactions:

• dizziness;
• irritability;
• difficulty falling asleep;
• malfunctions of the digestive tract.

Anticholinesterase drugs used to treat Alzheimer's disease can cause the following side effects:

• salivation;
• vomit;
• diarrhea;
• lack of coordination;
• lack of appetite;
• stomach colic.

Also, sometimes there may be an increase in temperature, pressure surges and motor overexcitation. In general, negative effects from taking nootropic drugs are very rare.

List of proven nootropics for children and adults. Overview of drugs, cost

Nootropics with proven effectiveness are presented on today's market in a large assortment.

The most popular of them are presented in the table:

Nootropil

Nootropil is one of the first and most common representatives of nootropics from the racetam group. This drug goes on sale in the form of tablets or ampoules for intravenous injection.

Under the action of Nootropil, the level of norepinephrine and dopamine in the blood increases, microcirculation and metabolic processes in tissues improve. There is an increase in the cognitive abilities of a person, which contributes to the improvement of memory and the rapid perception of information.

Nootropil acts cumulatively, so after taking one tablet or administering one injection of the drug, you should not expect a visible result. However, after the end of therapy with pyrrolidine derivatives, which include Nootropil, the agent continues to act for 2-4 weeks.

The drug Nootropil is prescribed for both children and adults, depending on the diagnosis. He has successfully established himself in the treatment of alcohol dependence and senile dementia.

The negative aspects of this remedy include insomnia and irritability, which are extremely rare. The drug should not be used by pregnant and lactating women, as well as patients with acute kidney disease.

Phenotropil

Nootropics with proven effectiveness occupy a strong place in the market of drugs that stimulate mental activity. These include the well-known remedy Phenotropil.

This modification of piracetam acts in many ways in the body:

• stimulation of integrative functions;
• production of hormones of joy and pleasure;
• neuromodulatory effect;
• increasing the protective properties of the body;
• antidepressant action.

Phenotropil is characterized by a faster effect on the body, since its molecules are actively perceived through the blood-brain barrier. Phenotropil tablets are used to treat neurosis, depression and chronic alcoholism. The drug is not addictive, but may cause loss of appetite. This neurostimulator is prescribed only for adult patients.

Contraindications for admission:

• pregnancy;
• lactation;
• diseases of the liver and kidneys.

The disadvantages of Phenotropil include the high cost and sale only with a doctor's prescription.

Biotredin

Biotredin tablets contain the active substances threonine and pyridoxine hydrochloride. The main direction of application of the drug is the treatment of alcohol dependence. Biotredin also relieves nervousness and tension, improves memory and concentration.

In addition to enhancing the cognitive functions of the brain, the drug has an antidepressant effect.

Biotredin is able to eliminate anxiety and irritability, restoring the resistance of the nervous system to heavy loads. A 10-day course is enough to feel the benefits of the drug. According to the instructions, Biotredin is prescribed only for adult patients who do not have hypersensitivity to vitamin B.

The active substance pyridoxine does not accumulate in the body, but is processed and excreted through the excretory system. Biotredin should not be taken in conjunction with other medications that stimulate the nervous system. The drug has practically no side effects.

Calcium hopantenate

Calcium hopantenate is one of the few neurotropic drugs used to treat young children.

Indications for taking hopantenic acid derivatives:

• mental retardation;
• dysfunction of the brain;
• infections of the nervous system;
• neurotic disorders;
• cerebral paralysis;
• perinatal damage to the nervous system.

In the treatment of childhood pathologies, calcium hopantenate improves motor skills, increases concentration and reduces hyperexcitability.

The tool has the following types of effects:

• increasing the body's resistance to stressful situations;
• stimulation of cognitive functions of the brain;
• moderate sedative and analgesic effect;
• rise in general tone.

With great intellectual and emotional stress, the drug helps to normalize the mental state. The simultaneous use of sedatives is undesirable.

Derivatives of butyric acid have a positive effect on the energy of the neuron, neurodynamics, blood circulation in the nervous system. There is an optimal combination of stimulating and calming action of calcium hopantenate.

Neurobutal

Neurobutal refers to nootropic drugs with a sedative function. The active substance is calcium hydroxybutyrate.

The effect of treatment with this remedy:

• tranquilizing;
• adaptogenic;
• soothing;
• antihypoxic;
• anesthetic.

The drug is attributed to smoothing various neurotic conditions, with insomnia and withdrawal symptoms. Neurobutal tablets are quickly absorbed in the body, without having a cumulative effect. The complex and rapid action of the drug allows it to be used in the treatment of panic attacks.

The negative effect can be expressed in sleep disturbance and headaches. At the moment, Neurobutal is not sold in pharmacies of the Russian Federation.

Semax

Nootropics with proven effectiveness are available not only in the form of tablets, but also in the form of nasal drops. The convenient release form of Semax allows the active substance to penetrate the body's cell membrane faster.

This remedy is a synthetic analog of the hormone, which has a nootropic and adaptogenic effect. The psychostimulating effect of Semax is used in pediatrics, neurology, ophthalmology and narcology.

The main indications for the use of the product:

• complications of traumatic brain injury;
• rehabilitation after a stroke;
• neurotic disorders;
• senile dementia;
• withdrawal syndrome treatment;
• glaucoma;
• ischemic attacks.

Semax also allows you to increase the intellectual-mnestic functions of the brain, favorably affects the hemodynamics and blood circulation of the brain. The drug activates mental and labor activity.

The main directions of influence on the body:

• neurometabolic;
• neuroprotective;
• antioxidant;
• antihypoxic.

Semax is contraindicated in acute mental disorders and pregnancy.

Acefen

Acephen (active compound - meclofenoxate) is a derivative of plant growth hormone that improves metabolic processes in the body. The drug has a moderate neurostimulating effect, restoring the blood supply to brain cells. An unusual function of this nootropic is its rejuvenating effect on nerve cells.

Acefen is also characterized by such functions:

• mnemotropic;
• neurotransmitter;
• antihypoxic.

Indications for taking the drug: treatment of traumatic brain injury, mental retardation, dyscirculatory encephalopathy, psychopathological disorders. Can be used in combination with piracetam. To date, Acefen is not available for sale in Russia.

Glycine

Glycine is one of the well-known nootropics that is approved for use by adults and children. Psycho-emotional stress and excessive mental stress can lead to impaired concentration and sleep. To maintain the body's resistance to such influences, you can take advantage of this budgetary funds.

The complex action of Glycine tablets is:

• improving attention and thinking;
• influence on the assimilation of information;
• elimination of lethargy;
• stimulation of impulses;
• reducing nervousness.

The drug is prescribed with a decrease in mental performance, diseases of the nervous system, disorders of cerebral circulation. The tool effectively helps with frequent stress and nervousness. Glycine is practically harmless and has no contraindications. Combination with tranquilizers is undesirable. The drug can be prescribed to children from 3 years.

The stimulating effect of nootropics helps to normalize the mental state and increase cognitive abilities. The effectiveness of these drugs has been proven in experimental studies with moderate doses of therapy.

Article formatting: Lozinsky Oleg

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