Lipid metabolism - its disorders, causes, symptoms and treatment. Assessment of metabolic function. Vitamins and minerals in bodybuilding

Lipid metabolism is the metabolism of lipids, it is a complex physiological and biochemical process that occurs in the cells of living organisms. Neutral lipids such as cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) are insoluble in plasma. As a result, circulating lipids are bound to proteins that transport them to various tissues for energy utilization, storage as adipose tissue, steroid hormone production, and bile acid formation.

A lipoprotein is composed of a lipid (an esterified or non-esterified form of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids) and a protein. The protein components of lipoprotein are known as apolipoproteins and apoproteins.

Features of fat metabolism

Lipid metabolism is divided into two main metabolic pathways: endogenous and exogenous. This division is based on the origin of the lipids in question. If the source of origin of lipids is food, then we are talking about an exogenous metabolic pathway, and if the liver is an endogenous one.

Different classes of lipids are distinguished, each of which is characterized by a separate function. There are chylomicrons (XM), (VLDL), medium-density lipoprotein (LDL), and density (HDL). The metabolism of individual classes of lipoproteins is not independent, they are all closely interconnected. Understanding lipid metabolism is important for an adequate understanding of the issues of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the mechanisms of drug action.

Cholesterol and triglycerides are required by peripheral tissues for various aspects of homeostasis, including maintenance of cell membranes, synthesis of steroid hormones and bile acids, and energy utilization. Given that lipids cannot be dissolved in plasma, their carriers are various lipoproteins circulating in the circulatory system.

The basic structure of a lipoprotein typically includes a core of esterified cholesterol and triglyceride surrounded by a bilayer of phospholipids, as well as non-esterified cholesterol and various proteins called apolipoproteins. These lipoproteins differ in their size, density and composition of lipids, apolipoproteins, and other characteristics. It is significant that lipoproteins have different functional qualities (table 1).

Table 1. Indicators of lipid metabolism and physical characteristics of lipoproteins in plasma.

Major classes of lipoproteins, ordered in descending order of particle size:

• VLDL,
• LPSP,
• LDL
• HDL.

Dietary lipids enter the circulatory system by being attached to apolipoprotein (apo) B48, which contains chylomicrons synthesized in the intestine. The liver synthesizes VLDL1 and VLDL2 around apoB100 by recruiting lipids present in the circulatory system (free fatty acids) or in food (residual chylomicron). VLDL1 and VLDL2 are then delipidized by lipoprotein lipase, which releases fatty acids for consumption by skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. VLDL1, releasing lipids, turns into VLDL2, VLDL2 is further transformed into HDL. Residual chylomicron, HDL and LDL can be taken up by the liver via the receptor.

High density lipoproteins are formed in the intercellular space, where apoAI contacts phospholipids, free cholesterol and forms a disk-shaped HDL particle. Further, this particle interacts with lecithin, and cholesterol esters are formed, which form the core of HDL. Cholesterol is ultimately consumed by the liver, and apoAI is secreted by the intestines and liver.

The metabolic pathways of lipids and lipoproteins are closely interrelated. Despite the fact that there are a number of effective lipid-lowering drugs in the body, their mechanism of action is still poorly understood. Further clarification of the molecular mechanisms of action of these drugs is required to improve the quality of treatment for dyslipidemia.

The effect of drugs on lipid metabolism

• Statins increase the rate of excretion of VLDL, LDL and LDL, and also reduce the intensity of VLDL synthesis. Ultimately, this improves the lipoprotein profile.
• Fibrates accelerate the clearance of apoB particles and intensify the production of apoAI.
• Nicotinic acid reduces LDL and TG, and also increases HDL.
• Decreasing body weight helps to reduce the secretion of VLDL, which improves lipoprotein metabolism.
• The regulation of lipid metabolism is optimized by omega-3 fatty acids.

Genetic disorders

Science knows a whole set of hereditary dyslipidemic diseases, in which the main defect is the regulation of lipid metabolism. The hereditary nature of these diseases in some cases is confirmed by genetic studies. These diseases are often identified through early lipid screening.

A short list of genetic forms of dyslipidemia.

• Hypercholesterolemia: familial hypercholesterolemia, hereditary defective apoB100, polygenic hypercholesterolemia.
• Hypertriglyceridemia: familial hypertriglyceridemia, familial hyperchylomicronemia, lipoprotein lipase deficiency.
• Malfunctions in HDL metabolism: familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia, LCAT deficiency, apoA-l point mutations, ABCA1 deficiency.
• Combined forms of hyperlipidemia: familial combined hyperlipidemia, hyperapobetalipoproteinemia, familial dysbetalipoproteinemia.

Hypercholesterolemia

Familial hypercholesterolemia is a monozygous, autosomal, dominant disorder involving aberrant expression and functional activity of the LDL receptor. Heterozygous expression of this disease among the population is noted in one case out of five hundred. Various phenotypes have been identified based on defects in synthesis, transport, and receptor binding. This type of familial hypercholesterolemia is associated with a significant increase in LDL, the presence of xanthomas, and the premature development of diffuse atherosclerosis.

Clinical manifestations are more pronounced in patients with homozygous mutations. Diagnosis of lipid metabolism disorders is often made on the basis of severe hypercholesterolemia with normal TG and the presence of tendon xanthomas, as well as in the presence of early CVD in the family history. Genetic methods are used to confirm the diagnosis. During treatment, high doses of statins are used in addition to drugs. In some cases, LDL apheresis is required. Additional evidence from recent studies supports the use of intensive care for high-risk children and adolescents. Additional therapeutic options for difficult cases include liver transplantation and gene replacement therapy.

Hereditary defective apoB100

An inherited apoB100 gene defect is an autosomal disorder resulting in lipid abnormalities resembling those of familial hypercholesterolemia. The clinical severity and approach to the treatment of this disease are similar to those for heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Polygenic cholesterolemia is characterized by a moderately pronounced increase in LDL, normal TG, early atherosclerosis, and the absence of xanthomas. Defects, including increased apoB synthesis and decreased receptor expression, can lead to elevated LDL.

Hypertriglyceridemia

Familial hypertriglyceridemia is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by elevated triglycerides in combination with insulin resistance and failure to regulate blood pressure and uric acid levels. Mutations in the lipoprotein lipase gene that underlie this disease are responsible for the degree of rise in triglyceride levels.

Familial hyperchylomicronemia is an extensive form of lipoprotein lipase mutation leading to a more complex form of hypertriglyceridemia. The lack of lipoprotein lipase is associated with hypertriglyceridemia and early atherosclerosis. This disease requires a reduction in fat intake and the use of drug therapy in order to reduce TG. It is also necessary to stop drinking alcohol, fight obesity and intensively treat diabetes.

Malfunctions in the metabolism of high density lipoproteins

Familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia is a rare autosomal disease involving mutations in the apoA-I gene and leading to a decrease in high-density lipoprotein and early atherosclerosis. Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency is characterized by a failure of cholesterol esterification on the surface of HDL particles. As a result, low HDL levels are observed. In a number of cases, various genetic mutations of apoA-I have been described, involving a single amino acid substitution.

Analphalipoproteinemia is characterized by the accumulation of cellular lipids and the presence of foam cells in peripheral tissues, as well as hepatosplenomegaly, peripheral neuropathy, low HDL levels, and early atherosclerosis. The cause of this disease is mutations in the ABCA1 gene, leading to cellular accumulation of cholesterol. Increased renal clearance of apoA-I contributes to the reduction of high-density lipoproteins.

Combined forms of hyperlipidemia

The frequency of the presence of familial combined hyperlipidemia can reach 2% among the population. It is characterized by elevated levels of apoB, LDL and triglycerides. This disease is caused by excessive synthesis of apoB100 in the liver. The severity of the disease in a particular individual is determined by the relative lack of lipoprotein lipase activity. Hyperpobetalipoproteinemia is a type of familial hyperlipidemia. Statins are commonly used to treat this disease in combination with other drugs, including niacin, bile acid sequestrants, ezetimibe, and fibrates.

Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by the presence of two apoE2 alleles, as well as elevated LDL, the presence of xanthomas, and the early development of CVD. Failure in the excretion of VLDL and residual chylomicrons leads to the formation of VLDL particles (beta-VLDL). Since this disease is dangerous for the development of CVD and acute pancreatitis, intensive therapy is required to reduce triglycerides.

Lipid metabolism disorders - general characteristics

• Hereditary disorders of lipoprotein homeostasis lead to hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL.
• In most of these cases, there is an increased risk of early CVD.
• Diagnosis of metabolic disorders includes early screening with lipidograms, which is an adequate measure for early detection of problems and initiation of therapy.
• For close relatives of patients, screening with lipidograms is recommended, starting in early childhood.

Secondary causes contributing to the violation of lipid metabolism

A small number of cases of abnormal LDL, TG, and HDL levels are caused by concomitant medical problems and medications. Treatment of these causes usually leads to the normalization of lipid metabolism. Accordingly, for patients with dyslipidemia, an examination is required for the presence of secondary causes of lipid metabolism disorders.

Assessment of secondary causes of lipid metabolism disorders should be made during the initial examination. Analysis of the initial state of patients with dyslipidemia should include an assessment of the state of the thyroid gland, as well as liver enzymes, blood sugar and urine biochemistry.

Lipid metabolism disorders in diabetes mellitus

Diabetes is accompanied by hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL and the presence of small and dense LDL particles. At the same time, insulin resistance, obesity, increased levels of glucose and free fatty acids, and reduced activity of lipoprotein lipase are noted. Intensive glycemic control and a reduction in central obesity can have a positive effect on total lipid levels, especially in the presence of hypertriglyceridemia.

Violation of glucose homeostasis, observed in diabetes, is accompanied by high blood pressure and dyslipidemia, which leads to atherosclerotic phenomena in the body. Ischemic heart disease is the most important factor in mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. The frequency of this disease is 3-4 times higher in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes than in the norm. LDL-lowering drug therapy, especially with statins, is effective in reducing the severity of CVD in diabetics.

Obstruction of the biliary tract

Chronic cholelithiasis and primary biliary cirrhosis are associated with hypercholesterolemia through the development of xanthomas and increased blood viscosity. Treatment of obstruction of the biliary tract can contribute to the normalization of lipid metabolism. Although standard lipid-lowering medications can usually be used for biliary obstruction, statins are usually contraindicated in patients with chronic liver disease or cholelithiasis. Plasmaphoresis can also be used to treat symptomatic xanthomas and hyperviscosity.

kidney disease

Hypertriglyceridemia is common in patients with chronic renal failure. For the most part, this is due to reduced activity of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase. Abnormal triglyceride levels are commonly seen in individuals undergoing peritoneal dialysis treatment.

It has been suggested that a reduced rate of excretion of potential lipase inhibitors from the body plays a key role in the development of this process. Also, there is an increased level of lipoprotein (a) and a low level of HDL, which leads to an accelerated development of CVD. The secondary causes contributing to the development of hypertriglyceridemia include:

• Diabetes
• Chronic renal failure
• Obesity
• nephrotic syndrome
• Cushing's syndrome
• Lipodystrophy
• Tobacco smoking
• Excess consumption of carbohydrates

An attempt was made, using clinical trials, to elucidate the effect of lipid-lowering therapy on patients with end-stage renal disease. These studies showed that atorvastatin did not reduce the combined endpoint of CVD, myocardial infarction, and stroke. It was also noted that rosuvastatin did not reduce the incidence of CVD in patients on regular hemodialysis.

Nephrotic syndrome is associated with an increase in TG and lipoprotein (a), which is caused by increased synthesis of apoB by the liver. Treatment of nephrotic syndrome is based on the elimination of the underlying problems, as well as on the normalization of lipid levels. The use of standard lipid-lowering therapy can be effective, but constant monitoring of the possible development of side effects is required.

Thyroid diseases

Hypothyroidism is accompanied by elevated levels of LDL and triglycerides, and the degree of their deviation from the norm depends on the extent of problems with the thyroid gland. The reason for this is a decrease in the expression and activity of the LDL receptor, as well as a decrease in the activity of lipoprotein lipase. Hyperthyroidism usually presents with low LDL and TG.

Obesity

Central obesity is accompanied by elevated levels of VLDL and triglycerides, as well as low HDL. Weight loss as well as dietary adjustments lead to positive effects on triglyceride and HDL levels.

Medications

Many concomitant medications cause dyslipidaemia. For this reason, the initial evaluation of patients with abnormalities in lipid metabolism should be accompanied by a careful analysis of the drugs taken.
Table 2. Drugs affecting lipid levels.

Thiazide diuretics and beta-blockers often cause hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL when taken. Exogenous estrogen and progesterone, which are components of hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptives, cause hypertriglyceridemia and a decrease in HDL. Antiretroviral drugs for HIV patients are accompanied by hypertriglyceridemia, increased LDL, insulin resistance and lipodystrophy. Anabolic steroids, corticosteroids, cyclosporine, tamoxifen and retinoids, when used, also lead to abnormal lipid metabolism.

Treatment of lipid disorders

Correction of lipid metabolism

The role of lipids in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic CVD has been well studied and substantiated. This led to an active search for ways to reduce the level of atherogenic lipids and enhance the protective properties of HDL. The last five decades have been characterized by the development of a wide range of dietary and pharmacological approaches to correct lipid metabolism. A number of these approaches have reduced the risk of CVD, which has led to the widespread introduction of these drugs in practice (table 3).
Table 3. Main drug classes used to treat lipid disorders.

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The modern rhythm of life does not always have a beneficial effect on the health of the body. Improper nutrition, sedentary work, stress, all this leads to metabolic disorders, in particular lipid metabolism. There are many methods to restore fat metabolism and improve health. Lipid metabolism is the assimilation and breakdown of fats and fatty acids entering the human body, as well as the assimilation of fatty substances produced by internal organs and the removal of their excess.

Causes of lipid metabolism disorders

Normal metabolism in the human body of lipids helps in the processes of thermoregulation, replenishment of energy reserves. In the case of impaired fat metabolism in humans, there may be more lipid substances than necessary and lead to complications such as the onset of atherosclerosis, high blood cholesterol levels, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, disruption of the endocrine system. If symptoms of one of the listed diseases appear, it is necessary to check lipid metabolism using an analysis called a lipidogram.

Another type of lipid metabolism disorder is a small amount of lipid substances in the human body. Lack of fat can be expressed in rapid weight loss, hair loss, inflammation of the skin, women may experience violations of the monthly cycle, interruptions in the functioning of the kidneys. These problems in lipid metabolism from improper weight loss, long starvation, improper nutrition can cause problems with the gastrointestinal tract and the cardiovascular system.

Watch a video about lipids and lipid metabolism.

How to restore lipid metabolism in the human body at home: recommendations

With improper weight loss, lipid metabolism first normalizes and weight loss occurs, the desired body dimensions are acquired. But this is all short-term, as the body begins to accumulate fat "in reserve", and extra pounds will return very quickly and, moreover, in excess. There are several recommendations on how to improve lipid metabolism:

1. Diet according to the rules - four meals a day. Many nutritionists advise adhering to just such a diet, but each person is individual, so you can eat more often, the main rule is that portions should be small. Such portions will relieve the feeling of hunger, but there will be no overeating. After a certain time, subject to such nutrition. The stomach will return to normal and you will no longer need to eat a large amount of food.
2. Cold and hot shower. To improve health and normalize lipid metabolism, you need to use this method regularly. A sharp change in water temperature has a good effect on metabolic processes in the body, and extra calories are burned.
3. Regular exercise contributes to the improvement of the physical form and condition of the muscles, all metabolic processes in the body, including lipids, are normalized. Even a simple exercise every day will help to cheer up and release the accumulated energy.
4. Healthy sleep. Prolonged sleep in comfortable conditions is one of the main conditions for rest and normalization of body functions. When sleeping 10-12 hours, a person restores moral and physical strength after a daily load.
5. Massage. There are massage techniques that improve the functioning of internal organs and accelerate lipid metabolism.

Drugs that improve lipid metabolism

In pharmacology, many drugs have been developed to improve lipid metabolism. But in case of lipid metabolism disorders, its treatment should be started with a consultation with the attending physician. He will prescribe those drugs that are suitable individually. These medicines include:

• Methylandrostenediol and oxadrolone are steroid drugs that increase muscle mass and decrease fat deposits;
• Xenical and Orthosen - means that do not allow excess fats to be absorbed;
• Glucophage is a drug that accelerates and increases lipid metabolism;
• Metaboline and Formavit are drugs that regulate the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates in the body.

Read about sports nutrition for fat burning.
And also about whether it is possible to take sports nutrition.

To normalize and start lipid metabolism and other processes in the body will help to eat foods that are useful for these purposes.

Products involved in lipid metabolism

These products are:

• dairy products are poorly absorbed by the body and require a large expenditure of energy, and this accelerates lipid metabolism. The calcium contained in milk products is very useful for strengthening teeth and bones;
• sweets (confectionery, sweets, pastries) contain carbohydrates and this is one of the main causes of obesity. It is best to reduce consumption or eliminate all sweets from the diet. The high content of carbohydrates in various cereals, berries, fruits and vegetables, they are digested longer, and the metabolic process is faster;
• fats help in the absorption of vitamins and minerals, in a small amount the body needs. You can use vegetable fats in unlimited quantities, and animal fats in small portions. With the use of fats, the metabolism of substances in the body is accelerated;
• the aquatic environment is necessary for the normal functioning of the whole organism, including for the normalization of lipid metabolism.

Herbal teas, tinctures and vitamin supplements in combination with medications or as a preventive measure will also help restore fat metabolism. Natural biostimulants will help in stabilizing lipid metabolism - products with a high content of caffeine, iodine, zinc, kahetin, selenium.

In folk and traditional medicine, there are a lot of ways to restore lipid metabolism and stabilize its normal level, the main thing is that the treatment is correctly selected and carried out on time.

Have you ever experienced lipid metabolism disorders? Leave your message in the comments, and also watch a video about the relationship between lipid metabolism and skin condition.

Metabolism (metabolism) - the totality of all chemical compounds and types of transformations of substances and energy in the body, which ensure its development and vital activity, adaptation to changes in external conditions.

Assimilation (anabolism). There is a synthesis of organic substances (accumulation of energy). dissimilation (catabolism). Organic matter breaks down and energy is released.

Overeating - a discrepancy between energy expenditure and the number of calories consumed per day. If a person has a sedentary lifestyle, and he regularly eats buns and chocolates, he will have to change his clothing size very soon.

Symptoms

Complications

It is unacceptable. Here you need to consult a doctor. Such violations affect the processes associated with fat metabolism.

Diseases associated with metabolic disorders:

Protein metabolism is disturbed. Protein starvation provokes kwashiorkor (unbalanced deficiency), alimentary dystrophy (balanced deficiency), intestinal diseases. If the protein enters the body in excess, the work of the liver and kidneys will be disrupted, neurosis and overexcitation will occur, urolithiasis and gout will develop. Fat metabolism is disturbed. Excess fat causes obesity. If there is not enough fat in the diet, growth will slow down, weight loss will occur, the skin will become dry due to a deficiency of vitamins A, E, cholesterol levels will rise, bleeding will appear. Disrupted carbohydrate metabolism. Often, against the background of such a pathology, diabetes mellitus appears, which occurs when there is a lack of insulin during a period of failure of carbohydrate metabolism. Violated vitamin metabolism. An excess of vitamins (hypervitaminosis) has a toxic effect on the body, and their deficiency (hypovitaminosis) leads to diseases of the digestive tract, chronic fatigue, irritability, drowsiness, loss of appetite. Mineral metabolism is disturbed. A deficiency of minerals leads to a number of pathologies: a lack of iodine provokes thyroid diseases, fluorine - the development of caries, calcium - muscle weakness and deterioration of bones, potassium - arrhythmia, iron - anemia. With an excess of potassium, nephritis can appear, with an excess of iron - kidney disease, and excessive salt intake leads to a deterioration in the condition of the kidneys, blood vessels, and heart. Gierke's disease. Glycogen accumulates in excess in body tissues. It is characterized by a lack of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase. It is necessary for the breakdown of glycogen, which, on the contrary, accumulates. This congenital disease is often found in infancy and presents with stunting, protrusion of the abdomen due to the large size of the liver, and low blood sugar. Diet is the only way. It is recommended to add glucose to the diet. With age, the condition of the child will gradually improve. Gout and gouty arthritis. These are chronic diseases that cause disturbances in the metabolism of endogenous uric acid. Its salts are deposited in cartilage, especially articular, in the kidneys, causing inflammation and swelling. The diet prevents the accumulation of salts. Endocrine functions are disturbed. Hormones control many metabolic processes. Dysfunction of the endocrine glands leads to metabolic disorders. Phenylketonuria. Genetic mental retardation, which is due to a lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. It converts the amino acids phenylalanine to tyrosine. If phenylalanine accumulates, it will have a toxic effect on brain tissue. It occurs in newborns with a frequency of 1 sick child per 20,000. Gender does not matter, but the pathology is most common among Europeans. Outwardly, newborns are healthy, but mental retardation will manifest itself by 3-4 months. Children will develop well physically and further, but not psychologically. Early diagnosis is extremely important. The disease can be detected even on the first day of life according to the results of a blood or urine test. Treat her with a diet. All common protein foods contain phenylalanine. For this reason, you need to eat synthetic foods that are devoid of this amino acid.

Treatment

Therapy of any pathology begins with the elimination of the causes that caused it. It is necessary to adjust the daily diet and diet, reduce the amount of carbohydrates and fats consumed.

If the problem has gone too far, a person cannot do without medical help.. If pathological changes in the organs have already appeared, the patient should undergo a course of treatment.

In case of serious pathologies of the thyroid gland or pituitary adenoma, surgical intervention is performed.

Healing Fitness

Exercise therapy is prescribed individually for each patient, taking into account the reasons that caused metabolic disorders. First, the patient must adapt to moderately increasing physical activity. Gymnastic exercises, dosed walking and self-massage are prescribed.

Exercise therapy is very effective for obesity. Therapeutic gymnastics with such a pathology should last at least an hour.

Slow running as the main form of exercise is switched over after the patient has adapted to long walks. Running for 100-200 m is alternated with walking, after a segment of the run they increase to 400-600 m.

After 3 months, they switch to a long continuous run, the time is adjusted to 20-30 minutes a day, and the speed is up to 5-7 km / h.

Massage

Massage for metabolic disorders is effective for obesity, diabetes, gout. Massage reduces fat deposits in certain areas of the body and stimulates lymph and blood circulation.

Massage should be done in the morning after breakfast or before lunch. Percussion techniques with weakened abdominal muscles cannot be carried out. If the patient's condition worsens during the session, the procedure is stopped. The intensity of the massage is increased gradually. General massage is carried out 1-2 times a week. Patients need passive rest before and after the procedure, for 15-20 minutes. The effect increases when performing a massage in a bath or steam room. But first you need to consult a doctor. The effect of the procedure is enhanced after a long diet.

How to lose weight and improve metabolism through nutrition?

Food

Food is eaten frequently. The interval between doses is 2-3 hours. If the intervals are longer, the body will store fat. Only light food normalizes metabolism. Salads, vegetable soup, yogurt, fish, vegetables are easily digestible foods. Dinner should be easy. After that, you should take a walk. Fish is a must in the diet. Contains omega-3 fatty acids. They help produce enzymes that help break down fats and prevent their deposits. Tea, coffee or spicy foods do not affect the metabolic rate. The norm of pure water consumption is two and a half liters per day. Drink it should be half an hour before meals and one hour after.

With obesity exclude:

A person should not consume a lot of fat.

Olive oil is an optimal product that has a neutral effect on metabolism.

Folk remedies

Two teaspoons of walnut leaves are poured with a glass of boiling water, insisted for an hour. Filter, take half a glass 4 times a day before meals. 100 g immortelle, St. John's wort, birch buds, chamomile flowers are crushed, put in a glass jar, close tightly, pour a tablespoon of the mixture with 500 ml of boiling water, leave for 20 minutes, filter through cheesecloth, squeeze a little. Drink before bed. In the morning, the remaining infusion is drunk on an empty stomach with a teaspoon of honey. Take a course every 5 years. 350 g garlic, grated. 200 g of mass (taken from below, where there is more juice) is poured into 200 ml of alcohol, put in a dark, cool place. After 10 days, filter and squeeze. They drink the tincture after three days according to the scheme: increase the dose every day from two drops to 25, the duration of the course is 11 days. A part of verbena, 2 parts of a string, black elder flowers, walnut leaves, burdock leaves and root, hop cones, birch leaves, strawberry leaves, yasnitka grass, licorice root pour 200 ml of boiling water, insist. Drink in the intervals between meals and at night, a glass a day.

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Why does the body need fat? Everyone knows that fatty foods make you fat, and it’s not for nothing that the stores are full of products with “0% fat content” - maybe it’s more correct not to eat fat at all? However, any nutritionist will say that this is wrong, lipids are necessary for normal life, because they are:

• energy "fuel" for the body;
• vital building component for skin, hair, nails and other tissues;
• "raw material" for the production of hormones.

The first stage: the intake of fats by the body
So we sat down at the table and started eating. Digestion of fats begins already in the mouth: the salivary glands secrete a secret saturated with special digestive enzymes. Then the food enters the stomach - but it digests mainly proteins, fats are sent for further processing to the intestines, where they will be broken down and absorbed into the blood.

The second stage: the breakdown of fats
The breakdown of fats continues very intensively with the help of bile in the intestines (starting from the duodenum 12) - with its help they are “crushed” into microscopic drops - triglycerides (three fatty acid molecules “glued” to a glycerol molecule). In the intestines, part of the triglycerides combines with proteins and, together with them, begins to be transported to tissues and organs.

Third step: lipid transport
Triglycerides do not know how to "travel" on their own, they definitely need a vehicle called "lipoprotein". There are several types of lipoproteins, and each of them has its own task.

• Chylomicrons are formed in the intestine from fats and carrier proteins; their task is to transfer the fat received with food from the intestines to tissues and cells.
• Very high density lipoproteins also transport fat to tissues and cells, but from the liver, not from the intestines.
• Low-density lipoproteins also deliver fats from the liver to the tissues of the body, but they also “pick up” cholesterol from the intestines and carry it around the body. So if somewhere in the vessels cholesterol clots formed, then this means that low-density lipoproteins for some reason did not cope with their task.
• High-density lipoproteins have the exact opposite function - they collect cholesterol throughout the body and deliver it to the liver for disposal.

Eating fatty foods does not automatically increase blood cholesterol levels. A risky situation occurs if the body has too many low-density lipoproteins (which help to store cholesterol) and not enough high-density lipoproteins (those that are responsible for removing cholesterol).

Fourth stage: deposits of excess fat
If the body has received more fat than necessary, then an enzyme called lipase comes into play, the task of which is to "hide" all the excess inside the fat cells. Moreover, lipase can "give the command" for the reproduction of fat cells, which then cannot be destroyed. Even if a person loses weight and lipids "leave" - ​​the empty fat cells themselves will remain in place, and in case of any violation of the diet, lipase again begins to fill them with fats.

Almost everyone today knows that extra pounds appear with violations of fat (in medical terminology - lipid) metabolism, which manifest themselves in slowing down cholesterol metabolism and gaining excess weight. Hyperlipidemia (high blood lipids) and obesity affects about 65% of the population of civilized countries. By the way, the more civilized the country and the more comfortable life, the greater the choice of ready-made and complex food, the higher this indicator.

Factors contributing to the deposition of fat in the body

• Age (the older the person, the greater the likelihood of excess fat deposition)
• Gender (Women accumulate fat faster)
• The state of menopause in women and andropause in men
• Hypodynamia
• The mode and nature of nutrition that do not correspond to age and lifestyle; overeating
• Nervous overload (contrary to popular belief, they do not lose weight from stress, but gain weight - this is facilitated by the “jamming” of stressful situations)
• Harmful food preferences (mayonnaise and other unnatural sauces and seasonings, excess sweets, fast food, dry food, etc.)
• Sleep disturbance (dangerous as a lack and excess of sleep)
• Bad habits (smoking, excessive drinking of alcohol - especially beer)
• Genetic predisposition to be overweight
• Metabolic disorders in athletes who suddenly stop intense training
• Long-term treatment with B-blockers, psychotropic drugs, hormones
• Endocrine disorders (diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease)

Excess body weight is one of the reasons for the decrease in immunity and the development of chronic, as well as frequent seasonal diseases, a state of psychological lability, aggressiveness, and increased irritability. In an overweight person, the functions of all organ systems are disrupted - endocrine, cardiovascular, digestive. The load on the musculoskeletal system increases - the joints wear out faster, osteochondrosis worsens, arthritis, arthrosis, protrusions and hernias of the spine occur. A direct relationship has been established between overweight and such diseases as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis of the vessels of the brain and heart, and hypertension. The quality and life expectancy of a person whose weight significantly exceeds the norm can, on average, decrease by 10-15 years. In recent years, the mortality rate due to cardiovascular diseases, provoked by high blood cholesterol levels, has risen sharply. Since the basis of most cardiovascular diseases (coronary heart disease (CHD), myocardial infarction, acute cerebrovascular accident (stroke), peripheral arterial disease) is a single pathological process - atherosclerosis, it is necessary to control the level of blood cholesterol, in time to "catch" its increase and take all necessary measures to normalize lipid metabolism.

Normalize blood cholesterol and get rid of extra pounds

According to the recommendations of the All-Russian Scientific Society of Cardiology (All-Russian Scientific Society of Cardiology), primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases is based on measures aimed at correcting the main risk factors for their development: low physical activity, smoking, high blood pressure, obesity and lipid disorders. For example: in the USA, the active use of such measures for 20 years has led to a 55% reduction in mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Correction of lipid metabolism disorders is possible in two ways - by changing the lifestyle and prescribing medications. In accordance with the National recommendations for the diagnosis and correction of lipid metabolism disorders in order to prevent and treat atherosclerosis, non-drug prevention of atherosclerosis includes:

• diet modification,
• body weight correction (weight loss),
• increased physical activity,
• smoking cessation.

1. Diet

• Limiting the consumption of fats of both animal and vegetable origin; exclusion from the diet of hard margarines and cooking fats.
• Restriction of dietary cholesterol to 200 mg per day (one egg contains 200-250 mg).
• The use of fruits and vegetables in a daily amount of at least 400 g, not counting potatoes.
• Replacement of high-fat meat and meat products with other protein products (legumes, fish, poultry, veal, rabbit meat).
• Daily consumption of milk and dairy products low in fat and salt (kefir, sour milk, cheese, yogurt).
• The total proportion of sugar in the daily diet (including sugars contained in food) should not exceed 10% of the total calorie content.
• Limiting salt intake (including that contained in bread, canned foods, etc.) - no more than 5-6 g (1 teaspoon) per day.
• At least 2 times a week, cook fatty sea fish (salmon, tuna, mackerel); these varieties contain the required amount of ω-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids, which play an important role in the prevention of atherosclerosis.
• The recommended ratio of the main food ingredients in the total calorie content of food: proteins 15%, fats 30%, carbohydrates 55%.

2. Weight correction

Reducing body weight to an optimal value is achieved by prescribing a low-fat diet and regular exercise. To assess weight, they use the calculation of the body mass index, the normal indicator of which for an adult of normosthenic composition is within 18.5-25 kg/m2

BMI = weight in kg / height in m2

3. Physical activity

All patients with lipid disorders and overweight are advised to increase daily physical activity, taking into account age and health status. The safest and most accessible aerobic physical exercise for almost everyone is walking. You should do 4-5 times a week for 30-45 minutes with the achievement of heart rate heart rate = 65-70% of the maximum for a given age, which is calculated by the formula:

max heart rate = 220 - age (number of years)

Attention! For patients with coronary heart disease (ischemic heart disease) and other diseases of the cardiovascular system, the regimen of training loads is selected by the doctor individually.

4. Cessation of smoking in any form

The harm of not only active, but also passive smoking has been reliably established, therefore refusal or serious restriction of smoking should be recommended not only to the patient himself, but to all family members!

Drug therapy of atherosclerosis and obesity

Most patients hardly give up an unhealthy lifestyle and most often opt for an easier path - without changing their usual regimen, limit treatment to lipid-correcting drugs, which primarily include inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme-A-reductase, the so-called statins ( lovastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, etc.). Therapy with the use of these drugs, with its apparent comfort, has its own unpleasant features:

• you need to take statins almost for life, because. when treatment is stopped, cholesterol almost immediately rises to its previous level;
• modern statins are synthetic drugs, this creates conditions for additional intoxication of the body;
• side effects can appear quite quickly: abdominal pain, flatulence, constipation, myalgia and myopathy, up to the most severe complication - rhabdomyolysis (muscle tissue breakdown), which is a life-threatening condition;
• drinking even a small amount of alcohol while taking statins can provoke myopathy or rhabdomyolysis in a patient.

There is an alternative - drugs that do not have side effects even when taken for a long time and are highly effective in correcting lipid metabolism without requiring special conditions for use. Such properties distinguish natural medicines GRACIOL EDAS-107 drops and ALIPID EDAS-907 granules. The compositions of GRACIOL and ALIPIDA are similar, but not completely identical (graphite, fucus, ignatia in one and the other, additionally calcium carbonate and cimicifuga in the second) and complement each other. Therefore, according to the recommendations of EDAS specialists, drops should be taken in the morning and evening, and granules 2-3 times a day between meals (they help reduce appetite and, as a result, reduce the amount of food eaten).

The effect of drugs is quite wide, but first of all they help the body to normalize lipid and cholesterol metabolism, which can be confirmed after a course of treatment by a biochemical blood test. Medicines prevent the development of iodine deficiency, which often contributes to overweight due to insufficient thyroid function. Without the usual toxicity for chemical drugs, these drugs have a positive effect on the central and autonomic nervous systems, endocrine glands and digestive organs, and thereby help eliminate excessive appetite and neurotic disorders associated with this condition. In addition, due to the stimulation of the intestines, constipation, flatulence are reduced, the feeling of “bursting” and discomfort stops. As a result, not a quick, but rather stable weight loss, which is much easier to “keep” later. The success of treatment is stable in cases where the therapy is carried out in a complex way: with the appointment of a low-calorie diet, the use of dosed physical activity and with the psychological support of the patient by the people around him.

GRACIOL and ALIPID preparations are effective regardless of age, and the absence of side effects makes it possible to use them for long courses, which, if the recommended regimen is followed, can significantly reduce weight (according to the observations of medical specialists - from 5 to 20 kilograms). The initial stage of treatment should begin with detoxification of the body using the complex homeopathic medicine KARSAT EDAS-136 (drops) or EDAS-936 (granules).

To improve and activate metabolic processes, it is recommended to include the natural preparation COENZYME Q 10 plus in the course of treatment - the product is made on the basis of pumpkin seed oil (contains vitamins A, E, F, B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, C, P, K; trace elements Zn, Mg, Ca, P, Fe, Se); contains lycopene and linoleic acid. The drug is a powerful antioxidant, normalizes fat metabolism and lowers cholesterol in the blood. Due to the content of linoleic acid, it increases the activity of burning fat and promotes weight loss. Thanks to vitamin E, an antioxidant and immunomodulator, it has a positive effect on erectile function and spermatogenesis in men; for women it is indicated for infertility, diseases of the mammary glands and ovaries. In addition, the drug has a positive effect on blood vessels and stimulates the formation of capillaries, therefore it is effective in the treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system (IHD, arrhythmias, arterial hypertension) and is indicated for systemic diseases, as well as pathologies of muscles, joints and skin.

Did you know that in order to assess the degree of overweight…
... currently, experts suggest measuring the waist: normally for men it should not exceed 94 cm, for women 80 cm; if in men the waist is > 102 cm, and in women > 88 cm - this is an indicator of the risk group for obesity.

Did you know that…
… the fats found in hard cheeses are relatively harmless in terms of weight gain. In addition to them, doctors recommend including in the diet and some, at first glance, unsuitable fatty foods - such as avocados, for example.

Did you know that you can help yourself shed those extra pounds if you:

• you will eat slowly, not swallowing food immediately, but chewing each piece at least 30 times;
• try to get by with only half of the portions that you were going to eat;
• you will not relax after leaving the diet - the reduced body weight must be maintained - and this, as a rule, is the hardest thing;
• do not "fall for" advertising tricks like offers to lose weight quickly and without food restrictions with the help of green coffee, Kremlin pills, etc. - You can't even imagine how much money is made on your gullibility!

Please note that…
… even strict adherence to the diet can reduce the level of blood cholesterol by no more than 10%, and this is an additional argument in favor of the need to combine the diet with other methods of correcting lipid metabolism.

There is evidence that...
… a number of experimental studies show that the consumption of small doses of alcohol can reduce mortality from coronary artery disease. According to the English Information Center for Health Quality, the safe amount of pure alcohol consumed for a person is no more than 210 ml per week for men and 140 ml for women, subject to daily consumption of no more than 30 g for men and 20 g for women.

However! According to the experts of VNOK (All-Russian Scientific Society of Cardiology), it is not advisable to recommend the use of even moderate doses of alcohol to prevent atherosclerosis in Russia, since the risk of possible complications (alcohol dependence) significantly exceeds the very dubious benefit.

Did you know that…
… complex homeopathic medicines "EDAS" have no side effects and are not addictive; compatible with other therapeutic and prophylactic agents. They are dispensed without a doctor's prescription and are indicated for use at any age. The proof of these properties is the 20-year experience of their successful application in practical medicine.

Violation of lipid metabolism is observed in various diseases of the body. Lipids are called fats synthesized in the liver or ingested with food.

• What to do and how to avoid lipid metabolism disorders?
• Causes of failure
• Risk factors and influences
• Dyslipidemia "diabetic"
• Symptoms
• Diagnostics and therapy
• Etiology
• Classification
• Symptoms
• Diagnostics
• Treatment
• Possible Complications
• Prevention and prognosis
• What is metabolism? Causes, symptoms
• Symptoms
• Complications
• Treatment
• Healing Fitness
• Massage
• Food
• Folk remedies
• These materials will be of interest to you:

Their location, biological and chemical properties are distinguished depending on the class. The fatty origin of lipids causes a high level of hydrophobicity, that is, insolubility in water.

Lipid metabolism is a complex of various processes:

• splitting, digestion and absorption by the organs of the PT;
• transport of fats from the intestines;
• individual species exchanges;
• lipogenesis;
• lipolysis;
• interconversion of fatty acids and ketone bodies;
• fatty acid catabolism.

Major groups of lipids

These organic compounds are part of the surface membranes of all cells of a living organism, without exception. They are necessary for steroid and bile connections, are needed for the construction of the myelin sheaths of the nerve pathways, and are required for the production and accumulation of energy.

Fat metabolism scheme

A complete lipid metabolism is also provided by:

• lipoproteins (lipid-protein complexes) of high, medium, low density;
• chylomicrons that carry out transport logistics of lipids throughout the body.

Violations are determined by failures in the synthesis of some lipids, increased production of others, which leads to their overabundance. Further, all kinds of pathological processes appear in the body, some of which turn into acute and chronic forms. In this case, serious consequences cannot be avoided.

Causes of failure

Dyslipidemia, in which abnormal lipid metabolism is observed, can occur with a primary or secondary origin of disorders. So the causes of the primary nature are hereditary-genetic factors. The causes of the secondary nature are the wrong way of life and a number of pathological processes. More specific reasons are:

• single or multiple mutations of the corresponding genes, with a violation of the production and utilization of lipids;
• atherosclerosis (including hereditary predisposition);
• sedentary lifestyle;
• abuse of cholesterol-containing and fatty acid-rich foods;
• smoking;
• alcoholism;
• diabetes;
• chronic liver failure;
• hyperthyroidism;
• primary biliary cirrhosis;
• side effect from taking a number of drugs;
• thyroid hyperfunction.

Chronic liver failure can cause lipid metabolism disorders

Moreover, the most important factors of influence are called cardiovascular diseases and overweight. Impaired lipid metabolism, causing atherosclerosis, is characterized by the formation of cholesterol plaques on the walls of blood vessels, which can result in complete blockage of the vessel - angina pectoris, myocardial infarction. Among all cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis accounts for the largest number of cases of early death of a patient.

Risk factors and influences

Fat metabolism disorders are primarily characterized by an increase in the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Lipid metabolism and its condition is an important aspect of the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of major diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Preventive treatment of blood vessels is required for patients with diabetes mellitus.

There are two main influence factors that cause a violation in lipid metabolism:

1. Change in the state of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. They are uncontrollably captured by macrophages. At some stage, lipid supersaturation sets in, and macrophages change their structure, turning into foam cells. Lingering in the wall of the vessel, they contribute to the acceleration of the process of cell division, including atherosclerotic proliferation.
2. Inefficiency of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. Because of this, disturbances occur in the release of cholesterol from the endothelium of the vascular wall.

Risk factors are:

• gender: men and women after menopause;
• the aging process of the body;
• a diet rich in fats;
• a diet that excludes the normal consumption of coarse fiber foods;
• excessive consumption of cholesterol food;
• alcoholism;
• smoking;
• pregnancy;
• obesity;
• diabetes;
• nephrosis;
• uremia;
• hypothyroidism;
• Cushing's disease;
• hypo- and hyperlipidemia (including hereditary).

Dyslipidemia "diabetic"

A pronounced abnormal lipid metabolism is observed in diabetes mellitus. Although the basis of the disease is a violation of carbohydrate metabolism (pancreatic dysfunction), lipid metabolism is also unstable. Observed:

• increased lipid breakdown;
• an increase in the number of ketone bodies;
• weakening the synthesis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols.

In a healthy person, at least half of the incoming glucose normally breaks down into water and carbon dioxide. But diabetes mellitus does not allow the processes to proceed correctly, and instead of 50%, only 5% will get into “processing”. Excess sugar is reflected in the composition of the blood and urine.

In diabetes mellitus, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is disturbed.

Therefore, in diabetes mellitus, a special diet and special treatment are prescribed to stimulate the pancreas. The absence of treatment is fraught with an increase in the blood serum of triacylglycerols and chylomicrons. Such plasma is called "lipemic". The process of lipolysis is reduced: insufficient breakdown of fats - their accumulation in the body.

Symptoms

Dyslipidemia has the following manifestations:

1. External signs:

• xanthomas on the skin;
• overweight;
• fatty deposits in the inner corners of the eyes;
• xanthomas on tendons;
• enlarged liver;
• enlarged spleen;
• kidney damage;
• endocrine disease;
• high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood.

With dyslipidemia, there is an enlargement of the spleen

1. Internal signs (detected during examination):

Symptoms of disorders vary depending on what exactly is observed - an excess or a deficiency. Excess is more often provoked by: diabetes mellitus and other endocrine pathologies, congenital metabolic defects, malnutrition. In excess, the following symptoms appear:

• deviation from the norm of cholesterol in the blood towards an increase;
• a large amount of LDL in the blood;
• symptoms of atherosclerosis;
• high blood pressure;
• obesity with complications.

Deficiency symptoms are manifested with intentional starvation and non-compliance with the culture of nutrition, with pathological digestive disorders and a number of genetic anomalies.

Lipid deficiency symptoms:

• exhaustion;
• deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins and essential unsaturated fatty acids;
• violation of the menstrual cycle and reproductive functions;
• hair loss;
• eczema and other inflammations of the skin;
• nephrosis.

Diagnostics and therapy

To evaluate the whole complex of lipid metabolism processes and identify violations, laboratory diagnostics are required. Diagnostics includes a detailed lipid profile, where the levels of all the necessary lipid classes are prescribed. Standard tests in this case are a general blood test for cholesterol and a lipoproteinogram.

Comprehensive treatment will help bring lipid metabolism back to normal. The main method of non-drug therapy is a low-calorie diet with limited intake of animal fats and "light" carbohydrates.

Treatment should begin with the elimination of risk factors, including the treatment of the underlying disease. Smoking and consumption of alcoholic beverages are excluded. An excellent means of burning fat (expending energy) is motor activity. Leading a sedentary lifestyle requires daily physical activity, healthy body shaping. Especially if improper lipid metabolism has led to overweight.

There is also a special drug correction of lipid levels, it is included if non-drug treatment was ineffective. Incorrect lipid metabolism of "acute" forms will help to correct lipid-lowering drugs.

The main drug classes for dyslipidemia are:

1. Statins.
2. Nicotinic acid and its derivatives.
3. fibrates.
4. Antioxidants.
5. Bile acid sequestrants.

Nicotinic acid is used to treat dyslipidemia.

The effectiveness of therapy and a favorable prognosis depend on the quality of the patient's condition, as well as on the presence of risk factors for the development of cardiovascular pathologies.

Basically, the level of lipids and their metabolic processes depend on the person himself. An active lifestyle without bad habits, proper nutrition, regular comprehensive medical examination of the body have never been enemies of good health.

How to restore a disturbed metabolism in the body and lose weight at home

Metabolism in the body largely depends on individual factors, including hereditary ones. Improper lifestyle and lack of mobility lead to the fact that the body can no longer cope with its tasks, there is a slowdown in metabolic processes. As a result, waste products do not leave the body as effectively, many toxins and toxins remain in the tissues for a long time, and even tend to accumulate. What are the causes of the disorder, and how to get rid of them?

Can a violation of the processes in the body provoke weight gain?

The essence of the body's metabolic processes is a series of specific chemical reactions, due to which the functioning of all organs and biological systems is ensured. Metabolism consists of two processes that are opposite in their meaning - this is anabolism and catabolism. In the first case, complex compounds are formed from simpler ones, in the second case, complex organic matter is split into simpler components. Naturally, the synthesis of new complex compounds requires large energy costs, which are replenished during catabolism.

The regulation of metabolic processes occurs under the influence of enzymes, hormones and other active components. In the natural course of metabolic processes, disturbances may occur, including those leading to excessive weight gain. It is almost impossible to return normal metabolism without the use of drugs. Before you lose weight, you must always consult with an endocrinologist.

In most cases, excess weight is not due to endocrine disorders - they account for only about 10 percent of cases. Situations are common when there are no disorders with hormones, when tests do not show any deviations from normal values, but at the same time, it is not possible to get rid of excess weight. The reason is slow metabolism and malnutrition.

Reasons for slowing down metabolic processes in the body

One of the common factors is the desire of a person to get rid of excess weight as quickly as possible, regardless of the consequences. For example, these can be diets that involve a drastic change in diet and a switch to low-calorie foods. For the body, such diets are a huge stress, and therefore, very often they cannot do without certain disorders.

Even if the diet is successful and the desired body weight is achieved, then it will be much more difficult to lose weight, and the problem will always only get worse. Previously effective diets no longer give the desired result, it becomes more difficult to keep in shape, or even impossible in principle. All this indicates a slowdown in metabolic processes, and it is necessary to normalize them, return them to their original values.

Recovery processes will take a lot of time and effort, but such activities will certainly give positive results. If you plan to reduce body weight, with a normal metabolism, it will be easier to do this, and with a long-term effect without any extraordinary effort. In order not to harm the body, it is worth eating quite often, but little by little.

Lipid metabolism: what indicates violations?

Normal lipid metabolism prevents damage, contributes to the replenishment of the body's energy reserves, provides heating and thermal insulation of internal organs. An additional function in women is to help the body produce a number of hormones (mainly related to ensuring the functioning of the reproductive system).

With a number of disorders, it may turn out that there will be an excessive amount of lipids in the body. This is indicated by atherosclerotic processes, high cholesterol in the blood, a sharp set of excess weight. Violations can be caused by pathologies of the endocrine system, improper diet and diet, diabetes. To accurately understand the problem, you should consult a doctor and undergo appropriate examinations.

There is also a reverse process, when there are too few lipids. In women, this can be expressed in menstrual irregularities, in women and men - in severe hair loss and various skin inflammations. As a result, a person is exhausted, kidney problems may begin. Most often, the problem is observed with malnutrition or with prolonged fasting. Also, the cause can be diseases of the digestive and cardiovascular systems.

Improving and accelerating metabolism at home

Many people resort to special diets for quick weight loss that can speed up their metabolism for a while. On the body, this is reflected not only by weight loss, but also by many harmful effects. Fats are a store of energy “for later,” and nutritional stress only increases the body’s desire to save and put off any excess calories. Even if the diet gives a short-term positive effect, even a short-term refusal of the diet will return the kilograms back, and it will be even more difficult to lose them again.

• Proper diet (maximum - 4 meals per day). This is a standard recommendation from most nutritionists, but it is not necessary to adhere to it, because each organism is individual. You can eat more often, the main thing here is small portions. This will relieve the feeling of hunger, but without overeating - accordingly, there will be no expansion of the volume of the stomach (and over time it may decrease), a person will consume fewer calories. As a result, there simply will not be a need to eat much.
• Sports. Moderate exercise is a great healthy way to shed extra pounds. There are two advantages here at once - this is the acceleration of metabolism and muscle training. In the future, the body will burn calories more efficiently, the process can be intensified with the help of a special diet.
• Taking a contrast shower. It has long been a well-known procedure that promotes health and accelerates metabolic processes. This effect is achieved due to a sharp change in water temperature. Metabolism is normalized, more calories are burned.
• Satisfaction of sleep needs. Healthy sleep is a comfortable and long sleep, it is a complete rest for the body. At least on weekends, it is recommended to sleep for hours so that the body can recover from accumulated fatigue.
• Massage procedures. There are many special massage techniques associated with exposure to sensitive areas of the body. This process has a positive effect on the work of many internal organs, and on metabolism.

You can restore the natural metabolism with the help of medicines. The most common drugs are described below.

Medicines to improve metabolism

Many drugs have been developed that can contribute to the normalization of metabolic processes in the body. Independent use of these drugs is not allowed - a preliminary consultation with a doctor (nutritionist) is always necessary. It is worth paying attention to the following drugs:

• Oxandrolone and Methylandrostenediol are steroids, thanks to which muscles grow faster and less fat is deposited. Apply with extreme caution!
• Reduxin - can be taken after a small meal to get a full feeling of satiety and thereby avoid stress.
• Orsoten and Xenical are medicines that prevent the absorption of fats.
• Glucophage is a means to accelerate and enhance lipid metabolism.
• Formavit, Metaboline - means of regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.

There are many other ways to normalize metabolism, including the use of certain products. Key product recommendations are listed below.

Products for the normalization and acceleration of metabolism

Nuts, fish, chicken, milk, cottage cheese (low-fat or fat-free), as well as vegetables, berries and fruits can have a positive effect. Even tea and coffee can be helpful as they are stimulants. Some spices also have a positive effect, but they should be used in moderation. The following are the main useful substances in the composition of the products:

• Squirrels. They are found in dairy products and are characterized by a complex process of digestion and assimilation. Accordingly, the body spends a lot of energy on it, the metabolism accelerates. Dairy products are also good because they contain calcium - this will help strengthen bones and teeth.
• Carbohydrates. The main source of energy for the body, but simple carbohydrates are one of the main causes of obesity. In order not to be overweight due to the consumption of carbohydrates, you should limit yourself to eating sweets. The best choice is complex carbohydrates, as they are harder to digest and use more energy. Such substances are found in many cereals, berries, fruits, vegetables. Natural food is also a source of many useful trace elements.
• Fats. Any fats contribute to the absorption of minerals and vitamins, in moderation they are necessary for the body. It is worth limiting yourself in the consumption of vegetable fats, but at the same time moderately consume animal fats - they can improve the functioning of the body without negative consequences for it.
• Water. In order for the body to absorb nutrients, a sufficient amount of water is required. It is best if a person consumes at least two liters of water daily.

Do not neglect iodine. Metabolism largely depends on the work of the thyroid gland, but for many people this organ is problematic, up to surgery to remove it. Seafood contributes well to improving the functioning of the thyroid gland.

Folk remedies to speed up metabolism

If there is a suspicion of improper functioning of the metabolism, you should consult a doctor to determine the exact diagnosis and prescribe treatment. As a rule, the treatment is medical, but it must be combined with various physical procedures. You can also refer to the experience of traditional medicine, many natural remedies can be a good addition to medicines. This includes the following fees:

• A mixture of chamomile, hawthorn, St. John's wort and knotweed (water infusion).
• Separately - Ivan tea, horsetail, strawberry leaves and stems, plantain leaves, viburnum.
• Various combinations of medicinal herbs with dandelion.

Traditional medicine cannot be considered as a complete replacement for traditional medicine. All of these methods can only be considered as auxiliary, or as preventive.

Diet to improve metabolism

A huge number of special metabolic diets have been developed, most of which boil down to increasing the body's calorie expenditure by eating certain foods. It turns out that you can give up unnecessary restrictions on food, but still lose weight. A set of products is usually offered as follows: fatty fish, hot peppers, seaweed, coffee, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, grain bread, fruits - mostly citrus fruits, animal proteins, green tea.

All of these products are used in various quantities and combinations throughout the week. The exact menu can be found by opening the description of a specific diet.

Vitamins in the normalization of metabolism

Special vitamin complexes are taken in small dosages. Vitamins are biologically active compounds, they are involved in many processes occurring in the body and ensure normal metabolism. The most common means:

• B6 and B12 are a good addition to metabolic diets.
• B4 - very important in low-calorie diets, helps to cleanse cholesterol.
• B8 - keeps cholesterol levels, accelerates metabolic processes (especially in combination with B4).
• C - prevents excessive accumulation of glucose, contributes to the overall normalization of the body.
• A - improves the absorption of iodine, has a positive effect on the thyroid gland.
• D - is necessary for the intensive growth of muscle tissue.

Also, products such as folic acid and Omega-3 are well suited to normalize metabolism, maintain immunity and cleanse the body of toxins and toxins.

Biostimulants to enhance metabolism

Despite the "serious" name, biostimulants are the most common substances, many of which are found in the daily diet. These include linoleic acid (CLA), zinc, kahetin, selenium, capsaicin, caffeine. All of them are contained in products that can be bought at any store. It is only necessary to choose options that contain the maximum amount of biostimulants. In the case of caffeine, you should stop drinking coffee as a beverage while taking caffeine supplements.

Useful tips to speed up metabolism you will find in the following video:

Restore metabolism and restore health

In the long term, a metabolic disorder can lead to weight gain and a host of health problems. There are many ways not only to restore, but also to speed up metabolism, but doctors do not recommend the second option - you should not do what nature did not originally intend. As for the restoration of metabolism to an optimal level, then this can and should be done - this is the best way to improve health and cleanse the body.

Ways and methods to restore metabolism: 7 recommendations

You can restore metabolism through proper nutrition The doctor will tell you how to restore metabolism after food intoxication, chronic illness or prolonged use of potent medications. Before prescribing a therapeutic course, you need to understand the reasons for the current situation. This can only be done by a doctor, after a comprehensive examination. Self-medication is prohibited, otherwise health problems will become chronic.

Chronic lipid metabolism disorders: signs and causes

Doctors urge society to give up bad habits, a sedentary lifestyle, self-medication and malnutrition. All this gradually disrupts the natural functioning of the body.

Metabolism is a complex process that includes many interrelated parameters. As soon as a violation occurs at the stage of obtaining vital nutrients, the whole system will begin to act up.

Unfortunately, not everyone can quickly notice the signs of an impending problem. This is due to the lack of specialized knowledge and the blurred nature of the clinical picture. Many cannot distinguish between a disturbed metabolism and a slight malaise.

The following symptoms will help you suspect something is wrong:

• Rapid weight gain for no apparent reason;
• Weakening of tooth enamel;
• Multiple inflammatory processes in the oral cavity;
• Changing the tone of the skin;
• prolonged constipation or diarrhea;
• Shortness of breath accompanies even minor physical exertion;
• Nails become brittle;
• There are always dark circles under the eyes.

In case of chronic disorders of lipid metabolism, it is recommended to contact a gastroenterologist so that he prescribes the correct treatment.

These clinical manifestations are not sufficient grounds for making a diagnosis. Symptoms are considered in the context of the causes that caused the violation of metabolic processes. In addition to the already listed risk factors, nutritionists distinguish poor ecology, constant stress and addiction to diets. The task of the patient is to tell as accurately as possible about his habits and lifestyle. In this case, it will be easier for the doctor to form a therapeutic course.

Diagnostic stage: restoration of metabolism in the body

Metabolic processes in the human body are disrupted or slowed down. The difference between the two states is fundamental. In the first case, the human body does not transform incoming food into vital elements, and in the second, everything happens very slowly, so it seems that the body is not working properly. The choice of therapeutic course depends on the severity of the pathology.

Patients should immediately understand that rehabilitation will not be quick. Do not use folk remedies that will do more harm than good. Short-term relief will appear, but the symptoms will return later with renewed vigor.

The correct course of action is as follows:

1. Balance the amount of incoming food. If you eat too much at one time, then the body will not be able to process everything. Excess energy that is not consumed will turn into body fat.
2. Carry out a test to determine the level of concentration in the body of enzymes. They can be called the basis of the exchange process. The more enzymes, the faster the conversion of food into nutrients.

The duration of the diagnostic course ranges from several days to 2 weeks. Much depends on the presence of related pathologies in the patient. In some cases, it may be necessary to consult a related specialist to clarify the diagnosis.

Fractional nutrition: how to restore disturbed metabolism in the body

A person must follow a diet - the key to a healthy life. We are talking about the consumption of a certain amount of food through an equal time period. It is best to eat every 4-5 hours. The size of each portion should not exceed Due to the observance of the specified schedule, the gastrointestinal tract learns to produce digestive enzymes strictly on schedule.

Much attention is paid to breakfast - the starting point of the daily cycle of metabolic processes. The diet includes green tea or black coffee without sugar. Both drinks will act as a catalyst.

In addition, it will not be superfluous to pay attention to the following recommendations:

• Food, the calorie content of which ranges from 1200 to 1500, will help restore metabolism;
• If the metabolism needs to be not only improved, but also accelerated, then you need to bet on food, the calorie content of which is at least 2500;
• It is necessary to reduce the amount of carbohydrates and fats consumed;
• Restoration of lipid metabolism is possible with regular consumption of cereals and vegetables - foods that require a lot of energy to digest;
• The diet should be dominated by fats of vegetable origin.

Fractional nutrition involves eating food often, but not in large quantities.

The above tips should not be taken as a guide to action. Those who have a metabolic disorder should first talk to a doctor. Treatment is prescribed taking into account the age of the patient, his state of health and the results of the examination.

Proper metabolic recovery

An important role in the therapeutic process is played by herbal preparations. The duration of their intake and dosage is determined by the doctor.

Melissa, chicory, strawberries, pine nuts, mint, other herbs and berries are used as an additional remedy. They are used to increase the tone in the body and improve metabolic processes.

In addition to the gifts of nature, purely practical recommendations should also be used.

Regardless of how old the patient is, the following tips will not harm:

• Sleep at least 8 hours - the lack of proper rest depresses the whole body;
• Violation of the metabolic process occurs against the background of SARS, so you need to be vaccinated;
• Take a contrast shower in the morning;
• Attend a gym or exercise therapy courses;
• More often to be in the fresh air;
• A poor metabolism will help improve massage - regular procedures accelerate the circulation of lymph.

Ways to restore metabolism (video)

Improper nutrition, stress, bad habits, hereditary diseases - all this leads to disruption of metabolic processes. The longer the problem exists, the worse many organs and systems work. Only a doctor will help get rid of the pathology. First, the patient will undergo a course of examination and pass tests. The therapeutic course is determined on the basis of the results obtained.

Lipid metabolism disorders: symptoms and treatment

Violation of lipid metabolism - the main symptoms:

• Enlargement of the spleen
• Liver enlargement
• Hair loss
• skin inflammation
• Menstrual irregularity
• High blood pressure
• The appearance of nodules on the skin
• Weight gain
• Weight loss
• Bundle of nails
• Fat deposits in the corners of the eyes

A lipid metabolism disorder is a disorder in the process of production and breakdown of fats in the body, which occurs in the liver and adipose tissue. Anyone can have this disorder. The most common cause of the development of such a disease is a genetic predisposition and malnutrition. In addition, gastroenterological diseases play an important role in the formation.

Such a disorder has rather specific symptoms, namely an enlarged liver and spleen, rapid weight gain and the formation of xanthoma on the surface of the skin.

A correct diagnosis can be made on the basis of laboratory data that will show a change in the composition of the blood, as well as with the help of information obtained during an objective physical examination.

It is customary to treat such a metabolic disorder with the help of conservative methods, among which the main place is given to diet.

Etiology

Such a disease very often develops during the course of various pathological processes. Lipids are fats that are synthesized by the liver or enter the human body with food. Such a process performs a large number of important functions, and any failures in it can lead to the development of a fairly large number of ailments.

The causes of the violation can be both primary and secondary. The first category of predisposing factors lies in hereditary genetic sources, in which single or multiple anomalies of certain genes responsible for the production and utilization of lipids occur. Provocateurs of a secondary nature are caused by an irrational lifestyle and the occurrence of a number of pathologies.

Thus, the second group of reasons can be represented by:

• atherosclerosis, which can also occur against the background of aggravated heredity;

In addition, clinicians distinguish several groups of risk factors that are most susceptible to fat metabolism disorders. They should include:

• gender - in the vast majority of cases, such a pathology is diagnosed in males;
• age category - this should include women of postmenopausal age;
• the period of bearing a child;
• maintaining a sedentary and unhealthy lifestyle;
• malnutrition;
• arterial hypertension;
• the presence of excess body weight;
• pathologies of the liver or kidneys previously diagnosed in a person;
• the course of Cushing's disease or endocrine ailments;
• hereditary factors.

Classification

In the medical field, there are several varieties of such a disease, the first of which divides it depending on the mechanism of development:

• primary or congenital disorders of lipid metabolism - this means that the pathology is not associated with the course of any disease, but is hereditary. The defective gene can be obtained from one parent, less often from two;
• secondary - lipid metabolism disorders often develop in endocrine diseases, as well as diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver or kidneys;
• alimentary - is formed due to the fact that a person eats a large amount of animal fats.

According to the level of which lipids are elevated, there are such forms of lipid metabolism disorders:

• pure or isolated hypercholesterolemia - characterized by an increase in the level of cholesterol in the blood;
• mixed or combined hyperlipidemia - while during laboratory diagnostics, an increased content of both cholesterol and triglycerides is detected.

Separately, it is worth highlighting the rarest variety - hypocholesterolemia. Its development is promoted by damage to the liver.

Modern research methods have made it possible to distinguish the following types of the course of the disease:

• hereditary hyperchylomicronemia;
• congenital hypercholesterolemia;
• hereditary dys-beta-lipoproteinemia;
• combined hyperlipidemia;
• endogenous hyperlipidemia;
• hereditary hypertriglyceridemia.

Symptoms

Secondary and hereditary disorders of lipid metabolism lead to a large number of changes in the human body, which is why the disease has many both external and internal clinical signs, the presence of which can only be detected after laboratory diagnostic tests.

The disease has the following most pronounced symptoms:

• the formation of xanthoma and xanthelasma of any localization on the skin, as well as on the tendons. The first group of neoplasms is nodules containing cholesterol and affecting the skin of the feet and palms, back and chest, shoulders and face. The second category also consists of cholesterol, but has a yellow tint and occurs in other areas of the skin;
• increase in body mass index;
• hepatosplenomegaly is a condition in which the liver and spleen are enlarged in volume;
• the occurrence of manifestations characteristic of atherosclerosis, nephrosis and endocrine diseases;
• increase in blood pressure.

The above clinical signs of lipid metabolism disorders appear with an increase in lipid levels. In cases of their deficiency, symptoms can be presented:

• weight loss, up to the extreme degree of exhaustion;
• hair loss and stratification of the nail plates;
• the appearance of eczema and other inflammatory skin lesions;
• nephrosis;

All of the above symptoms should be attributed to both adults and children.

Diagnostics

To make a correct diagnosis, the clinician needs to familiarize himself with the data of a wide range of laboratory tests, however, before prescribing them, the doctor must perform several manipulations on his own without fail.

Thus, the primary diagnosis is aimed at:

• studying the history of the disease, and not only the patient, but also his closest relatives, because the pathology can be hereditary;
• collection of a person’s life history - this should include information regarding lifestyle and nutrition;
• performing a thorough physical examination - to assess the condition of the skin, palpation of the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity, which will indicate hepatosplenomegaly, as well as to measure blood pressure;
• a detailed survey of the patient is necessary to establish the first time of onset and the severity of symptoms.

Laboratory diagnosis of impaired lipid metabolism includes:

• general clinical blood test;
• blood biochemistry;
• general analysis of urine;
• lipidogram - will indicate the content of triglycerides, "good" and "bad" cholesterol, as well as the coefficient of atherogenicity;
• immunological blood test;
• blood test for hormones;
• genetic research aimed at identifying defective genes.

Instrumental diagnostics in the form of CT and ultrasound, MRI and radiography is indicated in cases where the clinician suspects the development of complications.

You can eliminate the violation of lipid metabolism with the help of conservative methods of therapy, namely:

• non-drug methods;
• taking medications;
• compliance with a sparing diet;
• using traditional medicine recipes.

Non-drug treatments include:

• normalization of body weight;
• performance of physical exercises - volumes and load regimen are selected individually for each patient;
• giving up bad habits.

The diet for such a metabolic disorder is based on the following rules:

• enrichment of the menu with vitamins and dietary fiber;
• minimizing the consumption of animal fats;
• the use of a large number of vegetables and fruits rich in fiber;
• replacing fatty meats with fatty fish;
• the use of rapeseed, linseed, walnut or hemp oil for dressing dishes.

Treatment with drugs is aimed at receiving:

• statins;
• cholesterol absorption inhibitors in the intestine - to prevent the absorption of such a substance;
• bile acid sequestrants are a group of medicines aimed at binding bile acids;
• polyunsaturated fatty acids Omega-3 - to reduce triglyceride levels.

In addition, therapy with folk remedies is allowed, but only after prior consultation with the clinician. The most effective are decoctions prepared on the basis of:

• plantain and horsetail;
• chamomile and knotweed;
• hawthorn and St. John's wort;
• birch buds and immortelle;
• viburnum and strawberry leaves;
• Ivan-tea and yarrow;
• dandelion roots and leaves.

If necessary, extracorporeal therapy methods are used, which consist in changing the composition of the blood outside the patient's body. For this, special devices are used. Such treatment is allowed for women in position and children whose weight exceeds twenty kilograms. Most often used:

• immunosorption of lipoproteins;
• cascade plasma filtration;
• plasma sorption;
• hemosorption.

Possible Complications

Violation of lipid metabolism in metabolic syndrome can lead to the following consequences:

• atherosclerosis, which can affect the vessels of the heart and brain, arteries of the intestines and kidneys, lower extremities and aorta;
• stenosis of the lumen of the vessels;
• the formation of blood clots and emboli;
• vessel rupture.

Prevention and prognosis

To reduce the likelihood of developing a violation of fat metabolism, there are no specific preventive measures, which is why people are advised to follow general recommendations:

• maintaining a healthy and active lifestyle;
• preventing the development of obesity;
• Proper and well-balanced nutrition - it is best to follow a diet low in animal fats and salt. Food should be enriched with fiber and vitamins;
• exclusion of emotional stress;
• timely fight against arterial hypertension and other ailments that lead to secondary metabolic disorders;
• regular full examination in a medical institution.

The prognosis will be individual for each patient, since it depends on several factors - the level of lipids in the blood, the rate of development of atherosclerotic processes, the localization of atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, the outcome is often favorable, and complications develop quite rarely.

If you think that you have a lipid metabolism disorder and symptoms characteristic of this disease, then doctors can help you: therapist, endocrinologist, gastroenterologist.

We also suggest using our online disease diagnostic service, which, based on the symptoms entered, selects probable diseases.

Lipid metabolism: symptoms of disorders and methods of treatment

Lipid metabolism - fat metabolism that takes place in the organs of the digestive tract with the participation of enzymes produced by the pancreas. If this process is disturbed, the symptoms can vary depending on the nature of the failure - an increase or decrease in lipid levels. With this dysfunction, the number of lipoproteins is examined, since they can identify the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Treatment is established strictly by the doctor based on the results obtained.

When ingested with food, fats undergo primary processing in the stomach. However, in this environment, complete splitting does not occur, since it has a high acidity, but there are no bile acids.

Scheme of lipid metabolism

When it enters the duodenum, which contains bile acids, lipids undergo emulsification. This process can be characterized as partial mixing with water. Since the environment in the intestines is slightly alkaline, the acidic contents of the stomach are loosened under the influence of the released gas bubbles, which are the product of the neutralization reaction.

The pancreas synthesizes a specific enzyme called lipase. It is he who acts on the molecules of fats, splitting them into two components: fatty acids and glycerol. Usually fats are transformed into polyglycerides and monoglycerides.

Subsequently, these substances enter the epithelium of the intestinal wall, where the biosynthesis of lipids necessary for the human body occurs. Then they combine with proteins, forming chylomicrons (a class of lipoproteins), after which, together with the flow of lymph and blood, they spread throughout the body.

In the tissues of the body, the reverse process of obtaining fats from blood chylomicrons occurs. The most active biosynthesis is carried out in the fatty layer and the liver.

If the presented lipid metabolism is disturbed in the human body, then various diseases with characteristic external and internal signs become the result. It is possible to identify the problem only after conducting laboratory tests.

Impaired fat metabolism can manifest itself with such symptoms of elevated lipid levels:

• the appearance of fatty deposits in the corners of the eyes;
• an increase in the volume of the liver and spleen;
• increase in body mass index;
• manifestations characteristic of nephrosis, atherosclerosis, endocrine diseases;
• increased vascular tone;
• the formation of xanthoma and xanthelasma of any localization on the skin and tendons. The former are nodular neoplasms containing cholesterol. They affect the palms, feet, chest, face and shoulders. The second group is also cholesterol neoplasms that have a yellow tint and occur on other areas of the skin.

With a low lipid level, the following symptoms appear:

• weight loss;
• delamination of the nail plates;
• hair loss;
• nephrosis;
• violation of the menstrual cycle and reproductive functions in women.

Cholesterol moves in the blood along with proteins. There are several types of lipid complexes:

1. 1. Low density lipoproteins (LDL). They are the most harmful fraction of blood lipids, which have a high ability to form atherosclerotic plaques.
2. 2. High density lipoproteins (HDL). They have the opposite effect, preventing the formation of deposits. Transport free cholesterol to the liver cells, where it is subsequently processed.
3. 3. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). They are the same harmful atherogenic compounds as LDL.
4. 4. Triglycerides. They are fatty compounds that are a source of energy for cells. With their redundancy in the blood, the vessels are predisposed to atherosclerosis.

Assessing the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases by cholesterol levels is not effective if a person has a lipid metabolism disorder. With the predominance of atherogenic fractions over conditionally harmless (HDL), even with a normal cholesterol level, the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis is seriously increased. Therefore, in case of impaired fat metabolism, a lipid profile should be performed, that is, a biochemistry (analysis) of blood for the amount of lipids should be performed.

Violation of lipid metabolism treatment with folk remedies

The regulation of lipid metabolism has a huge impact on the functioning and vital activity of the entire human body. Therefore, in the case when lipid metabolism indicators are abnormal, timely treatment is required.

Unfortunately, most of the most common diseases provoke a violation of lipid metabolism. To detect such failures in the body, the main indicators of lipid metabolism should be taken into account.

In the event that the lipid metabolism of the body is disturbed, a person needs to clearly understand all the dangers and complications that this ailment can entail. It is also necessary to know exactly the causes of its occurrence and the main symptoms of the manifestation of such a disease. If we talk about the most pronounced factors that provoke the appearance of malfunctions in the work of lipids, then they include:

irrational nutrition, consisting of foods containing an excessive amount of "harmful" calories and fats; sedentary lifestyle; signs of aging; nephrological and uremic diseases; complications during pregnancy; diabetes; hereditary predisposition to destabilize such an exchange; pancreatitis and hepatitis.

The primary symptoms of lipid metabolism disorders include various manifestations and changes on the skin throughout the human body. However, confirmation of a correct and verified diagnosis requires a mandatory medical examination and a number of necessary procedures. The initial step in providing a tentative assessment of the status of lipid metabolism is to determine the level of concentration in the blood of both triglycerides and cholesterol.

Knowing that the imbalance of fats in the human body and violations of the process of their absorption leads to very serious dangerous diseases: atherosclerosis, heart attack, destruction of the hormonal background with the ensuing consequences. From a scientific point of view, the course of treatment of such a disease is multifaceted and complex. So, according to the profiling doctors, the main secret to effectively get rid of this disease is during the preventive program.

The basis of the most important measures to maintain the stability of lipid metabolism is the "restructuring" of one's own lifestyle to new principles of life. The initial stage to establish a stable lipid metabolism in the human body is to change the daily diet. In this case, it is necessary to replace fatty meats, carbonated drinks, excessive sweets, smoked hot spices with more dietary meat dishes, a variety of fruits and vegetables, natural juices and fruit drinks, and of course the use of mineral and purified water.

Giving up such bad habits as smoking, alcoholism and taking various narcotic and psychotropic drugs will also allow you to forget about such a terrible health problem. It is possible to achieve favorable results from the preventive program by exercising daily physical activity, even in low saturation (circular rotation of the head, rhythmic foot movements, warm-up for the eyes, as well as tension in the gluteal and calf muscles).

Since modern life is very full of fuss, disturbing events, moral exhaustion, every inhabitant of the planet should strive to restore spiritual balance with the help of daily minutes of relaxation and meditation. According to experts, it is the regulation of lipid metabolism that is constantly and completely dependent on the normal functioning of all cells of the human nervous system. Unfortunately, taking the wrong medications also has a negative effect on lipid metabolism and the absorption of fats in the body.

In this regard, attempts at self-treatment should be excluded. It should not be denied that at some stages of lipid metabolism disorders, preventive measures can be helpless, in such cases, immediate intervention of doctors is required. Professional options for eliminating lipid metabolism disorders include:

taking hypocholesterolemic drugs; the use of statins: pravastatin, rosuvastatin, atorvastatin and others; the use of biologically active additives and nicotinic acid.

However, indications for the use of the above drugs are possible and effective in combination with strict diet therapy. Unfortunately, in critical situations, medical treatment may not be sufficient, then such methods of therapy as apheresis and plasmapheresis, as well as bypass surgery of the small intestine are used.

Today, various methods of treatment with traditional medicine have become increasingly popular. Based on the confirmed results of numerous laboratory studies, it has been determined that cholesterol levels increase due to destabilization of the water balance in the human body. In this regard, people with this disease are recommended to drink a glass of purified water before each meal.

In addition, among people who have experienced such disruptions in the body, the use of various herbal infusions and decoctions is welcome. However, it is worth remembering that such a course of self-treatment is not welcomed by representatives of the medical industry, it also takes a very long time and can harm the body. Analyzing the above, it can be noted that only a timely and comprehensive approach to the appearance of lipid metabolism disorders will allow avoiding a number of complications and other irreversible processes in the human body.

Thus, lipid metabolism, its treatment in particular, requires timeliness and a professional approach. In turn, the stable regulation of lipid metabolism requires the implementation of certain preventive methods.

Metabolism (metabolism) - the totality of all chemical compounds and types of transformations of substances and energy in the body, which ensure its development and vital activity, adaptation to changes in external conditions.

But sometimes the metabolism can be disturbed. What is the reason for such a failure? How to treat it?

What are the symptoms and treatment of metabolic disorders with folk remedies?

What is metabolism? Causes, symptoms

For a healthy existence, the body needs energy. It is derived from proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Metabolism is the process of processing the breakdown of these constituents. It includes:

Assimilation (anabolism). There is a synthesis of organic substances (accumulation of energy). Dissimilation (catabolism). Organic matter breaks down and energy is released.

The balance of these two components is an ideal metabolism. If the process of assimilation and dissimilation is disturbed, the metabolic chain is upset.

With the predominance of dissimilation in the body, a person loses weight, if assimilation - gains weight.

These processes in the body proceed depending on the number of calories consumed per day, calories burned, as well as genetics. It is difficult to influence genetic characteristics, but it is much easier to review your diet and adjust its calorie content.

genetic predisposition; toxic substances in the body; irregular diet, overeating, the predominance of high-calorie foods of the same type; stress; sedentary lifestyle; load on the body with periodic strict diets and breakdowns after them.

Overeating is a discrepancy between energy expenditure and the number of calories consumed per day. If a person has a sedentary lifestyle, and he regularly eats buns and chocolates, he will have to change his clothing size very soon.

Nervous disorders can lead to “jamming” of the problem (especially often in women), which will lead to an imbalance in the processes of assimilation and dissimilation.

Lack of protein or deficiency of carbohydrates will also lead to metabolic disorders. Especially with low fluid intake.

Symptoms

Metabolic disorders can be identified by the following signals:

the complexion changes, it becomes unhealthy; the condition of the hair worsens, they become brittle, dry, fall out strongly; weight goes up too fast; weight loss for no reason and changes in diet; thermoregulation of the body changes; insomnia, disturbed sleep; rashes, redness appear on the skin, the skin becomes swollen; there are pains in the joints and muscles.

Complications

If a woman or a man has noticed symptoms of a metabolic failure, they make independent attempts to cleanse the body.

It is unacceptable. Here you need to consult a doctor. Such violations affect the processes associated with fat metabolism.

The liver is not able to cope with large amounts of fat, and low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol begin to accumulate in the body, which can settle on the walls of blood vessels and cause various diseases of the cardiovascular system.

For this reason, you must first consult a doctor.

Diseases associated with metabolic disorders:

Protein metabolism is disturbed. Protein starvation provokes kwashiorkor (unbalanced deficiency), alimentary dystrophy (balanced deficiency), intestinal diseases. If the protein enters the body in excess, the work of the liver and kidneys will be disrupted, neurosis and overexcitation will occur, urolithiasis and gout will develop. Fat metabolism is disturbed. Excess fat causes obesity. If there is not enough fat in the diet, growth will slow down, weight loss will occur, the skin will become dry due to a deficiency of vitamins A, E, cholesterol levels will rise, bleeding will appear. The carbohydrate exchange is broken. Often, against the background of such a pathology, diabetes mellitus appears, which occurs when there is a lack of insulin during a period of failure of carbohydrate metabolism. Violated vitamin metabolism. An excess of vitamins (hypervitaminosis) has a toxic effect on the body, and their deficiency (hypovitaminosis) leads to diseases of the digestive tract, chronic fatigue, irritability, drowsiness, loss of appetite. Mineral metabolism is disturbed. A deficiency of minerals leads to a number of pathologies: a lack of iodine provokes thyroid diseases, fluorine - the development of caries, calcium - muscle weakness and deterioration of bones, potassium - arrhythmia, iron - anemia. With an excess of potassium, nephritis can appear, with an excess of iron - kidney disease, and excessive salt intake leads to a deterioration in the condition of the kidneys, blood vessels, and heart. Gierke's disease. Glycogen accumulates in excess in body tissues. It is characterized by a lack of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase. It is necessary for the breakdown of glycogen, which, on the contrary, accumulates. This congenital disease is often found in infancy and presents with stunting, protrusion of the abdomen due to the large size of the liver, and low blood sugar. Diet is the only way. It is recommended to add glucose to the diet. With age, the condition of the child will gradually improve. Gout and gouty arthritis. These are chronic diseases that cause disturbances in the metabolism of endogenous uric acid. Its salts are deposited in cartilage, especially articular, in the kidneys, causing inflammation and swelling. The diet prevents the accumulation of salts. Endocrine functions are disturbed. Hormones control many metabolic processes. Dysfunction of the endocrine glands leads to metabolic disorders. Phenylketonuria. Genetic mental retardation, which is due to a lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. It converts the amino acids phenylalanine to tyrosine. If phenylalanine accumulates, it will have a toxic effect on brain tissue. Occurs in newborns with a frequency of 1 sick child per. Gender does not matter, but the pathology is most common among Europeans. Outwardly, newborns are healthy, but mental retardation will manifest itself by 3-4 months. Children will develop well physically and further, but not psychologically. Early diagnosis is extremely important. The disease can be detected even on the first day of life according to the results of a blood or urine test. Treat her with a diet. All common protein foods contain phenylalanine. For this reason, you need to eat synthetic foods that are devoid of this amino acid.

How to treat metabolic disorders in the body at home?

Treatment

Therapy of any pathology begins with the elimination of the causes that caused it. It is necessary to adjust the daily diet and diet, reduce the amount of carbohydrates and fats consumed.

Patients regulate the mode of rest and wakefulness, try to avoid stress or respond calmly to them. Many begin to play sports, which will help increase the energy consumption of the body and give it vigor.

These measures will help eliminate metabolic disorders, if they are not complicated by genetics or other factors.

If the problem has gone too far, a person cannot do without medical help. If pathological changes in the organs have already appeared, the patient should undergo a course of treatment.

This can be hormone therapy for hormonal imbalances, thyroid medications for thyroid problems, or insulin for diabetes.

In case of serious pathologies of the thyroid gland or pituitary adenoma, surgical intervention is performed.

What to do in case of metabolic disorders?

Healing Fitness

Muscular activity has a significant impact on metabolism. Exercise therapy for metabolic disorders:

increases the energy costs of the body; enhances metabolism; restores motor-visceral reflexes that regulate metabolism; tones the central nervous system; increases the activity of endocrine glands.

Exercise therapy is prescribed individually for each patient, taking into account the reasons that caused the metabolic disorder. First, the patient must adapt to moderately increasing physical activity. Gymnastic exercises, dosed walking and self-massage are prescribed.

Then the classes additionally include daily walks, the length of which is gradually increased to 10 km, hiking, running, skiing, swimming, rowing, and other exercises.

Exercise therapy is very effective for obesity. Therapeutic gymnastics with such a pathology should last at least an hour.

They use movements with a large amplitude, wide swings of the limbs, circular movements in large joints, exercises with moderate weights. Tilts, turns, rotations are useful.

Such exercises increase the mobility of the spinal column. Need exercises that will strengthen the abdominal muscles. Dumbbells, stuffed and inflatable balls, expanders, gymnastic sticks should be used.

Slow running as the main form of exercise is switched over after the patient has adapted to long walks. We alternate running with walking, after a segment of the run the house increases.

After 3 months, they switch to a long continuous run, the time is adjusted to dominut per day, and the speed is up to 5-7 km / h.

Massage for metabolic disorders is effective for obesity, diabetes, gout. Massage reduces fat deposits in certain areas of the body and stimulates lymph and blood circulation.

Massage should be done in the morning after breakfast or before lunch. Percussion techniques with weakened abdominal muscles cannot be carried out. If the patient's condition worsens during the session, the procedure is stopped. The intensity of the massage is increased gradually. General massage is carried out 1-2 times a week. Patients need passive rest before and after the procedure, remember. The effect increases when performing a massage in a bath or steam room. But first you need to consult a doctor. The effect of the procedure is enhanced after a long diet.

With advanced obesity, when the patient cannot lie on his stomach and suffers from shortness of breath, he lies on his back. A roller is placed under his head and knees.

First, massage the lower extremities. Then stroking, rubbing, vibrations are used, which alternate with kneading, clasping stroking the surface of the lower extremities, the direction from the foot to the pelvis.

How to lose weight and improve metabolism through nutrition?

A diet in case of metabolic disorders is able to restore the balance between assimilation and dissimilation. Basic Rules:

Food is eaten frequently. The interval between doses is 2-3 hours. If the intervals are longer, the body will store fat. Only light food normalizes metabolism. Salads, vegetable soup, yogurt, fish, vegetables are easily digestible foods. Dinner should be light. After that, you should take a walk. Fish is an indispensable product in the diet. Contains omega-3 fatty acids. They help produce enzymes that help break down fats and prevent their deposits. Tea, coffee or spicy foods do not affect the metabolic rate. The norm of pure water consumption is two and a half liters per day. Drink it should be half an hour before meals and one hour after.

What food should be excluded from the diet in case of a disease associated with metabolic disorders?

products made from wheat flour of the highest and first grade, rich and puff pastry; dairy, potato, cereal, bean soups, soups with pasta; fatty meat, goose, duck, ham, sausages, boiled and smoked sausages, canned food; fatty cottage cheese, sweet curds, cream, sweet yogurt, fermented baked milk, baked milk, fatty cheeses; scrambled eggs rice, semolina, oatmeal; sauces, mayonnaise, spices; grapes, raisins, bananas, figs, dates, other very sweet fruits; sugar and foods with a lot of sugar in the composition; jam, honey, ice cream, jelly; sweet juices, cocoa; meat and cooking fats.

Refusal of these products will also be a good prevention for many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The daily caloric intake of consumed products is 1700-1800 kcal.

Recommendations for avoiding foods in diabetes are generally the same. But the daily calorie content can be increased to 2500 kcal. Let's say bread and other flour products, milk and low-fat dairy products, moderately spicy sauces.

A person should not consume a lot of fat.

It needs only omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are found in vegetable oils of walnuts, flaxseed, rapeseed, marine fish oils.

Olive oil is an optimal product that has a neutral effect on metabolism.

You should limit the use of oils from the omega-6 group (corn, sunflower), solid saturated fats. This diet should be followed for many years.

Folk remedies

The following recipes will help to cope with impaired metabolism:

Two teaspoons of walnut leaves are poured with a glass of boiling water, insisted for an hour. Filter, take half a glass 4 times a day before meals. 100 g of immortelle, St. John's wort, birch buds, chamomile flowers are crushed, put in a glass jar, tightly closed, pour a tablespoon of the mixture with 500 ml of boiling water, leave for 20 minutes, filter through cheesecloth, squeeze a little. Drink before bed. In the morning, the remaining infusion is drunk on an empty stomach with a teaspoon of honey. Take a course every 5 years. 350 g of garlic rubbed on a grater. 200 g of mass (taken from below, where there is more juice) is poured into 200 ml of alcohol, put in a dark, cool place. After 10 days, filter and squeeze. They drink the tincture after three days according to the scheme: increase the dose every day from two drops to 25, the duration of the course is 11 days. A part of verbena, 2 parts of a string, black elder flowers, walnut leaves, burdock leaves and root, hop cones, birch leaves, strawberry leaves, yasnitka grass, licorice root pour 200 ml of boiling water, insist. Drink in the intervals between meals and at night, a glass a day.

The use of all the above means should be agreed with the doctor.

The regulation of lipid metabolism has a huge impact on the functioning and vital activity of the entire human body. Therefore, in the case when lipid metabolism indicators are abnormal, timely treatment is required.

Unfortunately, most of the most common diseases provoke a violation of lipid metabolism. To detect such failures in the body, the main indicators of lipid metabolism should be taken into account.

In the event that the lipid metabolism of the body is disturbed, a person needs to clearly understand all the dangers and complications that this ailment can entail. It is also necessary to know exactly the causes of its occurrence and the main symptoms of the manifestation of such a disease. If we talk about the most pronounced factors that provoke the appearance of malfunctions in the work of lipids, then they include:

irrational nutrition, consisting of foods containing an excessive amount of "harmful" calories and fats; sedentary lifestyle; signs of aging; nephrological and uremic diseases; complications during pregnancy; diabetes; hereditary predisposition to destabilize such an exchange; pancreatitis and hepatitis.

The primary symptoms of lipid metabolism disorders include various manifestations and changes on the skin throughout the human body. However, confirmation of a correct and verified diagnosis requires a mandatory medical examination and a number of necessary procedures. The initial step in providing a tentative assessment of the status of lipid metabolism is to determine the level of concentration in the blood of both triglycerides and cholesterol.

Knowing that the imbalance of fats in the human body and violations of the process of their absorption leads to very serious dangerous diseases: atherosclerosis, heart attack, destruction of the hormonal background with the ensuing consequences. From a scientific point of view, the course of treatment of such a disease is multifaceted and complex. So, according to the profiling doctors, the main secret to effectively get rid of this disease is during the preventive program.

The basis of the most important measures to maintain the stability of lipid metabolism is the "restructuring" of one's own lifestyle to new principles of life. The initial stage to establish a stable lipid metabolism in the human body is to change the daily diet. In this case, it is necessary to replace fatty meats, carbonated drinks, excessive sweets, smoked hot spices with more dietary meat dishes, a variety of fruits and vegetables, natural juices and fruit drinks, and of course the use of mineral and purified water.

Giving up such bad habits as smoking, alcoholism and taking various narcotic and psychotropic drugs will also allow you to forget about such a terrible health problem. It is possible to achieve favorable results from the preventive program by exercising daily physical activity, even in low saturation (circular rotation of the head, rhythmic foot movements, warm-up for the eyes, as well as tension in the gluteal and calf muscles).

Since modern life is very full of fuss, disturbing events, moral exhaustion, every inhabitant of the planet should strive to restore spiritual balance with the help of daily minutes of relaxation and meditation. According to experts, it is the regulation of lipid metabolism that is constantly and completely dependent on the normal functioning of all cells of the human nervous system. Unfortunately, taking the wrong medications also has a negative effect on lipid metabolism and the absorption of fats in the body.

In this regard, attempts at self-treatment should be excluded. It should not be denied that at some stages of lipid metabolism disorders, preventive measures can be helpless, in such cases, immediate intervention of doctors is required. Professional options for eliminating lipid metabolism disorders include:

taking hypocholesterolemic drugs; the use of statins: pravastatin, rosuvastatin, atorvastatin and others; the use of biologically active additives and nicotinic acid.

However, indications for the use of the above drugs are possible and effective in combination with strict diet therapy. Unfortunately, in critical situations, medical treatment may not be sufficient, then such methods of therapy as apheresis and plasmapheresis, as well as bypass surgery of the small intestine are used.

Today, various methods of treatment with traditional medicine have become increasingly popular. Based on the confirmed results of numerous laboratory studies, it has been determined that cholesterol levels increase due to destabilization of the water balance in the human body. In this regard, people with this disease are recommended to drink a glass of purified water before each meal.

In addition, among people who have experienced such disruptions in the body, the use of various herbal infusions and decoctions is welcome. However, it is worth remembering that such a course of self-treatment is not welcomed by representatives of the medical industry, it also takes a very long time and can harm the body. Analyzing the above, it can be noted that only a timely and comprehensive approach to the appearance of lipid metabolism disorders will allow avoiding a number of complications and other irreversible processes in the human body.

Thus, lipid metabolism, its treatment in particular, requires timeliness and a professional approach. In turn, the stable regulation of lipid metabolism requires the implementation of certain preventive methods.

Metabolism (metabolism) - the totality of all chemical compounds and types of transformations of substances and energy in the body, which ensure its development and vital activity, adaptation to changes in external conditions.

But sometimes the metabolism can be disturbed. What is the reason for such a failure? How to treat it?

What are the symptoms and treatment of metabolic disorders with folk remedies?

What is metabolism? Causes, symptoms

For a healthy existence, the body needs energy. It is derived from proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Metabolism is the process of processing the breakdown of these constituents. It includes:

Assimilation (anabolism). There is a synthesis of organic substances (accumulation of energy). dissimilation (catabolism). Organic matter breaks down and energy is released.

The balance of these two components is an ideal metabolism. If the process of assimilation and dissimilation is disturbed, the metabolic chain is upset.

With the predominance of dissimilation in the body, a person loses weight, if assimilation - gains weight.

These processes in the body proceed depending on the number of calories consumed per day, calories burned, as well as genetics. It is difficult to influence genetic characteristics, but it is much easier to review your diet and adjust its calorie content.

genetic predisposition; toxic substances in the body; irregular diet, overeating, the predominance of high-calorie foods of the same type; stress; sedentary lifestyle; load on the body with periodic strict diets and breakdowns after them.

Overeating - a discrepancy between energy expenditure and the number of calories consumed per day. If a person has a sedentary lifestyle, and he regularly eats buns and chocolates, he will have to change his clothing size very soon.

Nervous disorders can lead to “jamming” of the problem (especially often in women), which will lead to an imbalance in the processes of assimilation and dissimilation.

Lack of protein or deficiency of carbohydrates will also lead to metabolic disorders. Especially with low fluid intake.

Symptoms

Metabolic disorders can be identified by the following signals:

the complexion changes, it becomes unhealthy; the condition of the hair worsens, they become brittle, dry, fall out strongly; weight goes up too fast; weight loss for no reason and changes in diet; thermoregulation of the body changes; insomnia, disturbed sleep; rashes, redness appear on the skin, the skin becomes swollen; there are pains in the joints and muscles.

Complications

If a woman or a man has noticed symptoms of a metabolic failure, they make independent attempts to cleanse the body.

It is unacceptable. Here you need to consult a doctor. Such violations affect the processes associated with fat metabolism.

The liver is not able to cope with large amounts of fat, and low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol begin to accumulate in the body, which can settle on the walls of blood vessels and cause various diseases of the cardiovascular system.

For this reason, you must first consult a doctor.

Diseases associated with metabolic disorders:

Protein metabolism is disturbed. Protein starvation provokes kwashiorkor (unbalanced deficiency), alimentary dystrophy (balanced deficiency), intestinal diseases. If the protein enters the body in excess, the work of the liver and kidneys will be disrupted, neurosis and overexcitation will occur, urolithiasis and gout will develop. Fat metabolism is disturbed. Excess fat causes obesity. If there is not enough fat in the diet, growth will slow down, weight loss will occur, the skin will become dry due to a deficiency of vitamins A, E, cholesterol levels will rise, bleeding will appear. Disrupted carbohydrate metabolism. Often, against the background of such a pathology, diabetes mellitus appears, which occurs when there is a lack of insulin during a period of failure of carbohydrate metabolism. Violated vitamin metabolism. An excess of vitamins (hypervitaminosis) has a toxic effect on the body, and their deficiency (hypovitaminosis) leads to diseases of the digestive tract, chronic fatigue, irritability, drowsiness, loss of appetite. Mineral metabolism is disturbed. A deficiency of minerals leads to a number of pathologies: a lack of iodine provokes thyroid diseases, fluorine - the development of caries, calcium - muscle weakness and deterioration of bones, potassium - arrhythmia, iron - anemia. With an excess of potassium, nephritis can appear, with an excess of iron - kidney disease, and excessive salt intake leads to a deterioration in the condition of the kidneys, blood vessels, and heart. Gierke's disease. Glycogen accumulates in excess in body tissues. It is characterized by a lack of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase. It is necessary for the breakdown of glycogen, which, on the contrary, accumulates. This congenital disease is often found in infancy and presents with stunting, protrusion of the abdomen due to the large size of the liver, and low blood sugar. Diet is the only way. It is recommended to add glucose to the diet. With age, the condition of the child will gradually improve. Gout and gouty arthritis. These are chronic diseases that cause disturbances in the metabolism of endogenous uric acid. Its salts are deposited in cartilage, especially articular, in the kidneys, causing inflammation and swelling. The diet prevents the accumulation of salts. Endocrine functions are disturbed. Hormones control many metabolic processes. Dysfunction of the endocrine glands leads to metabolic disorders. Phenylketonuria. Genetic mental retardation, which is due to a lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. It converts the amino acids phenylalanine to tyrosine. If phenylalanine accumulates, it will have a toxic effect on brain tissue. It occurs in newborns with a frequency of 1 sick child per 20,000. Gender does not matter, but the pathology is most common among Europeans. Outwardly, newborns are healthy, but mental retardation will manifest itself by 3-4 months. Children will develop well physically and further, but not psychologically. Early diagnosis is extremely important. The disease can be detected even on the first day of life according to the results of a blood or urine test. Treat her with a diet. All common protein foods contain phenylalanine. For this reason, you need to eat synthetic foods that are devoid of this amino acid.

How to treat metabolic disorders in the body at home?

Treatment

Therapy of any pathology begins with the elimination of the causes that caused it. It is necessary to adjust the daily diet and diet, reduce the amount of carbohydrates and fats consumed.

Patients regulate the mode of rest and wakefulness, try to avoid stress or respond calmly to them. Many begin to play sports, which will help increase the energy consumption of the body and give it vigor.

These measures will help eliminate metabolic disorders, if they are not complicated by genetics or other factors.

If the problem has gone too far, a person cannot do without medical help.. If pathological changes in the organs have already appeared, the patient should undergo a course of treatment.

This can be hormone therapy for hormonal imbalances, thyroid medications for thyroid problems, or insulin for diabetes.

In case of serious pathologies of the thyroid gland or pituitary adenoma, surgical intervention is performed.

What to do in case of metabolic disorders?

Healing Fitness

Muscular activity has a significant impact on metabolism. Exercise therapy for metabolic disorders:

increases the energy costs of the body; enhances metabolism; restores motor-visceral reflexes that regulate metabolism; tones the central nervous system; increases the activity of endocrine glands.

Exercise therapy is prescribed individually for each patient, taking into account the reasons that caused metabolic disorders. First, the patient must adapt to moderately increasing physical activity. Gymnastic exercises, dosed walking and self-massage are prescribed.

Then the classes additionally include daily walks, the length of which is gradually increased to 10 km, hiking, running, skiing, swimming, rowing, and other exercises.

Exercise therapy is very effective for obesity. Therapeutic gymnastics with such a pathology should last at least an hour.

They use movements with a large amplitude, wide swings of the limbs, circular movements in large joints, exercises with moderate weights. Tilts, turns, rotations are useful.

Such exercises increase the mobility of the spinal column. Need exercises that will strengthen the abdominal muscles. Dumbbells, stuffed and inflatable balls, expanders, gymnastic sticks should be used.

Slow running as the main form of exercise is switched over after the patient has adapted to long walks. Running for 100-200 m is alternated with walking, after a segment of the run they increase to 400-600 m.

After 3 months, they switch to a long continuous run, the time is adjusted to 20-30 minutes a day, and the speed is up to 5-7 km / h.

Massage

Massage for metabolic disorders is effective for obesity, diabetes, gout. Massage reduces fat deposits in certain areas of the body and stimulates lymph and blood circulation.

Massage should be done in the morning after breakfast or before lunch. Percussion techniques with weakened abdominal muscles cannot be carried out. If the patient's condition worsens during the session, the procedure is stopped. The intensity of the massage is increased gradually. General massage is carried out 1-2 times a week. Patients need passive rest before and after the procedure, for 15-20 minutes. The effect increases when performing a massage in a bath or steam room. But first you need to consult a doctor. The effect of the procedure is enhanced after a long diet.

With advanced obesity, when the patient cannot lie on his stomach and suffers from shortness of breath, he lies on his back. A roller is placed under his head and knees.

First, massage the lower extremities. Then stroking, rubbing, vibrations are used, which alternate with kneading, clasping stroking the surface of the lower extremities, the direction from the foot to the pelvis.

How to lose weight and improve metabolism through nutrition?

Food

A diet in case of metabolic disorders is able to restore the balance between assimilation and dissimilation. Basic Rules:

Food is eaten frequently. The interval between doses is 2-3 hours. If the intervals are longer, the body will store fat. Only light food normalizes metabolism. Salads, vegetable soup, yogurt, fish, vegetables are easily digestible foods. Dinner should be easy. After that, you should take a walk. Fish is a must in the diet. Contains omega-3 fatty acids. They help produce enzymes that help break down fats and prevent their deposits. Tea, coffee or spicy foods do not affect the metabolic rate. The norm of pure water consumption is two and a half liters per day. Drink it should be half an hour before meals and one hour after.

What food should be excluded from the diet in case of a disease associated with metabolic disorders?

With obesity exclude:

products made from wheat flour of the highest and first grade, rich and puff pastry; dairy, potato, cereal, bean soups, soups with pasta; fatty meat, goose, duck, ham, sausages, boiled and smoked sausages, canned food; fatty cottage cheese, sweet curds, cream, sweet yogurt, fermented baked milk, baked milk, fatty cheeses; scrambled eggs rice, semolina, oatmeal; sauces, mayonnaise, spices; grapes, raisins, bananas, figs, dates, other very sweet fruits; sugar and foods with a lot of sugar in the composition; jam, honey, ice cream, jelly; sweet juices, cocoa; meat and cooking fats.

Refusal of these products will also be a good prevention for many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The daily caloric intake of consumed products is 1700-1800 kcal.

Recommendations for avoiding foods in diabetes are generally the same. But the daily calorie content can be increased to 2500 kcal. Let's say bread and other flour products, milk and low-fat dairy products, moderately spicy sauces.

A person should not consume a lot of fat.

It needs only omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are found in vegetable oils of walnuts, flaxseed, rapeseed, marine fish oils.

Olive oil is an optimal product that has a neutral effect on metabolism.

You should limit the use of oils from the omega-6 group (corn, sunflower), solid saturated fats. This diet should be followed for many years.

Folk remedies

The following recipes will help to cope with impaired metabolism:

Two teaspoons of walnut leaves are poured with a glass of boiling water, insisted for an hour. Filter, take half a glass 4 times a day before meals. 100 g immortelle, St. John's wort, birch buds, chamomile flowers are crushed, put in a glass jar, close tightly, pour a tablespoon of the mixture with 500 ml of boiling water, leave for 20 minutes, filter through cheesecloth, squeeze a little. Drink before bed. In the morning, the remaining infusion is drunk on an empty stomach with a teaspoon of honey. Take a course every 5 years. 350 g garlic, grated. 200 g of mass (taken from below, where there is more juice) is poured into 200 ml of alcohol, put in a dark, cool place. After 10 days, filter and squeeze. They drink the tincture after three days according to the scheme: increase the dose every day from two drops to 25, the duration of the course is 11 days. A part of verbena, 2 parts of a string, black elder flowers, walnut leaves, burdock leaves and root, hop cones, birch leaves, strawberry leaves, yasnitka grass, licorice root pour 200 ml of boiling water, insist. Drink in the intervals between meals and at night, a glass a day.

The use of all the above means should be agreed with the doctor.

Causes of failure

For the normal functioning of the body, the coordinated work of all stages of metabolism is necessary. An important component is lipid metabolism. His role is invaluable. Without this component of metabolism, the existence of living beings is impossible. What is lipid metabolism in the human body? Its main functions include:

• Protection of internal systems from mechanical damage;
• Energy exchange, which allows you to break down 1 gram of fat to 9 kilocalories;
• Thermal insulation providing protection against hypothermia;
• Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins;
• Endocrine, contributing to the production of steroid and female hormones. Deficiency of adipose tissue can interfere with the menstrual cycle or reproductive function;
• Structural - an integral part of the cell membrane;
• Anti-atherogenic - the presence of high-density lipoprotein creates an obstacle to the development of atherosclerosis.

Failure in the work of fats leads to a pathological condition, which is called dyslipidemia. ICD - 10 ranks this violation in class E75 and E78. In this case, lipids cease to cope with the functions assigned to them. Why is this happening? Many factors trigger the process of metabolic disorders. Among them are:

• hereditary burden;
• Hypodynamia;
• Unbalanced diet rich in fatty foods;
• Excessive alcohol consumption;
• Smoking;
• Pathology of the liver;
• drug intoxication;
• Excess body weight.

Types of Violations

Depending on the provoking factor and the pathophysiological mechanism for the development of dyslipidosis, there are several types of it:

• Primary or congenital is based on a genetic defect that arose spontaneously due to a mutation or hereditary transmission from one of the parents;
• Secondary, which is a consequence of other diseases;
• Alimentary, associated with an unbalanced diet and the consumption of large amounts of fat.

Depending on the type of fractions involved in lipid imbalance, disorders can be:

• Pure or isolated hypercholesterolemia, which is characterized by an increase in the level of cholesterol in the bloodstream;
• Mixed hyperlipidemia, combining an increase in the number of different types of lipids;
• Hypocholesterolemia associated with low fat levels.

According to the course of the pathological process, the following types can be distinguished:

• Hereditary hyperchylomicronemia;
• Congenital hypercholesterolemia;
• Dys-beta-lipoproteinemia;
• Combined hyperlipidemia;
• Endogenous hyperlipidemia;
• hereditary hypertriglyceridemia.

signs

Lipid metabolism disorders are characterized by common manifestations. At the same time, each disease of this group is characterized by special signs. The most commonly used universal ones are:

• Xanthomas - focal formations on the surface of the skin, consisting of fatty inclusions;
• Enlargement of the liver and spleen - hepatosplenomegaly;
• Obesity;
• Elevated numbers of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood tests;
• Endocrine pathologies;
• Violation of the menstrual cycle in women;
• Fragility of hair, the appearance of eczema due to a deficiency of essential unsaturated fatty acids.

Risk factors and influences

The development of imbalance is associated with a large number of triggers. The main ones include:

• Altered structure of lipoproteins, as a result of which they lose their ability to function normally;
• Age - older people are more susceptible to the process;
• Unbalanced diet, saturated with fats;
• Excessive drinking and smoking;
• Lack of physical activity;
• The presence of pathologies in the family.

The lifestyle of the patient has a great influence on the occurrence of dyslipidemia. Addictions to alcohol or smoking are fraught not only with a violation in lipid metabolism. In combination with physical inactivity, uncontrolled consumption of food rich in fats, all the prerequisites for the formation of an imbalance are formed.

Dyslipidemia "diabetic"

Expressive symptomatology has a violation of lipid metabolism in diabetes mellitus. Although this disease is triggered by a failure of the carbohydrate chain, the manifestations are associated with fatty disorders. Watching:

• Increased lipid breakdown;
• Increasing levels of ketone bodies;
• Decreased synthesis of fatty acids.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which glucose metabolism can be disturbed. Under normal conditions, water and carbon dioxide are formed from this compound. With this pathology, the decomposition process is disturbed. And glucose is deposited in excess quantities. Lack of treatment leads to a lipid metabolism disorder. In the blood serum, the number of triacylglycerols and chylomicrons increases. Metabolic processes are disturbed. And against this background, there is a secondary, that is, due to another disease, dyslipidemia.

Symptoms

The clinical picture of each type of disorder has its own specific features. They are associated mainly with an excessively increased or reduced number of lipids. However, there are common features inherent in dyslipidemia. In violation of lipid metabolism, the symptoms are characterized by external and internal manifestations. The first ones include:

• xanthomas on the skin;
• Severe overweight;
• Hepatosplenomegaly;
• Violation of the kidneys;
• Endocrinopathy;
• High levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream.

Internal features include:

• Functional changes in the structure of lipids;
• Deviation from the norm according to the results of diagnostics;
• Violations in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and fatty acids;
• Kidney disorders and endocrine pathologies.

If dyslipidemia is in the nature of an excessive increase in the number of fats, the manifestations will be associated with:

• A change in laboratory blood tests that will show an increase in cholesterol and other lipoprotein numbers;
• Symptoms of atherosclerosis;
• high blood pressure;
• obese.

With a lipid deficiency, there will be:

• General exhaustion of the patient;
• Decrease in body weight;
• Lack of fat-soluble vitamins and essential unsaturated fatty acids;
• Failure in the menstrual cycle in women and a number of reproductive pathologies;
• Fragility and hair loss;
• The occurrence of inflammatory processes on the skin;
• Nephrogenic disorders.

Diagnostics and therapy

Treatment, and hence the outcome of the pathological process, depends entirely on the correctness and timeliness of the examination. If lipid metabolism is impaired, its treatment is based on the detection of anomalies using the following diagnostic methods:

• Determine the level of total cholesterol in a biochemical blood test;
• A lipoproteinogram is carried out, in which the number of HDL, LDL, DPONP, TSH is detected;
• A detailed lipidogram is carried out, which helps in reflecting the level of all lipid classes.

Each patient with dyslipidosis asks the question "Lipid metabolism, what is it and how to treat it?" The doctor will help briefly explain to the patient the cause of his condition. Based on the history, physical examination, clinical manifestations and diagnostic data, the doctor makes a diagnosis and prescribes treatment. The impact is aimed at:

• Changing the patient's lifestyle;
• Diet therapy;
• Medical correction.

The first point of therapeutic measures helps to restore lipid metabolism through the following recommendations:

• Physical activity 3-4 times a week. Patients need to choose for themselves an acceptable type of sports activities that will not overstrain an unprepared body, but will be able to normalize muscle muscles and help restore intensive gas exchange. What together prevents the development of complications;
• Refusal of bad habits in the form of smoking and alcohol;
• Weight loss;
• Stabilization of nutrition, with the use of food fractionally and at the same time.

Diet therapy is an important step in the quest to cure dyslipidosis. Nutrition largely determines human health. Hippocrates' words "Tell me what you eat and I'll tell you what you're sick of" very accurately reflect this simple truth. The human metabolism depends on the composition of the food consumed. To establish lipid metabolism, you must adhere to the diet prescribed by the doctor. It is aimed at reducing calories.

Fats of animal origin reduce, as well as the number of light carbohydrates. Consumption of flour, sweet, smoked, spicy, fried, marinades should be excluded from the menu. The main emphasis in nutrition should be on fresh vegetables and fruits, greens, juices. More water should be consumed - this is the main environment in which all internal processes take place. Its sufficient amount will have a beneficial effect on metabolism. An adult should consume about 2 liters of pure water per day.

Drug therapy of fat imbalance requires the appointment of the following groups of drugs in the form of tablets or injections:

• statins;
• Nicotinic acid and its derivatives;
• Fibrates;
• Antioxidants;
• bile acid sequestrants;
• BAS - biologically active additives.

In case of lipid metabolism disorders, therapeutic measures should be based not only on drugs and diet. Good reviews that can improve a person's condition have received physiotherapeutic and exercise therapy effects, such as:

• Charcot Leiden shower;
• Underwater massage;
• Plasmapheresis.

Traditional medicine can be used as an additional source of therapy. Normalization of fat imbalance should be carried out on the basis of medical recommendations. In case of lipid metabolism disorders, the causes determine the treatment.

The main diseases caused by lipid metabolism disorders

Dyslipidoses lead to a wide range of problems. Many pathological processes are provoked. Due to the variety of violations of various stages of fat metabolism - splitting, absorption and transport of lipids, a large number of diseases associated with this are distinguished. Hereditary disorders are divided into:

• Sphingolipidoses, in which intracellular accumulation of sphingolipids occurs;
• in the blood - family forms of hyper- and hypocholesterolemia.

A large part of the disease is associated with a lack of lysosomal enzymes. Normally, these substances contribute to the breakdown of fats. With their small amount, utilization does not occur properly and lipids accumulate in cells. Such a developmental mechanism has many pathological processes, including Niemann-Pick, Gaucher and Tay-Sachs.

Niemann-Pick disease is caused by excessive accumulation of sphingolipids in the brain tissue, liver, and RES - the reticuloendothelial system. The disorder is hereditary and is autosomal recessive. There are several forms of this disease - A, B, C, D. Type "A" is characterized by severe lesions of the nervous system, ending in death during the first 2-3 years of life.

The target of forms B, C and D are mainly hepatocytes - liver cells. The nervous system is affected to a lesser extent or not at all involved in the process. This is a more favorable form of lesion than with type "A". In view of this, patients have a longer life expectancy.

In Gaucher's disease, cerebrosides accumulate, they are also glycosphingolipids - complex fats. These compounds are deposited in large quantities in the brain and bone marrow, liver, and spleen. Excessive deposition of lipids is associated with a deficiency of p-glucosidase, an enzyme that breaks down these fats.

Tay-Sachs disease is based on an increased accumulation of gangliosides in the brain tissue and the liver, as well as the spleen. This is due to a deficiency of the enzyme hexoaminedase. The course of the pathological process is long. In view of this, it is difficult to notice the deviation. As a rule, the first 3-4 months of life of patients cannot be distinguished from healthy ones.

With the development of pathology, the child is put less active, he has visual and hearing impairments. Mental disturbances and mental retardation progress up to idiocy. Tay-Sachs disease is fatal. Prevention of hereditary forms is possible only with the help of careful pregnancy planning with medical genetic counseling.

It is important to avoid triggers - predisposing factors, so as not to provoke the development of acquired forms of dyslipidoses. If you experience anxiety symptoms, you should not postpone going to the doctor. The sooner you get tested, the higher the chance to restore your health.

Lipids are an essential part of a balanced human diet. On average, 60–80 g of fats of animal and vegetable origin enter the body of an adult with food daily. In old age, as well as with low physical activity, the need for fats decreases, in cold climates and during hard physical work it increases.

The importance of fats as a food product is very diverse. Fats in human nutrition, first of all, have an important energy value. The energy value of fats is higher than proteins and carbohydrates. It is known that when 1 g of fats are oxidized, the body receives 38.9 kJ (9.3 kcal), while when 1 g of proteins or carbohydrates are oxidized, it is 17.2 kJ (4.1 kcal). In addition, fats are solvents for vitamins A, D, E and K, and therefore the provision of the body with these vitamins largely depends on the intake of fats in the diet. With fats, some polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic) are also introduced into the body, which are classified as essential (essential) fatty acids, since the tissues of humans and a number of animals have lost the ability to synthesize them. These acids are conventionally grouped under the name "vitamin F".

It is also known that fat provides the palatability of food; in addition, it is necessary for its preparation and storage. All this has led to the fact that fat consumption in highly developed countries is so high that it covers more than 35%, and in many countries more than 40% of the body's energy expenditure. This, in turn, very often leads to the fact that the intake of food enriched with fats overlaps the physiological needs of the body for energy. Hence such adverse phenomena as obesity of a significant part of the population. Therefore, knowledge of the lipid metabolism of a normal organism is also necessary for understanding the causes of many diseases. It is known that lipid metabolism disorders occur, for example, with both excessive and insufficient intake of fats, deficiency of certain enzymes, imbalance of hormones, etc.

DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF LIPIDS

Breakdown of triglycerides in the digestive tract . Saliva does not contain fat-splitting enzymes. Therefore, in the oral cavity, fats do not undergo any changes. Adults have fat

pass through the stomach without much change. Gastric juice contains a lipase called gastric, but its role in the hydrolysis of dietary triglycerides in adults is small. First, in the gastric juice of an adult human and other mammals, the content of lipase is extremely low. Secondly, the pH of gastric juice is far from the optimum for this enzyme (optimal pH for gastric lipase is 5.5–7.5). Recall that the pH value of gastric juice is about 1.5. Thirdly, there are no conditions in the stomach for emulsification of triglycerides, and lipase can only actively act on triglycerides that are in the form of an emulsion. Therefore, in adults, non-emulsified triglycerides, which constitute the bulk of dietary fat, pass through the stomach without much change. However, the breakdown of triglycerides in the stomach plays an important role in the digestion of children, especially infants. The mucous membrane of the root of the tongue and the adjacent region of the pharynx of an infant secretes its own lipase in response to sucking and swallowing movements (during breastfeeding). This lipase is called lingual. The activity of lingual lipase does not have time to "manifest" in the oral cavity, and the main site of its action is the stomach. The optimum pH of lingual lipase is in the range of 4.0–4.5; it is close to the pH value of gastric juice in such children. Lingual lipase is most active on triglycerides containing fatty acids with a short and medium chain length, which is typical for milk triglycerides. In other words, milk fat is the most suitable substrate for this enzyme. In adults, the activity of lingual lipase is extremely low.

The breakdown of triglycerides in the stomach of an adult is small, but to a certain extent it facilitates their subsequent digestion in the intestine. Even a slight breakdown of triglycerides in the stomach leads to the appearance of free fatty acids, which, without being absorbed in the stomach, enter the intestine and contribute to the emulsification of fats there, thus facilitating the effect of pancreatic juice lipase on them.

After the chyme enters the duodenum, first of all, the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice that has entered the intestine with food is neutralized by the bicarbonates contained in the pancreatic and intestinal juices. Carbon dioxide bubbles released during the decomposition of bicarbonates contribute to good mixing of the food slurry with digestive juices. At the same time, fat emulsification begins. The most powerful emulsifying effect on fats is exerted by bile salts that enter the duodenum with bile in the form of sodium salts. Most bile acids are conjugated to glycine or taurine. By chemical nature, bile acids are derivatives of cholanic acid:

Bile acids are the major end product of cholesterol metabolism.

Human bile mainly contains cholic (3,7,12-trioxycholanic), deoxycholic (3,12-dioxycholanic) and chenodeoxycholic (3,7-dioxycholanic) acids (all hydroxyl groups have an α-configuration and therefore are designated dotted line):

In addition, human bile contains small amounts of lithocholic (3α-oxycholanic) acid, as well as allocholic and ureodeoxycholic acids, stereoisomers of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids.

As noted, bile acids are present in bile in a conjugated form, i.e. in the form of glycocholic, glycodeoxycholic, glycochenodeoxycholic (about 2/3-4/5 of all bile acids) or taurocho-

left, taurodeoxycholic and taurochenodeoxycholic (about 1/5 -1/3 of all bile acids) acids. These compounds are sometimes called paired bile acids because they are made up of two components, bile acid and glycine or taurine. The ratios between the conjugates of both types can vary depending on the nature of the food: in the case of the predominance of carbohydrates in it, the relative content of glycine conjugates increases, and with a high-protein diet, taurine conjugates. The structure of paired bile acids can be represented as follows:

It is believed that only the combination of bile salt + unsaturated fatty acid + monoglyceride gives the desired degree of fat emulsification. Bile salts dramatically reduce the surface tension at the fat/water interface, whereby they not only facilitate emulsification, but also stabilize the emulsion already formed.

It is known that the bulk of dietary glycerides undergoes cleavage in the upper sections of the small intestine under the action of pancreatic juice lipase. This enzyme was first discovered by the famous French physiologist S. Bernard in the middle of the last century.

Pancreatic lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) is a glycoprotein having a mol. weight 48000 (in humans) and optimum pH 8–9. This enzyme breaks down triglycerides that are in an emulsified state (the effect of the enzyme on dissolved substrates is much weaker). Like other digestive enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin), pancreatic lipase enters the upper small intestine as inactive prolipase.

The transformation of prolipase into active lipase occurs with the participation of bile acids and another pancreatic juice protein, colipase (molecular weight 10,000). The latter attaches to prolipase in a molecular ratio of 2:1. This leads to the fact that the lipase becomes active and resistant to the action of trypsin.

It has been established that the main products of triglyceride breakdown under the action of pancreatic lipase are β(2)-monoglyceride and fatty acids. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds in the α(1), α"(3)-positions, resulting in the formation of β(2)-monoglyceride and two

particles (molecules) of fatty acids. The rate of hydrolysis of triglycerides catalyzed by lipase is not significantly affected by either the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids or the length of its chain (from C12 to C18).

Hydrolysis of triglycerides with the participation of pancreatic lipase can be represented as the following scheme:

Along with lipase, pancreatic juice contains monoglyceride isomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes the intramolecular transfer of acyl from the β(2)-position of monoglyceride to the α(1)-position. In the process of digestion of dietary fats with the participation of this enzyme, about a third of β-monoglyceride is converted into α-monoglyceride. Since the ester bond in the α-position is sensitive to the action of pancreatic lipase, the latter cleaves most of the α-monoglycerides to end products - glycerol and fatty acid. A smaller part of α-monoglycerides has time to be absorbed into the wall of the small intestine, bypassing the action of lipase.

Absorption of triglycerides and their breakdown products.

Absorption occurs in the proximal small intestine. Finely emulsified fats (the size of the fat droplets of the emulsion is not

should exceed 0.5 µm) can be partially absorbed through the intestinal wall without prior hydrolysis. The main part of the fat is absorbed only after its breakdown by pancreatic lipase into fatty acids, monoglycerides and glycerol. Fatty acids with a short carbon chain (less than 10 carbon atoms) and glycerol, being highly soluble in water, are freely absorbed in the intestine and enter the blood of the portal vein, from there to the liver, bypassing any transformations in the intestinal wall.

More difficult is the absorption of fatty acids with a long carbon chain and monoglycerides. This process is carried out with the participation of bile and mainly bile acids that make up it. In bile, bile salts, phospholipids and cholesterol are contained in a ratio of 12.5:2.5:1.0. Long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides in the intestinal lumen form micelles that are stable in the aquatic environment with these compounds. The structure of micelles is such that their hydrophobic core (fatty acids, monoglycerides, etc.) is surrounded on the outside by a hydrophilic shell of bile acids and phospholipids. Micelles are about 100 times smaller than the smallest emulsified fat droplets. As part of micelles, higher fatty acids and monoglycerides are transferred from the site of fat hydrolysis to the absorption surface of the intestinal epithelium. There is no consensus regarding the mechanism of absorption of fat micelles. Some researchers believe that as a result of the so-called micellar diffusion, and possibly pinocytosis, the micelles completely penetrate into the epithelial cells of the villi, where fat micelles are decomposed. In this case, bile acids immediately enter the bloodstream and through the portal vein system first enter the liver, and from there again into the bile. Other researchers admit that only the lipid component of fat micelles can pass into the villus cells. Bile salts, having fulfilled their physiological role, remain in the intestinal lumen; later, most of them are absorbed into the blood (in the ileum), enter the liver and then excreted in the bile. Thus, all researchers recognize that there is a constant circulation of bile acids between the liver and intestines. This process is called hepato-intestinal (hepatoenteric) circulation.

Using the method of labeled atoms, it was shown that bile contains only a small part of bile acids (10–15% of the total amount) newly synthesized by the liver. Thus, the bulk of bile acids (85–90%) are bile acids reabsorbed in the intestine and re-secreted in bile. It has been established that in humans, the total pool of bile acids is approximately 2.8–3.5 g, while they make 6–8 revolutions per day.

Cleavage and absorption of phospholipids and cholesterol.

The vast majority of phospholipids in the contents of the small intestine are phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), the bulk of which enters the intestine with bile (11–12 g/day) and a smaller part (1–2 g/day) with food.

There are two points of view regarding the fate of exogenous and endogenous phospholipids entering the small intestine. According to one of them, both phospholipids are attacked in the intestine by phospholipase A2, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the ester bond in the β-position. As a result of the reaction catalyzed by phospholipase A2, glycerophospholipids are cleaved to form lysophospholipid and fatty acid. Lysophospholipid can be cleaved by another pancreatic juice enzyme, lysophospholipase. As a result, the last fatty acid particle is released from lysolecithin and glycerophosphocholine is formed, which dissolves well in the aqueous medium and is absorbed from the intestine into the blood.

Proponents of a different point of view believe that phospholipids of "biliary" (more precisely hepatic) origin, unlike dietary phospholipids, are not affected by phospholipase A2. Consequently, the function of "bile" phospholipids is exclusively associated with the hepatoenteric circulation of bile: they enter the intestine with bile, participate in the micellar solubilization of lipids with bile acids and return to the liver together with them. Thus, there are, as it were, two pools of phospholipids in the intestine: a "bile" one, protected from the action of phospholipase A2, and a "food" one, subject to its action. It is still difficult to explain the reason for the existence of two pools of phospholipids and their different relationship to the action of phospholipase A2.

Depending on the food, the body of an adult receives daily 300-500 mg of cholesterol contained in food products, partly in a free (non-esterified) form, partly in the form of esters with fatty acids. Cholesterol esters are cleaved into cholesterol and fatty acids by a special enzyme of pancreatic and intestinal juices - cholesterol ester hydrolase, or cholesterol esterase (EC 3.1.1.13). Cholesterol is absorbed in the small intestine from:

- dietary cholesterol (0.3-0.5 g / day; vegetarians have much less); - bile cholesterol (1-2 g of endogenous non-esterified cholesterol is excreted daily with bile);

- cholesterol contained in the desquamated epithelium of the digestive tract and in intestinal juices (up to 0.5 g / day).

In total, 1.8–2.5 g of endogenous and exogenous cholesterol enters the intestine. Of this amount, about 0.5 g of cholesterol is excreted in the faeces in the form of a reduced product - coprosterol, and a very small part in the form of oxidized products - cholestenon, etc. Both reduction and oxidation of cholesterol occur in the large intestine under the influence of microbial flora enzymes. The main part of cholesterol in non-esterified form is absorbed in the small intestine as part of mixed fat micelles consisting of bile acids, fatty acids, monoglycerides, phospholipids and lysophospholipids.

Resynthesis of lipids in the intestinal wall. Triglycerides . According to modern concepts, triglyceride resynthesis occurs in epithelial

cells (enterocytes of the mucous membrane of the villi of the small intestine) in two ways. The first way is β-monoglyceride. For a long time, this path was considered the only one. Its essence lies in the fact that β-monoglycerides and fatty acids, which penetrate into the epithelial cells of the intestinal wall during absorption, are retained in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the cells. Here, their active form, acyl-CoA, is formed from fatty acids, and then β-monoglycerides are acylated to form first diglycerides and then triglycerides:

β-Monoglyceride + R-CO-S-KoA –> Diglyceride + HS-KoA;

Diglyceride + R1 -CO-S-KoA –> Triglyceride + HS-KoA.

All reactions are catalyzed by an enzyme complex, triglyceride synthetase, which includes acyl-CoA synthetase, monoglyceride acyl transferase, and diglyceride acyl transferase.

The second pathway for triglyceride resynthesis occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of epithelial cells and includes the following reactions:

1) formation of the active form of the fatty acid acyl-CoA with the participation of acyl-CoA synthetase;

2) the formation of α-glycerophosphate with the participation of glycerol kinase;

3) conversion of α-glycerophosphate to phosphatidic acid with the participation of glycerophosphate acyltransferase;

4) the conversion of phosphatidic acid to diglyceride with the participation of phospho- fatidate phosphohydrolases;

5) acylation of diglyceride with the formation of triglyceride with the participation of diglyceride acyltransferase.

As can be seen, the first and last reactions repeat similar reactions of the β-monoglyceride pathway. It has been established that the α-glycerophosphate pathway for the resynthesis of fats (triglycerides) becomes important if mainly fatty acids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine mucosa. If fatty acids enter the intestinal wall together with β-monoglycerides, the β-monoglyceride pathway is triggered. As a rule, the presence of an excess of β-monoglycerides in epithelial cells inhibits the α-glycerophosphate pathway.

Resynthesis of phospholipids in the intestinal wall . In enterocytes, along with re-synthesis triglycerides also occurs and the resynthesis of phospholipids. Resynthesized diglyceride is involved in the formation of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines, and resynthesized phosphatidic acid is involved in the formation of phosphatidylinositols. The participation of these substrates in the formation of phospholipids in the intestinal wall follows the same patterns as in other tissues (see pp. 396, 397).

It should be emphasized that fats are synthesized in the intestinal wall, which are largely specific to this type of animal and differ in structure from dietary fat. To a certain extent, this is ensured by the fact that in the synthesis of triglycerides (as well as phospholipids) in the intestinal wall, along with exogenous and endogenous fatty acids, they take part. However, the ability to carry out the synthesis of fat specific for a given animal species in the intestinal wall is still limited. It has been shown that when an animal (for example, a dog), especially a previously starving one, is fed large amounts of foreign fat (for example, flaxseed oil or camel fat), part of it is found in the fatty tissues of the animal in unchanged form. Adipose tissue is most likely the only tissue where foreign fats can be deposited. The lipids that make up the protoplasm of cells of other organs and tissues are highly specific, their composition and properties are little dependent on dietary fats.

Chylomicron formation and lipid transport.

Triglycerides and phospholipids resynthesized in epithelial cells of the intestine, as well as cholesterol entering these cells from the intestinal cavity (here it can be partially esterified) combine with a small amount of protein and form relatively stable complex particles - chylomicrons (XM). The latter contain about 2% protein, 7% phospholipids, 8% cholesterol and its esters, and more than 80% triglycerides. The HM diameter ranges from 0.1 to 5 µm. Due to the large particle size, CMs are not able to penetrate from endothelial cells.