The whole world is a problem. Global problems of the world economy

a set of problems of mankind, on the solution of which social progress and the preservation of civilization depend:

preventing a world thermonuclear war and ensuring peaceful conditions for the development of all peoples;

overcoming the gap in economic level and per capita income between developed and developing countries by eliminating their backwardness, as well as eliminating hunger, poverty and illiteracy on the globe;

stopping rapid population growth (“demographic explosion” in developing countries, especially in Tropical Africa) and eliminating the danger of “depopulation” in developed countries;

prevention of catastrophic environmental pollution; ensuring the further development of mankind with the necessary natural resources;

prevention of immediate and long-term consequences of the scientific and technological revolution.

Some researchers also include problems of healthcare, education, social values, relations between generations, etc. among the global problems of our time.

Their features are: - Have a planetary, global character, affect the interests of all peoples of the world. - Threaten degradation and/or death to all mankind. - They need urgent and effective solutions. - They require the collective efforts of all states, the joint actions of the peoples for their resolution.

Major global issues

Destruction of the natural environment

Today, the biggest and most dangerous problem is the depletion and destruction of the natural environment, the violation of the ecological balance within it as a result of the growing and poorly controlled human activities. Exceptional harm is caused by industrial and transport disasters, which lead to the mass death of living organisms, infection and pollution of the world's oceans, atmosphere, and soil. But the continuous emissions of harmful substances into the environment have an even greater negative impact. Firstly, a strong impact on people's health, all the more destructive because humanity is increasingly crowded in cities, where the concentration of harmful substances in the air, soil, atmosphere, directly in the premises, as well as in other influences (electricity, radio waves, etc.) very high. Secondly, many species of animals and plants are disappearing, and new dangerous microorganisms are emerging. Thirdly, the landscape is deteriorating, fertile lands are turning into piles, rivers into sewers, the water regime and climate are changing in places. But the biggest danger is global climate change (warming), possible, for example, due to an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This can lead to the melting of glaciers. As a result, huge and densely populated areas in different regions of the world will be under water.

Air pollution

The most common atmospheric pollutants enter it mainly in two forms: either in the form of suspended particles or in the form of gases. Carbon dioxide. As a result of fuel combustion, as well as the production of cement, a huge amount of this gas enters the atmosphere. This gas itself is not poisonous. Carbon monoxide. Combustion of fuel, which creates most of the gaseous and aerosol pollution of the atmosphere, serves as a source of another carbon compound - carbon monoxide. It is poisonous, and its danger is aggravated by the fact that it has neither color nor smell, and poisoning with it can occur completely unnoticed. Currently, as a result of human activity, about 300 million tons of carbon monoxide are released into the atmosphere. Hydrocarbons released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities are a small fraction of naturally occurring hydrocarbons, but their pollution is very important. Their entry into the atmosphere can occur at any stage of production, processing, storage, transportation and use of substances and materials containing hydrocarbons. More than half of the hydrocarbons produced by humans enter the air as a result of the incomplete combustion of gasoline and diesel fuel during the operation of cars and other means of transport. Sulphur dioxide. Atmospheric pollution with sulfur compounds has important environmental consequences. The main sources of sulfur dioxide are volcanic activity, as well as the processes of oxidation of hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur compounds. Sulfur sources of sulfur dioxide have long surpassed volcanoes in intensity and are now equal to the total intensity of all natural sources. Aerosol particles enter the atmosphere from natural sources. Aerosol formation processes are very diverse. This is, first of all, crushing, grinding and spraying, solids. In nature, this origin has mineral dust raised from the surface of deserts during dust storms. The source of atmospheric aerosols is of global importance, since deserts cover about a third of the land surface, and there is also a tendency for their increased share due to unreasonable human activities. Mineral dust from the surface of deserts is carried by wind for many thousands of kilometers. Volcanic ash that enters the atmosphere during eruptions occurs relatively rarely and irregularly, as a result of which this aerosol source is significantly inferior in mass to dust storms, its significance is very large, since this aerosol is thrown into the upper layers of the atmosphere - into the stratosphere. It stays there for several years, reflecting or absorbing some of the solar energy that could reach the Earth's surface in its absence. The source of aerosols is also the technological processes of people's economic activities. A powerful source of mineral dust is the building materials industry. The extraction and crushing of rocks in quarries, their transportation, the production of cement, the construction itself - all this pollutes the atmosphere with mineral particles. A powerful source of solid aerosols is the mining industry, especially in the extraction of coal and ore in open pits. Aerosols enter the atmosphere when spraying solutions. The natural source of such aerosols is the ocean, which supplies chloride and sulfate aerosols, formed as a result of the evaporation of sea spray. Another powerful mechanism for the formation of aerosols is the condensation of substances during combustion or incomplete combustion due to lack of oxygen or low combustion temperature. Aerosols are removed from the atmosphere in three ways: dry deposition by gravity (the main route for large particles), deposition on obstacles, and sedimentation. Aerosol pollution affects weather and climate. Chemical inactive aerosols accumulate in the lungs and lead to damage. Ordinary quartz sand and other silicates - micas, clays, asbestos, etc. accumulates in the lungs and penetrates into the blood, leads to diseases of the cardiovascular system and liver disease.

Soil pollution

Almost all pollutants that are initially released into the atmosphere end up on land and water. Settling aerosols may contain toxic heavy metals - lead, mercury, copper, vanadium, cobalt, nickel. Usually they are inactive and accumulate in the soil. But acids also get into the soil with rain. By combining with it, metals can turn into soluble compounds available to plants. Substances that are constantly present in the soil also pass into soluble forms, which sometimes leads to the death of plants.

Water pollution

The water used by man is eventually returned to the natural environment. But, apart from evaporated water, it is no longer pure water, but domestic, industrial and agricultural wastewater, usually not treated or treated insufficiently. Thus, there is pollution of freshwater reservoirs - rivers, lakes, land and coastal areas of the seas. There are three types of water pollution - biological, chemical and physical. Pollution of the oceans and seas is due to the entry of pollutants with river runoff, their precipitation from the atmosphere, and, finally, due to human activities. A special place in the pollution of the oceans is occupied by pollution with oil and oil products. Natural pollution occurs as a result of oil seepage from oil-bearing layers, mainly on the shelf. The greatest contribution to oil pollution in the ocean is made by shipping oil, as well as sudden spills of large quantities of oil during tanker accidents.

Ozone Layer Problems

On average, about 100 tons of ozone is formed and disappears every second in the Earth's atmosphere. Even with a small increase in the dose, a person has burns on the skin. Skin cancer diseases, as well as eye diseases, leading to blindness, are associated with an increase in the intensity of UV radiation. The biological effect of UV radiation is due to the high sensitivity of nucleic acids, which can be destroyed, which leads to cell death or the occurrence of mutations. The world has learned about the global environmental problem of "ozone holes". First of all, the destruction of the ozone layer is the increasingly developing civil aviation and chemical industries. Applications of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture; chlorination of drinking water, the widespread use of freons in refrigeration plants, for extinguishing fires, as solvents and in aerosols, has led to the fact that millions of tons of chlorofluoromethanes enter the lower atmosphere in the form of a colorless neutral gas. Spreading upwards, chlorofluoromentormethanes under the action of UV radiation are destroyed, releasing fluorine and chlorine, which actively enter into the processes of ozone destruction.

air temperature problem

Although air temperature is the most important characteristic, it certainly does not exhaust the concept of climate, for the description of which (and corresponds to its changes) it is important to know a number of other characteristics: air humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, air flow, etc. Unfortunately, data that would characterize changes in these quantities over a long period on the scale of the entire globe or hemisphere are currently not available or very few. Work on the collection, processing and analysis of such data is underway, and if there is hope that soon it will be possible to more fully assess climate change in the twentieth century. Precipitation data seem to be better than others, although this characteristic of the climate is very difficult to objectively globally analyze. An important characteristic of the climate is "cloudiness", which largely determines the influx of solar energy. Unfortunately, there are no data on changes in global cloudiness over the entire hundred-year period. a) The problem of acid rain. When studying acid rain, one must first answer two basic questions: what causes acid rain and how it affects the environment. About 200 mil. Solid particles (dust, soot, etc.) 200 mil. tons of sulfur dioxide (SO2), 700.mil. tons of carbon monoxide, 150.mil. tons of nitrogen oxides (Nox), which in total is more than 1 billion tons of harmful substances. Acid rain (or, more correctly), acid precipitation, since the fallout of harmful substances can occur both in the form of rain and in the form of snow, hail, causes environmental, economic and aesthetic damage. As a result of acid precipitation, the balance in ecosystems is disturbed, soil productivity worsens, metal structures rust, buildings, structures, architectural monuments, etc. are destroyed. sulfur dioxide is adsorbed on the leaves, penetrates inside and takes part in oxidative processes. This entails genetic and species changes in plants. First of all, some lichens die, they are considered "indicators" of clean air. Countries should strive to limit and gradually reduce air pollution, including pollution that goes beyond the borders of their state.

The problem of the greenhouse effect

Carbon dioxide is one of the main culprits of the "greenhouse effect", which is why other known "greenhouse gases" (and there are about 40 of them) account for only about half of global warming. Just as in a greenhouse, a glass roof and walls allow solar radiation to pass through, but do not allow heat to escape, so does carbon dioxide along with other “greenhouse gases”. They are practically transparent to the sun's rays, but they delay the thermal radiation of the Earth and prevent it from escaping into space. The increase in the average global air temperature must inevitably lead to an even more significant decrease in continental glaciers. Climate warming is leading to the melting of polar ice and rising sea levels. Global warming can cause a shift in the main areas of agriculture to temperature, large floods, persistent droughts, forest fires. Following the upcoming climate change, changes in the position of natural zones will inevitably come a) reduction in coal consumption, replacement of its natural gases, b) development of nuclear energy, c) development of alternative types of energy (wind, solar, geothermal) d) global energy savings. But the problem of global warming to some extent at the moment is still compensated due to the fact that another problem has developed on its basis. Global dimming problem! At the moment, the temperature of the planet has risen by only one degree in a hundred years. But according to the calculations of scientists, it should have risen to higher values. But due to global dimming, the effect was reduced. The mechanism of the problem is based on the fact that: the rays of sunlight that must pass through the clouds and reach the surface and, as a result, increase the temperature of the planet and increase the effect of global warming, cannot pass through the clouds and are reflected from them, and therefore never reach the surface of the planet. And it is thanks to this effect that the atmosphere of the planet does not heat up rapidly. It would seem easier to do nothing and leave both factors alone, but if this happens, then human health will be in danger.

The problem of overpopulation

The number of earthlings is growing rapidly, albeit at a constantly slowing pace. But each person consumes a large number of various natural resources. Moreover, at present, this growth is primarily in the underdeveloped or underdeveloped countries. However, they are guided by the development of the state, where the level of well-being is very high, and the amount of resources consumed by each inhabitant is huge. If we imagine that the entire population of the Earth (the main part of which today lives in poverty, or even starves) will have a standard of living as in Western Europe or the USA, our planet simply cannot stand it. But to believe that the majority of earthlings will always vegetate in poverty, ignorance and squalor is unfair, inhumane and unfair. The rapid economic development of China, India, Mexico and a number of other populous countries refute this assumption. Consequently, there is only one way out - birth control with a simultaneous decrease in mortality and an increase in the quality of life. However, birth control runs into many obstacles. Among them are reactionary social relations, the huge role of religion, which encourages large families; primitive communal forms of management in which large families benefit; illiteracy and ignorance, poor development of medicine, etc. Consequently, backward countries have before them a tight knot of complex problems. However, very often in backward countries those who put their own or tribal interests above state interests rule, they use the ignorance of the masses for their own selfish purposes (including wars, repressions and other things), the growth of armaments and similar things. The problem of ecology, overpopulation and backwardness is directly related to the threat of possible food shortages in the near future. Today in a large number of countries due to rapid population growth and insufficient development of agriculture of modern methods. However, the possibilities of increasing its productivity, apparently, are not unlimited. After all, an increase in the use of mineral fertilizers, pesticides, etc. leads to a deterioration in the environmental situation and an increasing concentration of substances harmful to humans in food. On the other hand, the development of cities and technology takes a lot of fertile land out of circulation. Especially harmful is the lack of good drinking water.

Problems of energy resources.

Artificially low prices misled consumers and triggered the second phase of the energy crisis. Today, energy obtained from fossil fuels is used to maintain and increase the achieved level of consumption. But since the state of the environment is deteriorating, energy and labor will have to be spent on stabilizing the environment, which the biosphere can no longer cope with. But then more than 99 percent of electrical and labor costs will be spent on environmental stabilization. But the maintenance and development of civilization remains less than one percent. There is no alternative to increasing energy production yet. But nuclear energy has come under a powerful press of public opinion, hydropower is expensive, and non-traditional types of energy production - solar, wind, tidal - are under development. What remains is ... traditional thermal power engineering, and with it the dangers associated with atmospheric pollution. The work of many economists have shown: electricity consumption per capita is a very representative indicator of the standard of living in a country. Electricity is a commodity that can be spent on your needs or sold for rubles.

The problem of AIDS and drug addiction.

Fifteen years ago, one could hardly have predicted that the media would receive so much attention to the disease, which was briefly called AIDS - "acquired immunodeficiency syndrome." Now the geography of the disease is striking. The World Health Organization estimates that at least 100,000 cases of AIDS have been detected worldwide since the start of the epidemic. The disease was found in 124 countries. Most of them are in the USA. The social, economic and purely humanitarian costs of this disease are already high, and the future is not so optimistic as to seriously count on a speedy solution to this problem. No less evil is the international mafia and especially drug addiction, which poisons the health of tens of millions of people and creates a fertile environment for crime and disease. Even today, even in developed countries, there are countless diseases, including mental ones. In theory, hemp fields should be guarded by workers of the state farm - the owner of the plantation. The foreman's are red from constant lack of sleep. Understanding this problem, one must take into account that in this small North Caucasian republic there is no poppy and hemp planting - neither public nor private. The republic has become a "transshipment base" for Datura dealers from various regions. The growth of drug addiction and the fight against the authorities resembles a monster with which he fights. This is how the term “drug mafia” arose, which today has become a synonym for millions of ruined lives, broken hopes and destinies, a synonym for a catastrophe that has befallen an entire generation of young people. In recent years, part of the drug mafia's profits has been spent on strengthening its "material base". That is why the caravans with the "white death" in the "golden triangle" are accompanied by detachments of armed mercenaries. The drug mafia has its own runways and so on. A war has been declared against the drug mafia, in which tens of thousands of people and the latest achievements of science and technology are involved on the part of governments. Among the most commonly used drugs are cocaine and heroin. The health consequences are exacerbated by the use of two or more types of different drugs alternately, and by particularly dangerous methods of administration. Those who inject them into a vein face a new danger - they put them at great risk of contracting acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which can lead to death. Among the reasons for the growing addiction to drugs are young people who are unemployed, but even those who have a job are afraid of losing it, whatever it may be. There are, of course, reasons for a “personal” nature - relationships with parents do not develop, unlucky in love. And drugs in a difficult moment, thanks to the "concerns" of the drug mafia, are always at hand ... The "White Death" is not satisfied with the positions won, feeling the growing demand for their goods, the sellers of poison and death continue their offensive.

The problem of thermonuclear war.

No matter how serious dangers for humanity are accompanied by all other global problems, they are even remotely incomparable in the aggregate with the catastrophic demographic, ecological and other consequences of the world thermonuclear war, which threatens the very existence of civilization and life on our planet. Back in the late 70s, scientists believed that a world thermonuclear war would be accompanied by the death of many hundreds of millions of people and the resolution of world civilization. Studies on the likely consequences of a thermonuclear war have revealed that even 5% of the nuclear arsenal of the great powers accumulated to date will be enough to plunge our planet into an irreversible environmental catastrophe: the soot rising into the atmosphere from incinerated cities and forest fires will create a screen impenetrable to sunlight and will lead to a drop in temperature by tens of degrees, so that even in the tropical zone a long polar night will come. The priority of preventing a world thermonuclear war is determined not only by its consequences, but also by the fact that a non-violent world without nuclear weapons creates the need for prerequisites and guarantees for the scientific and practical solution of all other global problems in the conditions of international cooperation.

Chapter III. The relationship of global problems. All global problems of our time are closely connected with each other and mutually determined, so that their isolated solution is practically impossible. Thus, ensuring the further economic development of mankind with natural resources obviously presupposes the prevention of increasing environmental pollution, otherwise this will lead to an environmental catastrophe on a planetary scale in the foreseeable future. That is why both of these global problems are rightly called environmental and even with a certain reason are considered as two sides of a single environmental problem. In turn, this environmental problem can be solved only on the path of a new type of environmental development, fruitfully using the potential of the scientific and technological revolution, while simultaneously preventing its negative consequences. And although the pace of ecological growth over the past four decades as a whole in developing times, this gap has increased. Statistical calculations show that if the annual population growth in developing countries were the same as in developed countries, then the contrast between them in terms of per capita income would have been reduced by now. Up to 1:8 and could be in comparable sizes per capita twice as high as now. However, this "demographic explosion" in developing countries, according to scientists, is due to their continuing economic, social and cultural backwardness. The inability of mankind to develop at least one of the global problems will most negatively affect the possibility of solving all the others. In the view of some Western scientists, the interconnection and interdependence of global problems form a kind of “vicious circle” of disasters insoluble for humanity, from which there is either no way out at all, or the only salvation lies in the immediate cessation of ecological growth and population growth. This approach to global problems is accompanied by various alarmist, pessimistic forecasts of the future of mankind.

Christianity

Christianity originated in the 1st century in Israel in the context of the messianic movements of Judaism.

Christianity has Jewish roots. Yeshua (Jesus) was brought up as a Jew, observed the Torah, attended the synagogue on Shabbat, observed holidays. The apostles, the first disciples of Yeshua, were Jews.

According to the New Testament text of the Acts of the Apostles (Acts 11:26), the noun "Χριστιανοί" - Christians, adherents (or followers) of Christ, first came into use to refer to the supporters of the new faith in the Syrian-Hellenistic city of Antioch in the 1st century.

Initially, Christianity spread among the Jews of Palestine and the Mediterranean diaspora, but already from the first decades, thanks to the sermons of the Apostle Paul, it gained more and more followers among other peoples (“pagans”). Until the 5th century, the spread of Christianity took place mainly within the geographical boundaries of the Roman Empire, as well as in the sphere of its cultural influence (Armenia, eastern Syria, Ethiopia), later (mainly in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium) - among the Germanic and Slavic peoples, later (by the XIII-XIV centuries) - also among the Baltic and Finnish peoples. In modern and recent times, the spread of Christianity outside of Europe occurred due to colonial expansion and the activities of missionaries.

Currently, the number of adherents of Christianity around the world exceeds 1 billion [source?], of which in Europe - about 475 million, in Latin America - about 250 million, in North America - about 155 million, in Asia - about 100 million, in Africa - about 110 million; Catholics - about 660 million, Protestants - about 300 million (including 42 million Methodists and 37 million Baptists), Orthodox and adherents of the "non-Chalcedonian" religions of the East (Monophysites, Nestorians, etc.) - about 120 million.

Main Features of the Christian Religion

1) spiritualistic monotheism, deepened by the doctrine of the trinity of Persons in the single essence of the Godhead. This teaching gave and gives rise to the deepest philosophical and religious speculations, revealing the depth of its content over the centuries from new and new sides:

2) the concept of God as an absolutely perfect Spirit, not only absolute Reason and Omnipotence, but also absolute Goodness and Love (God is love);

3) the doctrine of the absolute value of the human person as an immortal, spiritual being, created by God in His own image and likeness, and the doctrine of the equality of all people in their relationship to God: all the same, they are loved by Him, as children by the Heavenly Father, all are destined for eternal blissful existence in union with God, everyone is given the means to achieve this destiny - free will and divine grace;

4) the doctrine of the ideal purpose of man, which consists in infinite, all-round, spiritual improvement (be perfect, as your Heavenly Father is perfect);

5) the doctrine of the complete dominance of the spiritual principle over matter: God is the unconditional Lord of matter, as its Creator: they have entrusted man with dominance over the material world in order to fulfill his ideal purpose through the material body and in the material world; Thus, Christianity, dualistic in metaphysics (since it accepts two foreign substances - spirit and matter), is monistic as a religion, for it puts matter in unconditional dependence on the spirit, as a creation and environment for the activity of the spirit. Therefore it

6) equally far from metaphysical and moral materialism, and from hatred towards matter and the material world as such. Evil is not in matter and not from matter, but from the perverted free will of spiritual beings (angels and humans), from whom it passed to matter (“Cursed is the earth in your deeds,” God says to Adam; at creation, everything was “great good ").

7) the doctrine of the resurrection of the flesh and the bliss of the resurrected flesh of the righteous together with their souls in the enlightened, eternal, material world and

8) in the second cardinal dogma of Christianity - in the teaching about the God-man, about the Eternal Son of God, who was truly incarnated and incarnated to save people from sin, damnation and death, identified by the Christian church with its Founder, Jesus Christ. Thus, Christianity, for all its impeccable idealism, is a religion of the harmony of matter and spirit; it does not curse or deny any of the spheres of human activity, but ennobles them all, inspiring to remember that all of them are only means for a person to achieve spiritual god-like perfection.

In addition to these features, the indestructibility of the Christian religion is facilitated by:

1) the essential metaphysical nature of its content, which makes it invulnerable to scientific and philosophical criticism, and

2) for the Catholic Churches of the East and West - the doctrine of the infallibility of the Church in matters of dogma by virtue of the Holy Spirit acting in it at all times - a doctrine that, in the correct understanding, protects it, in particular, from historical and historical-philosophical criticism.

These traits, carried by Christianity through two millennia, despite the abyss of misunderstandings, passions, attacks, and sometimes unsuccessful defenses, despite all the abyss of evil that was done and is done allegedly in the name of Christianity, lead to the fact that if the Christian teaching could always be accepted and not to accept, to believe in it or not to believe it, then it cannot be refuted and never will be possible. To these features of the attractiveness of the Christian religion, it is necessary to add one more and by no means the last: the incomparable Personality of its Founder. To renounce Christ is perhaps even more difficult than to renounce Christianity.

Today in Christianity there are the following main directions:

Catholicism.

Orthodoxy

Protestantism

Catholicism or Catholicism(from the Greek καθολικός - worldwide; for the first time in relation to the church, the term "η Καθολικη Εκκλησία" was used around 110 in a letter from St. , formed in the 1st millennium on the territory of the Western Roman Empire. The final break with Eastern Orthodoxy occurred in 1054.

Orthodoxy(tracing paper from Greek ὀρθοδοξία - “correct judgment, glorification”)

The term can be used in 3 close, but distinctly different meanings:

1. Historically, as well as in theological literature, sometimes in the expression "Orthodoxy of Jesus Christ", denotes a doctrine approved by the universal Church - as opposed to heresy. The term came into use at the end of IV and was often used in doctrinal documents as a synonym for the term "catholic" (in the Latin tradition - "catholic") (καθολικός).

2. In modern broad word usage, it denotes a direction in Christianity that took shape in the east of the Roman Empire during the first millennium AD. e. under the leadership and with the title role of the See of the Bishop of Constantinople - New Rome, which professes the Niceno-Tsaregradsky Creed and recognizes the decisions of the 7 Ecumenical Councils.

3. The totality of teachings and spiritual practices that the Orthodox Church contains. The latter is understood as a community of autocephalous local Churches having Eucharistic communion with each other (lat. Communicatio in sacris).

It is lexicologically incorrect in Russian to use the terms "orthodoxy" or "orthodox" in any of the given meanings, although such usage is sometimes found in secular literature.

Protestantism(from lat. protestans, genus n. protestantis - publicly proving) - one of the three, along with Catholicism (see Papacy) and Orthodoxy, the main areas of Christianity, which is a collection of numerous and independent Churches and denominations, connected by their origin with the Reformation - a broad anti-Catholic movement of the 16th century in Europe.

The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
The full version of the work is available in the "Job Files" tab in PDF format

Introduction

The growing role of world politics and relations between countries,

relationship and scale between world processes in economic, political, social and cultural life. As well as the inclusion in international life and communication of increasing masses of the population are objective prerequisites for the emergence of global, worldwide problems. In fact, this problem is really relevant in recent times. At the moment, humanity is seriously faced with very serious problems covering the whole world, moreover threatening civilization and even the very life of people on this earth.

Since the 70-80s of the 20th century, a system of problems associated with the growth of production, political and socio-cultural processes taking place in different countries, regions and in the world as a whole has clearly emerged in society. These problems, which received the name global in the second half of the 20th century, in one way or another accompanied the formation and development of modern civilization.

The problems of world development are characterized by extreme diversity, due to regional and local characteristics, socio-cultural specifics.

Studies of global problems in our country were launched with a certain delay in the period of their significant exacerbation, much later than similar studies in the West.

At present, human efforts are aimed at preventing a world military catastrophe and ending the arms race; creation of prerequisites for the effective development of the world economy and the elimination of socio-economic backwardness; rationalization of nature management, prevention of changes in the natural habitat of man and improvement of the biosphere; pursuing an active demographic policy and solving energy, raw material and food problems; effective use of scientific achievements and development of international cooperation. Expansion of research in the field of space exploration and the oceans; elimination of the most dangerous and widespread diseases.

1 The concept of a global problem

The term “global” itself originates from the Latin word “globe”, that is, the Earth, the globe, and since the end of the 60s of the XX century it has become widespread to refer to the most important and serious planetary problems of the modern era affecting humanity as a whole. . This is a set of such important vital problems, on the solution of which the further social progress of mankind depends and which, in turn, can be resolved only thanks to this progress. new science - the theory of global problems, or globalistics. It is intended to develop practical recommendations for solving global problems. Effective recommendations must take into account many social, economic and political factors

The global problems of mankind are the problems of all mankind, affecting the relationship between society and nature, the issues of joint solution of resource provision, the relationship between the countries of the world community. Global problems have no boundaries. Not a single country and not a single state is able to solve these problems on its own. Only with the help of joint large-scale, international cooperation is it possible to solve them. It is very important to realize the universal interdependence and highlight the tasks of society. This will prevent social and economic catastrophes. Global problems differ from each other in their characteristics.

Of all the totality of the problems of today's world, global issues vital for mankind, the qualitative criterion acquires significant significance. The qualitative side of the definition of global problems is expressed in the following main characteristics:

1) problems that affect the interests of all mankind and each person individually;

2) act as an objective factor in the further development of the world, the existence of modern civilization;

3) their solution requires the efforts of all peoples, or at least the majority of the world's population;

4) unresolved global problems may lead in the future to irreparable consequences for all mankind and each individual.

Thus, the qualitative and quantitative factors in their unity and interconnection make it possible to isolate those problems of social development that are global or vital for all mankind and each individual.

All global problems of social development are characterized by mobility, because none of these problems is in a static state, each of them is constantly changing, acquiring different intensity and, consequently, significance in a particular historical era. As some of the global problems are solved, the latter may lose their relevance on a global scale, moving to another, for example, local level, or disappear altogether (an example of smallpox, which in the past was a truly global problem, has practically disappeared today).

The exacerbation of traditional problems (food, energy, raw materials, demographic, environmental, etc.) that arose at different times and among different peoples is now forming a new social phenomenon - a set of global problems of our time.

In general, it is customary to classify social problems as global ones. Which, affecting the vital interests of mankind, require the efforts of the entire world community for their resolution.

At the same time, global, universal, and regional problems can be distinguished.

The global problems facing society can be grouped as follows: 1) those that can become aggravated, and appropriate actions are required. To prevent this from happening; 2) those that, in the absence of a solution, can already now lead to a catastrophe; 3) those whose severity has been removed, but they require constant monitoring

1.2 Causes of global problems

Scientists and philosophers put forward hypotheses about the relationship between human activity and the state of the biosphere. Russian scientist V.I. Vernandsky in 1944 said that human activity is acquiring a scale comparable to the power of natural forces. This allowed him to raise the question of the restructuring of the biosphere into the noosphere (the sphere of activity of the mind).

What gave rise to global problems? These reasons include a sharp increase in the number of mankind, and the scientific and technological revolution, and the use of space, and the emergence of a unified world information system, and many others.

The industrial revolution of the 18th-19th centuries, interstate contradictions, scientific and technological revolution of the middle of the 20th century, integration aggravated the situation. Problems grew like a snowball as humanity moved along the path of progress. World War II marked the beginning of the transformation of local problems into global ones.

Global problems are the result of the confrontation between natural nature and human culture, as well as the inconsistency or incompatibility of multidirectional trends in the course of the development of human culture itself. Natural nature exists on the principle of negative feedback, while human culture - on the principle of positive feedback. On the one hand, it is the huge scale of human activity, which has radically changed nature, society, and the way of life of people. On the other hand, it is the inability of a person to rationally dispose of this power.

So, we can name the causes of global problems:

globalization of the world;

catastrophic consequences of human activity, the inability of mankind to rationally dispose of its mighty power.

1.3 The main global problems of our time

Researchers offer several options for classifying global problems. The tasks facing humanity at the present stage of development relate to both the technical and moral spheres.

The most pressing global problems can be divided into three groups:

1. Demographic problem;

2. Food problem;

3. Deficit of energy and raw materials.

demographic problem.

In the past 30 years, the world has experienced an unprecedented population explosion. While the birth rate remained high and as a result of the decrease in the death rate, the population growth rate increased significantly. However, the world demographic situation in the field of population is by no means unambiguous. If in 1800 there were up to 1 billion in the world. man in 1930 - already 2 billion; in the 70s of the 20th century, the world population approached the value of 3 billion, and in the early 80s it was about 4.7 billion. human. By the end of the 1990s, the world population was over 5 billion. human. If the vast majority of countries are characterized by relatively high population growth rates, then for Russia and some other countries, demographic trends are of a different nature. So, on the face of the demographic crisis in the former socialist world.

Some countries are experiencing absolute population declines; in others, quite high rates of population growth are typical. One of the features of the socio-demographic situation in the countries of the post-Soviet space is the persistence of relatively high mortality rates in most of them, especially among children. In the early 1980s, the world as a whole saw a decline in the birth rate. For example, if in the mid-1970s 32 children were born for every 1,000 people, then at the beginning of the 1980s and 1990s, 29. At the end of the 1990s, the corresponding processes tend to persist.

Changes in birth and death rates affect not only the growth rate of the population, its structure, including the sex composition. So in the mid-80s in Western countries there were 94 men per 100 women, while in different regions the ratio of the male and female population is by no means the same. For example, in America, the sex ratio of the population is approximately equal. In Asia, the male is slightly larger than the average; Africa has more women.

As we age, the gender disproportion changes in favor of the female population. The fact is that the average life expectancy of women is longer than that of men. In European countries, the average life expectancy is about 70 years, and for women -78, the highest life expectancy for women in Japan, Switzerland and Iceland (over 80 years). Men live longer in Japan (about 75 years).

The growth of childhood and youth ages of the population, on the one hand, the increase in average life expectancy and the reduction in the birth rate, on the other hand, determine the trend of population aging, that is, an increase in its structure of the proportion of elderly people aged 60 years and older. In the early 1990s, this category included up to 10% of the world's population. Currently, this figure is 16%.

Food problem.

To solve the most acute global problems arising in the interaction of society and nature, collective actions of the entire world community are needed. It is precisely such a problem that the global food situation is aggravating in the world.

According to some estimates, the total number of people suffering from hunger at the beginning of the 80s was 400 million, and in the 90s half a billion. This figure fluctuated between 700 and 800 million people. The most acute food problem is facing the Asian African countries, for which the priority is the elimination of hunger. Over 450 million people in these countries are reported to be suffering from hunger, malnutrition or malnutrition. The aggravation of the food problem cannot but be affected by the destruction as a result of modern economic development of the most important natural life-support systems: oceanic fauna, forests, cultivated lands. The impact on the food supply of the population of our planet is exerted by: the energy problem, the nature and characteristics of climatic conditions; chronic food shortages and poverty in some regions of the world, instability in food production and distribution; fluctuations in world prices, insecurity of food supplies to the poorest countries from abroad, low productivity of agricultural production.

Lack of energy and raw materials.

It is widely believed that modern civilization has already used a significant, if not most, of its energy and raw materials resources. For a long time, the energy supply of the planet was based on the use of predominantly living energy, that is, the energy resources of humans and animals. If you follow the forecasts of an optimist, then the world's oil reserves will last for 2-3 centuries. Pessimists, on the other hand, argue that the available oil reserves can meet the needs of civilization for only a few more decades. However, such calculations do not take into account the existing discoveries of new deposits of raw materials, as well as new opportunities for discovering alternative energy sources. Somewhere similar estimates are made for other traditional fossil fuels. These figures are rather arbitrary, but one thing is clear: the scale of use of industrial power plants of direct resources is becoming such that one should take into account their limitations, due to the level of development of science, engineering and technology, the need to maintain the dynamic balance of ecosystems. In this case, if there are no surprises, there is, apparently, every reason to assert that in the predicted future for the needs of mankind there should be enough industrial, energy and raw materials resources.

It is also necessary to take into account a high degree of probability, the discovery of new sources of energy resources.

2. Ways to solve global problems

Solving global problems is a task of extreme importance and complexity, and so far it cannot be said with certainty that ways to overcome them have been found. According to many social scientists, no matter what individual problem we take from the global system, it cannot be solved without first overcoming spontaneity in the development of earthly civilization, without a transition to coordinated and planned actions on a global scale. Only such actions can save society, as well as its natural environment.

Conditions for solving modern global problems:

The efforts of states aimed at solving major and socially significant problems are being stepped up.

New technological processes based on the principles of rational use of natural materials are being created and developed. Saving energy and raw materials, the use of secondary raw materials and resource-saving technologies.

The progress of scientific technologies, including the development of biotechnology based on the efficient use of chemical, biological and microbiological processes, is becoming all-encompassing.

The orientation towards an integrated approach in the development of fundamental and applied developments, production and science prevails.

Globalist scientists offer various options for solving the global problems of our time:

Changing the nature of production activities - the creation of waste-free production, heat and energy resource-saving technologies, the use of alternative energy sources (sun, wind, etc.);

Creation of a new world order, development of a new formula for the global management of the world community based on the principles of understanding the modern world as an integral and interconnected community of people;

Recognition of universal human values, attitude to life, man and the world as the highest values ​​of mankind;

Rejection of war as a means of resolving controversial issues, the search for ways to peacefully resolve international problems and conflicts.

Only together humanity can solve the problem of overcoming the ecological crisis.

One of the most popular points of view for solving this problem is to instill in people new moral and ethical values. So in one of the reports to the Club of Rome, it is written that the new ethical education should be aimed at:

1) the development of global consciousness, thanks to which a person realizes himself as a member of the global community;

2) formation of a more thrifty attitude to the use of natural resources;

3) the development of such an attitude towards nature, which would be based on harmony, and not on subordination;

4) fostering a sense of belonging to future generations and readiness to give up some of their own benefits in their favor.

It is possible and necessary now to successfully fight for the solution of global problems on the basis of constructive and mutually acceptable cooperation of all countries and peoples, regardless of the differences in the social systems to which they belong.

The solution of global problems is possible only through the joint efforts of all countries coordinating their actions at the international level. Self-isolation and peculiarities of development will not allow individual countries to stay away from the economic crisis, nuclear war, the threat of terrorism or the AIDS epidemic. To solve global problems, overcome the danger that threatens all of humanity, it is necessary to further strengthen the interconnection of the diverse modern world, change interaction with the environment, abandon the cult of consumption, and develop new values.

Conclusion

Summing up, we can say that the global problem is the result of a huge human activity, which leads to a change in the way of life of people, society and the essence of nature.

Global problems threaten all mankind.

And accordingly, without certain human qualities, without the global responsibility of each person, it is impossible to solve any of the global problems.

Let's hope that an important function of all countries in the 21st century will be the preservation of natural resources and the cultural and educational level of people. Because, at the present time, we are seeing significant gaps in these areas. It may be that the formation of a new - informational - world community with humane goals will become that necessary link in the development of mankind, which will lead it to the solution and elimination of the main global problems.

Bibliography

1. Social science - a textbook for grade 10 - profile level - Bogolyubov L.N., Lazebnikova A. Yu., Smirnova N. M. Social science, grade 11, Vishnevsky M.I., 2010

2. Social science - Textbook - Grade 11 - Bogolyubov L.N., Lazebnikova A.Yu., Kholodkovsky K.G. - 2008

3. Social science. Klimenko A.V., Rumynina V.V. Textbook for high school students and students entering universities

You can look at the future from different points of view: believe in progress and improvement of life, or that the Golden Age has passed, and ahead-Apocalypse. Regardless of the point of view, there are problems that threaten us with serious consequences in the future. These problems-a logical and inevitable factor in the development of society, they do not depend on the strategy and development path of any particular country. Such problems concern all mankind,they are called global. the site tells what the global problems of mankind are, why they arise and what part Kazakhstan takes in their solution.

What are the global problems of mankind

Global problems of mankind-these are social and natural problems, on the solution of which the progress, development and preservation of civilization depends. They concern all people in all countries.

An approved classification of global problems or gradation, which of them are more relevant,no. All global problems are interrelated and threaten to destroy humanity, so they need to be solved as quickly and efficiently as possible. And in order to solve such problems, joint efforts of all countries are needed.

Among the global problems-economic, political, social and environmental. Let's talk about the main ones.

"North South " : contradiction between developed and developing countries

There is a strong gap between income and living standards of countries. Conventionally, the world is divided into rich northern countries and poor southern ones. The rich north includes developed capitalist states (First World countries) and G8 countries- "big eight". On the map, the rich Nordic countries are marked in blue.

Distribution is affected by per capita income, GDP per capita, the country's share in world GDP. Over the past 40 years, the per capita income gap between rich and poor countries has doubled. In the 20 richest countries, the average per capita income is 37 times higher than in the 20 poorest countries.

The gap in the share of countries in world GDP is growing. In developed countries, economic growth is faster, so the gap between countries is only increasing. And such a strong gap-problem. Tension is growing for various reasons: poverty, hunger, lack of quality education, arbitrariness within the country. It is more difficult to keep the peace when the developed countries have the latest weapons that the poor do not have. The problem of maintaining peace on Earth is acute.

The gap between north and south can also be observed within a single country. Kazakhstan also has it: the industrial north, where the main production is concentrated, is growing economically much faster than the agrarian south. There are enough jobs in the north, so the government even decided to allocate quotas for immigrants from the south in order to increase employment.

Social Inequality and Rising Unemployment

Inequality is observed not only among countries, but also among people in general. The income of the 500 richest people, who are described in Forbes magazine,higher than 416 million people. The huge gap in the incomes of the richest 1% and the rest of humanity sharply poses the problem of social inequality.

Resources in the world are limited, both material and spiritual. People initially do not have equal access to them. The market economy intensifies competition, which not everyone is able to withstand, and unemployment also increases. And along with this, social tension is growing: many unemployed, socially vulnerable segments of the population who find themselves below the poverty line perceive this as injustice. The situation is heating up, and sometimes people act too radically. In such a situation, the problem of maintaining peace again arises.

Limited resources, difficulty switching to alternative sources

Social inequality, the gap between the economies of countries is also associated with limited resources. Oil, natural gas, coal, metals, timber, clean drinking water are running out. These resources are non-renewable, and the current economic situation does not allow simply abandoning their use. They need to be replaced with something, so humanity is trying to actively develop alternative energy sources. Biodiversity is declining: species of plants and animals are disappearing due to changed living conditions and their extermination by people.

Environmental Issues: Pollution and Global Warming

Human economic activity has hit many biological processes, as a result-environmental problems emerged. Already now, water and air pollution, the greenhouse effect and warming are strongly affecting humanity.

Estimated World Health Organization (WHO) 663 million people use unimproved sources of drinking water. At least 1.8 billion people in the world-and this is every fourth inhabitant of the planet-use sources of drinking water contaminated with faeces. According to forecasts, in 2025, half of the world's population will live in areas with a shortage of drinking water. Measures to clean up water bodies do not give a tangible effect: people pollute them faster than they restore.

With air, the situation is even worse. Data WHO says that already in 2014, 92% of the world's population lived in areas where the level of air pollution exceeds the allowable air quality recommendations. environmental organization Air Quality Index China released an interactive map , which shows the level of air pollution in real time. The map displays data from more than 5,000 sources from around the world. Dark red flags-dangerous level of air pollution.

Due to water and air pollution, biodiversity is declining, the level of morbidity and mortality among people is increasing, and due to social inequality, there is no access to quality medical care.

According to NASA, the average temperature on Earth is steadily rising. Global warming and the greenhouse effect are already affecting the biosphere: as the temperature rises, the environment changes, some microorganisms simply die out, relationships in ecological niches change, glaciers melt, sea and ocean levels rise. All this in general changes climatic conditions, more often extreme weather events occur, such as prolonged drought or heavy rains. From here -the threat to food security, hunger, increasing poverty and, again, reinforcing social inequality.

What participation does Kazakhstan take in solving global problems

The most important steps were taken a long time ago, they are taught in schools: tests were stopped and the nuclear test site was closed, Kazakhstan refused to use nuclear weapons, the International Convention on Biodiversity Conservation was ratified, and the environmental code is in force. How much does it help-a separate question, because we have problems with the practical implementation of measures.

By 2030, Kazakhstan plans to increase the share of the use of alternative energy to 30% of the total volume. Another important step-preservation of the world. Foreign policy is aimed at concluding mutually beneficial cooperation to strengthen relations with other states.

The plan for the Fourth Industrial Revolution and industrialization, which the President spoke about in his Address to the People in January 2018, should help us reduce social inequality, increase GDP and incomes of the population.

It is worth remembering the theory of small deeds: each of us must start with ourselves so that the world becomes a better place. It seems that the efforts of one person do not change anything. But nevertheless, the garbage that you took with you after outdoor recreation,-it is garbage that will not pollute nature. A small step each of us can make a difference in the world.

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….3

1. The concept of global problems of modern society…………………….5

2. Ways to solve global problems…………………………………………….15

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….20

List of used literature…………………………………………...23

Introduction.

The control work in sociology is presented on the topic: "Global problems of modern society: the causes of their occurrence and aggravation at the present stage of human development."

The purpose of the control work will be the following - to consider the causes of global problems of modern society and their aggravation.

Tasks control work :

1. Expand the concept of global problems of modern society, their causes.

2. To characterize the ways of solving global problems at the present stage of human development.

It should be noted that sociology studies the social.

Social in our life is a combination of certain properties and features of social relations, integrated by individuals or communities in the process of joint activity (interaction) in specific conditions and manifested in their relationship to each other, to their position in society, to the phenomena and processes of social life .

Any system of social relations (economic, political, cultural and spiritual) concerns the relationship of people to each other and to society, and therefore has its own social aspect.

A social phenomenon or process occurs when the behavior of even one individual is influenced by another or a group (community), regardless of their physical presence.

Sociology is designed to study just that.

On the one hand, the social is a direct expression of social practice, on the other hand, it is subject to constant change due to the impact of this very social practice on it.

Sociology is faced with the task of cognition in the social, stable, essential and at the same time constantly changing, analysis of the relationship between constant and variable in a particular state of a social object.

In reality, a specific situation acts as an unknown social fact that must be recognized in the interests of practice.

A social fact is a single socially significant event typical of a given sphere of social life.

Humanity has survived the tragedy of two of the most destructive and bloody world wars.

New means of labor and household appliances; the development of education and culture, the assertion of the priority of human rights, etc., provide opportunities for human improvement and a new quality of life.

But there are a number of problems to which it is necessary to find an answer, a way, that solution, that way out of a disastrous situation.

That's why relevance control work is that now global problems - this is a multidimensional series of negative phenomena that you need to know and understand how to get out of them.

The control work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references.

We were greatly helped in writing the control work by such authors as V.E. Ermolaev, Yu.V. Irkhin, Maltsev V.A.

1. The concept of global problems of our time

It is believed that the global problems of our time are generated precisely by the all-penetrating uneven development of world civilization, when the technical power of mankind has immeasurably exceeded the level of social organization it has achieved and political thinking has clearly lagged behind political reality.

Also, the motives of human activity and its moral values ​​are very far from the social, environmental and demographic foundations of the era.

Global (from French Global) is universal, (lat. Globus) is a ball.

Based on this, the meaning of the word "global" can be defined as:

1) covering the entire globe, worldwide;

2) comprehensive, complete, universal.

The present time is the boundary of the change of epochs, the entry of the modern world into a qualitatively new phase of development.

Therefore, the most characteristic features of the modern world will be:

information revolution;

acceleration of modernization processes;

compaction of space;

acceleration of historical and social time;

the end of the bipolar world (confrontation between the US and Russia);

revision of the Eurocentric point of view on the world;

the growth of the influence of the Eastern states;

integration (rapprochement, interpenetration);

globalization (strengthening interconnection, interdependence of countries and peoples);

strengthening of national cultural values ​​and traditions.

So, global problems- this is a set of problems of mankind, on the solution of which the existence of civilization depends and, therefore, requiring concerted international action to solve them.

Now let's try to find out what they have in common.

These problems are characterized by dynamism, they arise as an objective factor in the development of society, and for their solution they require the combined efforts of all mankind. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people's lives and concern all countries of the world. It has become obvious that global problems not only concern all of humanity, but are also vital to it. The complex problems facing humanity can be considered global, because:

firstly, they affect all mankind, touching the interests and destinies of all countries, peoples and social strata;

secondly, global problems do not recognize borders;

thirdly, they lead to significant losses of an economic and social nature, and sometimes to a threat to the existence of civilization itself;

fourthly, they require broad international cooperation to solve these problems, since no state, no matter how powerful it may be, is not able to solve them on its own.

The relevance of the global problems of mankind is due to the action of a number of factors, the main of which include:
1. A sharp acceleration of the processes of social development.

Such an acceleration clearly revealed itself already in the first decades of the 20th century. It became even more evident in the second half of the century. The reason for the accelerated development of socio-economic processes is scientific and technological progress.

In just a few decades of scientific and technological revolution, more changes have occurred in the development of productive forces and social relations than in any similar period of time in the past.

Moreover, each subsequent change in the ways of human activity occurs at shorter intervals.

In the course of scientific and technological progress, the earth's biosphere has been powerfully affected by various types of human activity. The anthropogenic impact of society on nature has increased dramatically.
2. Population Growth. He posed a number of problems for mankind, first of all, the problem of providing food and other means of subsistence. At the same time, environmental problems associated with the conditions of human society have become aggravated.
3. The problem of nuclear weapons and nuclear catastrophe.
These and some other problems affect not only individual regions or countries, but humanity as a whole. For example, the effects of a nuclear test are felt everywhere. The depletion of the ozone layer, caused largely by the violation of the hydrocarbon balance, is felt by all the inhabitants of the planet. The use of chemicals used to control pests in fields can cause mass poisoning in regions and countries geographically distant from the place where contaminated products are produced.
Thus, the global problems of our time are a complex of the most acute socio-natural contradictions affecting the world as a whole, and with it local regions and countries.

Global problems must be distinguished from regional, local and local.
Regional problems include a range of acute issues that arise within individual continents, large socio-economic regions of the world or in large states.

The concept of "local" refers to the problems of either individual states, or large areas of one or two states (for example, earthquakes, floods, other natural disasters and their consequences, local military conflicts, the collapse of the Soviet Union, etc.).

Local problems arise in certain regions of states, cities (for example, conflicts between the population and the administration, temporary difficulties with water supply, heating, etc.). However, one should not forget that unresolved regional, local and local problems can acquire a global character. For example, the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant directly affected only a number of regions of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia (a regional problem), but if the necessary security measures are not taken, its consequences may in one way or another affect other countries, and even acquire a global character. Any local military conflict can gradually turn into a global one if in its course the interests of a number of countries other than its participants are affected, as evidenced by the history of the emergence of the first and second world wars, etc.
On the other hand, since global problems, as a rule, are not solved on their own, and even with targeted efforts, a positive result is not always achieved, in the practice of the world community, they are trying, if possible, to transfer them into local ones (for example, to legally limit the birth rate in a number of individual countries with population explosion), which, of course, does not exhaustively solve the global problem, but gives a certain gain in time before the onset of catastrophic consequences.
Thus, global problems affect the interests not only of individuals, nations, countries, continents, but may affect the prospects for the future development of the world; they are not solved by themselves and even by the efforts of individual countries, but require purposeful and organized efforts of the entire world community. Unresolved global problems can lead in the future to serious, even irreversible consequences for humans and their environment. Generally recognized global problems are: environmental pollution, the problem of resources, demography and nuclear weapons; a number of other problems.
The development of a classification of global problems was the result of long-term research and generalization of the experience of several decades of studying them.

Global problems(French g1obа1 - universal, from lat. g1оbus (terrae) - the globe) are a set of human problems, the solution of which depends on social progress and the preservation of civilization: preventing a world thermonuclear war and ensuring peaceful conditions for the development of all peoples; prevention of catastrophic pollution of the environment, including the atmosphere, the oceans, etc.; overcoming the growing gap in economic level and per capita income between developed and developing countries by eliminating the backwardness of the latter, as well as eliminating hunger, poverty and illiteracy in the world; ensuring the further economic development of mankind with the necessary natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable, including food, industrial raw materials and energy sources; stopping rapid population growth ("demographic explosion" in developing countries) and eliminating the danger of "depopulation" in developed countries; prevention of the negative consequences of the scientific and technological revolution. The twenty-first century, having just begun, has already added its own problems: international terrorism, the continued spread of drug addiction and AIDS.

• their ubiquitous distribution affects humanity as a whole;
• failure to resolve these problems can lead to the death of all mankind;
• it is possible to resolve them only by the joint efforts of mankind, i.e. they cannot be fully resolved within a single state or region.

These problems, which existed before as local and regional, have acquired a planetary character in the modern era. Thus, the time of occurrence of global problems coincides with the achievement of the apogee of industrial civilization in its development. This happened around the middle of the 20th century.
At the same time, there is a difference between truly global and universal problems. Failure to solve global problems leads humanity to inevitable death, and universal problems are those that are ubiquitous and can develop into global ones. Among the general ones are the problems of health care, education, social protection, etc. For example, most people in the world today die not at the hands of terrorists and not from AIDS and drug addiction, but from cardiovascular diseases.

1. the possibility of destroying humanity in a world thermonuclear war;
2. the possibility of a worldwide ecological catastrophe;
3. spiritual and moral crisis of mankind.

Interestingly, when solving the third problem, the first two are solved almost automatically. After all, a spiritually and morally developed person will never accept violence either in relation to another person or in relation to nature. Even just a cultured person does not offend others and will never throw garbage on the sidewalk. From trifles, from the wrong individual behavior of a person, global problems also grow. It is better to say that global problems are rooted in the mind of a person, and until he transforms it, they will not disappear in the outside world either. Solving the third global problem, which is essentially the first, is the most difficult. This cannot be done mechanically, as one could do with the first two. Its solution is connected with the upbringing and formation of the spiritual and moral personality.

Analysis of global problems

The possibility of the destruction of mankind in the third world thermonuclear war is the most threatening problem. And although the Cold War is a thing of the past, nuclear arsenals have not been destroyed, and Russia's efforts in the international arena in terms of disarmament do not find a proper response from the politicians of the most developed countries with nuclear weapons, primarily from the US leadership.

It is known that for the period from 3500 BC, i.e. in fact, since the emergence of the most ancient civilizations, there have been 14530 wars, and only 292 years people lived without them. If in the 19th century 16 million people died in wars, then in the 20th century. - more than 70 million! The total explosive power of weapons is now about 18 billion tons in TNT equivalent, i.e. each inhabitant of the planet accounts for 3.6 tons. If even 1% of these reserves explode, then a "nuclear winter" will come, as a result of which the entire biosphere, and not just man, can be destroyed.

Measures to prevent war and hostilities were already developed by I. Kant at the end of the 18th century, but there is still no political will to approve them. Among the measures he proposed were: non-financing of military operations; rejection of hostile relations, respect; the conclusion of relevant international treaties and the creation of an international union striving to implement a policy of peace, etc. However, there is an impression that the world community has been increasingly moving away from these steps in recent years.

Ecological problem could lead to global environmental catastrophe. The first significant ecological crisis that threatened the continued existence of human society arose in the prehistoric era. Its causes were both climate change and the activities of primitive man, who, as a result of collective hunting, exterminated many large animals that inhabited the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, steppe bison, cave bear, etc.). Significant damage to nature was already caused by synanthropes, who lived about 400 thousand years ago. They began to use fire, which led to fires that destroyed entire forests. However, although the impact of man on nature sometimes acquired menacing proportions, until the 20th century. they were local.

Before our eyes, the era of extensive use of the potential of the biosphere is ending: there are almost no undeveloped lands left (with the exception of the territory of Russia), the area of ​​​​deserts is systematically increasing, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bforests - the lungs of the planet - is shrinking, the climate is changing (global warming, greenhouse effect), the amount of carbon dioxide is increasing and decreasing oxygen, the ozone layer is destroyed.

The ecological problem begins with individual human behavior. If it allows throwing out at least small garbage on the streets of the city or even in an open field, then environmental problems arise at the mass level. Such consciousness generates them with inevitability. Pay attention to what the railway platforms in Russia have turned into, on which smokers throw cigarette butts, and absorbing seeds - husks, and then much will become clear. Not some bad people, politicians or directors of large factories are able to arrange an ecological catastrophe. We arrange it with our own behavior. From chaos, garbage in consciousness and moral underdevelopment, garbage is born on the streets, rivers and seas are polluted, the ozone layer is destroyed and forests are barbarously cut down. A person has forgotten that the world around him is a continuation of his own body, and if he pollutes, destroys the environment, then first of all he harms himself. This is evidenced by the diseases that modern man has encountered.

Society is also defined as a part of the world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it. Only by distinguishing oneself from another, from nature, a person and society can realize their specificity. N.A. expressed it deeply and vividly. Berdyaev: "The spirit is freedom, not nature."

On the one hand, a person is a biological species, and society is a special integrity of such biological individuals, on the other hand, a person is only a person insofar as he distinguishes himself from the surrounding natural, animal world. The difference between the human and the natural can be fixed in such terms as "culture", "sociality", "spirituality", "labor, rational activity", etc.

Man is a fundamentally different being from nature, and at the same time is the most deeply rooted in it. Nature needs man, she is not self-sufficient without him, and she did not produce him so that he would destroy himself. Man also needs nature, without it he turns into an automaton. Modern psychologists have established how beneficial they are for a person, especially for children, pets, and a walk in the forest can relieve week-long fatigue and nervous tension.

Man and nature are inseparable, because man exists as Man only thanks to social relations that do not exist in nature, and also the fact that society and nature are inseparable, because man always remains a biological species, and society is always forced to use the environment and natural resources in its vital activity. The problem lies only in the humane attitude of a person to himself (his body) and to nature as his bodily continuation,

Terrorism in modern times is also becoming a global problem. Especially if the terrorists have deadly means or weapons capable of destroying a huge number of innocent people. Terrorism is a phenomenon, a form of crime directed directly against a person, threatening his life and thereby striving to achieve its goals. Terrorism is absolutely unacceptable from the point of view of humanism, and from the point of view of law it is the gravest crime.

Terrorism is extremely difficult to fight, because it endangers the lives of innocent people taken hostage or blackmailed. There is and cannot be any justification for such actions. Terror leads humanity into the era of pre-civilization development - this is inhuman barbarism, when a person's life is not valued at all. It is a brutal spread of the principle of blood feud, incompatible with any developed religion, especially the world one. All developed religions and all culture unequivocally condemn terrorism, considering it absolutely unacceptable.

But after the unconditional condemnation of this phenomenon, it is necessary to think about its causes. The fight against the consequences is also ineffective, as is the treatment of an advanced disease. Only by understanding the causes of terrorism and eradicating or resolving them can we truly defeat it. In this regard, we can formally distinguish two types of causes of terrorism: subjective and objective.

Subjective causes coincide with the causes of crime in general - this is the desire to get rich. Only terrorism chooses the most inhuman and unacceptable way for this. Such terrorism must be combated by all legal means. In this case, the punishment must be inevitable and severe.

But there is terrorism that has objective causes, i.e. one that does not set the goal of personal enrichment, but pursues any political and other goals. To the greatest extent, the supplier of modern terrorism is separatism in the form of a struggle for national independence, but by unacceptable methods.

We have to admit that the growth of national self-consciousness almost inevitably tends to state formation. This problem can be avoided in a civilized manner only by creating favorable conditions for the development of a given nation within the framework of an existing multinational state rather than a national one. It is necessary to make compromises and look for compromises, to strive to solve this problem, and not to suppress it.

But the possibility of such a solution to the problem of terrorism is aggravated by the fact that there is an international terrorist network that supplies terrorists with both weapons and money, and provides information assistance. And instead of jointly fighting against international terrorism, the developed countries used it as a bargaining chip in the fight against each other. The fruits of such a policy turned against those countries that financed and created this network. Controlled terrorism suddenly became uncontrollable, and after the tragic events of September 2001, the United States realized that terrorists have their own goals, and that terror must be fought together.

Another objective source of terrorism, along with the national one, is the uneven economic and social development in different regions and countries of the world. The ongoing policy of neo-colonialism and covert exploitation is the main source of international terrorism today. The well-fed cannot understand the hungry, and the hungry cannot understand the well-fed; an illiterate and ignorant person always seeks to solve his problems with the help of violence. And a well-fed, but spiritually and morally undeveloped person always strives to live even richer and better, not paying attention to the poverty and disorder of others. Thus, the main source of terrorism is in the socio-economic problems of the modern world, in the unfair redistribution of wealth, in the hopeless ignorance and fanaticism of some and the satisfied complacency of others.

A person driven to despair and not having any legal and legal forms of influence on a certain situation turns to the simplest - violent option, believing that something can be achieved in this way. This path is unacceptable, but the lack of sufficient spiritual and moral development leads to fanaticism and violence.

Both terrorism with subjective reasons and terrorism with objective ones are equally unjustifiable. Due to the difference in causes, methods of combating this phenomenon should be different and diverse. No violence against a person should be unpunished, but it is necessary to follow the path of eliminating the causes that lead to terrorism. The current international economic order seems to lead humanity to a dead end, and if it wants to survive, it must fight to change it. The politicians of the most developed countries have a special responsibility here, but it is they who do not want to recognize the fact that the modern world is interdependent, that it is impossible to save oneself. Their struggle for human rights is of a dual nature and expresses certain geopolitical rather than universal interests.

demographic problem becomes more and more important to mankind. Demographic processes are studied by demography - the science of the population, the laws of its reproduction and development in a socio-historical conditionality.

It is believed that demography dates back to 1662 - since the publication of J. Graunt's book "Natural and political observations made on the basis of death certificates" .. The term "demography" was introduced in 1855 in the book by A. Guillard " An element of human statistics, or comparative demography.

The English economist and priest T. Malthus (1766-1834) in his work "An experiment on the law of population ..." (1798) wanted to explain the contradictions of social development by the "natural law" formulated by him, according to which the population tends to grow exponentially, and the means existence - in arithmetic. Because of this, "absolute overpopulation" is possible, which must be combated through the regulation of marriages and birth control.

Consider the dynamics of the growth of the population of the Earth: the early Paleolithic - 100-200 thousand people, by the end of the Neolithic (transition to agriculture) - 50 million, the beginning of our era - 230 million, by the beginning of the 19th century. - 1 billion, by 1930 - 2 billion, by 1961 - 3 billion, by the beginning of 1976 - 4 billion, by the beginning. 1980 - 4.4 billion, 1988 - over 4.9 billion. The growth rate of the world's population is constantly increasing, reaching 2% per year, which gave reason to talk about a "population explosion". However, in the future, under the influence of socio-economic factors, population growth should stabilize. This is due to the development of "intra-family planning", the so-called "conscious parenthood". In this regard, it is expected that at the end of the XXI century. there will be a stabilization of the population at the level of 11-12 billion people. Thus, in the XX century. the inconsistency of Malthus's calculations was revealed, for the volume of food produced increased much faster than the population grew. The error of Malthusianism lies in reducing the processes of demography to biological principles, while the development of population is carried out under the decisive influence not of nature, but of the social organization and level of culture of society. However, the fundamentally erroneous point of view of Malthus is still reproduced and distributed. Meanwhile, it is erroneous not only from the point of view of science, but also unacceptable from the point of view of humanism.

The birth of a new person is happiness for parents, in many ways the meaning of human life lies in children, but in the conditions of a modern market economy, childbearing has become a "unprofitable" enterprise. In the modern era, everything is measured in material values, in money, which is transferred to the sphere of meaning. But a person who lives for himself and does not have children for reasons of "economy" commits a crime against his spiritual essence, against life in the final analysis. And no one from the outside should, has the right to limit childbearing, can not tell parents how many children they should be limited to. The birth of a child is the greatest thing in the creation of which a person can participate. In a child there is infinite joy and satisfaction, and if children are born, then God has not yet left a person, according to one of the great writers. At the same time, it is important not only to give birth to children, but also to educate them, help them get on their feet, find their place in society. This should be taken care of by the state, which calls itself social.

The development of childbearing in Russia is especially important. It only at first glance seems that population growth leads to economic problems. In fact, he also solves them, because the needs increase, the economic activity of people grows, which ultimately leads to economic growth. We can now observe such processes in countries with a high population density - in Germany, Japan and, especially, in China. Based on this, we can draw a conclusion directly opposite to Malthusianism. Population growth can not only create problems, but also solve them.

Meanwhile, the demographic problem exists and it is contradictory, has the opposite character for different countries: in China - overpopulation, in Russia - depopulation. Together with social development, this problem should find its solution in a natural way - stabilization in this respect will occur. However, the states that are now facing a demographic problem are forced to apply appropriate measures. It is important that they are not of a violent nature and do not violate the sovereignty of the individual, family life

Demographic processes at the turn of XX - XXI centuries. largely determined by two trends:

1. the demographic "explosion", characterized by a sharp increase in the population in the countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America, starting from the 60s;
2. "zero growth" of the population in the countries of Western Europe.

The first leads to a sharp aggravation of socio-economic problems in developing countries, including hunger and illiteracy of tens of millions of people. The second is to a sharp aging of the population in developed countries, including a deterioration in the balance between working and retired people, and so on.

In Russia, according to the data of the State Statistics Committee for January 2000, the population was 145 million 600 thousand inhabitants; moreover, only from January 1 to December 1, 1999, the population of the country decreased by 716,900 people. In other words, in 1999 the population of Russia decreased by 0.5% (for comparison: in 1992 - by 0.02%). Every year 60 thousand children die in the country. The death rate is 1.5 times higher than the birth rate; 80% of infant mortality is caused by infectious diseases. A terrible problem is child and adolescent substance abuse and drug addiction. There is a discrepancy between the number of divorced women of reproductive age and the number of men willing to remarry. According to experts, by 2020 the able-bodied population of Russia beyond the Urals will be 6-8 million people. For comparison, in the adjacent areas of the border countries of this region in the same year, the number of able-bodied population is projected at 600 million people. The population of Russia by 2050 as a whole may amount to only 114 million inhabitants. The emergence of many conflicts in the post-Soviet space again raises the problem of migration. Under these conditions, the state and society should make every effort to interest the population of Russia in childbearing.

food problem are also sometimes considered global: today over 500 million people suffer from malnutrition, and several million die from malnutrition a year. However, the roots of this problem lie not in the lack of food as such and not in the limitations of modern natural resources, but in their unfair redistribution and exploitation both within individual countries and on a global scale. The fact that in the modern world people can be malnourished, and even more so - die of hunger, is a completely immoral, criminal and unacceptable phenomenon. This is a disgrace to mankind and, above all, to the most developed countries. That's where the real field for the protection of human rights, when trampled on his basic right - to life. However, double standards prevail in international politics and economics, and so much money is spent on armaments that it would be possible to solve food, housing and educational problems on a planetary scale. Modern "developed" mankind spends huge sums on the development of weapons of mass destruction instead of helping the needy to get on their feet, to feed the hungry; instead of defeating ignorance and fanaticism through the development of the world education system, etc.

AIDS, drug addiction and bad habits more and more widespread in society. AIDS is called the plague of the 20th century, it can also be called the scourge of the 20th century. The disease, discovered in the United States in 1981, began to spread rapidly throughout the planet. First of all, this was due to the sexual promiscuity of the modern "civilized" person and drug addiction. By the beginning of 2001, there were 40 million people with AIDS in the world, and more than 16 million had already died. The AIDS epidemic is also spreading in Russia: now, according to unofficial data, about 500 thousand people are infected in the country. Moreover, it mainly covers people aged 15 to 30, which can exacerbate the problem of depopulation.

Drug addiction is spreading even faster in Russia. The problem is related to the lack of state policy in this area in the 1990s and the underfunding of the fight against drug addiction. At that time, due to the criminal inaction of the state and society, the youth of Russia was left alone with their problems and was not ready to confront them.

AIDS and drug addiction in Russia can now be called a disaster on a national scale that has befallen its peoples. We can talk about genocide, because as a result of diseases and addictions, the nation is deprived of its most active and young part. Someday statistics will calculate what killed more people in Russia - from Stalin's repressions or from AIDS and drug addiction. And then the turn of the millennium in Russia will go down in history not only thanks to an attempt to implement reforms ...

Along with such obvious diseases and vices as AIDS and drug addiction, there are more "harmless" ones that simply destroy a person more slowly, but, nevertheless, just as inevitably. The only similarity here is that the state did not fight either the first or the second. The latter include drunkenness, which is deeply rooted in Russia, as well as smoking, foul language, etc.

Alcoholism has not only internal spiritual causes, when a person is experiencing an ideological crisis, is faced with insurmountable circumstances in life, trying to relieve stress by turning off consciousness, but also social. Under the conditions of the command-administrative system and a single forcibly imposed ideology, there was a suppression of any initiative and creativity in a person, he could not realize himself. Realizing all the hopelessness and meaninglessness of existence, he indulged in drunkenness. In the 90s of the XX century, during the period of market, oligarchic bacchanalia, and today, in the conditions of bureaucratization of the state apparatus and its corruption, a person also had and still has few opportunities to improve his living conditions. Thus, the social prerequisites for the prosperity of both alcoholism and drug addiction, along with crime, were preserved. A particularly difficult situation, as throughout the 20th century, has developed in the countryside, where there is rampant drunkenness. And in cities where there is more money and entertainment, drug addiction reigns. To combat these diseases and vices, the whole society and the state must unite, from schools to law enforcement agencies.

Tobacco smoking is now the most widespread in Russia. It imperceptibly penetrated into all the pores of society. Advertising on the streets of Russian cities continues to seduce and seduce young people, while in civilized countries a serious struggle is being waged by the state and the education system against this vice. It is necessary to develop special educational and educational programs aimed at educating the younger generation. Every effort should also be made to make smoking unattractive, disgusting, as it really is. It is necessary to help a person get rid of this extremely harmful habit, to develop anti-advertising of tobacco smoking, consumption of beer and alcoholic beverages. The state should raise taxes on tobacco products, directing the funds received to these measures. A person should be aware that he also spends money for the destruction of his own health.

One of the problems associated with spiritual underdevelopment is foul language. When a person utters obscene words, he destroys his own personality, its moral structure. An ordinary person does not notice this, considers foul language a harmless phenomenon, but as soon as he embarks on the path of cultural, and even more so, spiritual development, he realizes all its perniciousness and inadmissibility. Foul language is dirt, and the one who says it, it turns out, eats dirt. If a person respects himself and the people around him, then he will not allow foul language, because it humiliates human dignity, first of all, the dignity of the one who allows it. Ecology is needed not only for the environment, but also for the language.