Before performing artificial respiration should be. Methods of artificial respiration. Technique for artificial lung ventilation

In the life of each person, a situation may occur when you have to provide first aid to the victim or even carry out artificial respiration. Of course, in such a situation, getting your bearings and doing everything right is not only very important, but also very difficult. Despite the fact that everyone is taught the basics of first aid at school, not every person will be able to even roughly remember what and how to do within a few years after graduation.

Most of us under the phrase "artificial respiration" mean such resuscitation measures as mouth-to-mouth breathing and chest compressions or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, so let's dwell on them. Sometimes these simple actions help save a person's life, so you need to know how and what to do.

In what situations is it necessary to perform an indirect heart massage?

An indirect heart massage is performed to restore its work and normalize blood circulation. Therefore, the indication for its implementation is cardiac arrest. If we see the victim, then the first thing to do is to make sure of our own safety., because the injured person may be under the influence of poisonous gas, which will also threaten the rescuer. After that, it is necessary to check the work of the heart of the victim. If the heart has stopped, then you need to try to resume its work with the help of mechanical action.

How can you tell if the heart has stopped? There are several signs that can tell us about this:

• cessation of breathing
• pallor of the skin,
• lack of pulse
• lack of heartbeat
• lack of blood pressure.

These are direct indications for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. If no more than 5-6 minutes have passed since the cessation of cardiac activity, then properly performed resuscitation can lead to the restoration of the functions of the human body. If you start resuscitation after 10 minutes, then it may be impossible to completely restore the functioning of the cerebral cortex. After a 15-minute cardiac arrest, it is sometimes possible to resume the activity of the body, but not thinking, since the cerebral cortex suffers too much. And after 20 minutes without a heartbeat, it is usually not possible to resume even vegetative functions.

But these figures are highly dependent on the temperature around the body of the victim. In the cold, the viability of the brain lasts longer. In the heat, sometimes a person cannot be saved even after 1-2 minutes.

How to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation

As we have already said, any resuscitation must begin with ensuring one's own safety and checking for consciousness and a heartbeat in the victim. Checking for breathing is very simple, for this you need to put your palm on the victim’s forehead, and with two fingers of the other hand, lift his chin and push the lower jaw forward and up. After this, it is necessary to lean towards the victim and try to hear breathing or feel the movement of air with the skin. At the same time, it is advisable to call an ambulance or ask someone about it.

After that, we check the pulse. On the hand, as we are checked in the clinic, we most likely will not hear anything, so we immediately proceed to check on the carotid artery. To do this, we apply the pads of 4 fingers of the hand on the surface of the neck to the side of the Adam's apple. Here you can usually feel the beating of the pulse, if it is not there, we proceed to an indirect heart massage.

To implement an indirect heart massage, we put the base of the palm in the middle of the person’s chest and take the brushes in the lock, while holding the elbows straight. Then we carry out 30 clicks and two breaths "mouth to mouth". In this case, the victim should lie on a flat hard surface, and the frequency of pressing should be approximately 100 times per minute. The depth of pressing is usually 5-6 cm. Such pressing allows you to compress the chambers of the heart and push blood through the vessels.

After performing compression, it is necessary to check the airways and inhale air into the victim's mouth, while covering the nostrils.

How to perform artificial respiration?

Direct artificial respiration is the exhalation of air from your lungs with the lungs of another person. Usually it is done simultaneously with chest compressions and is called cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It is very important to carry out artificial respiration correctly so that air enters the respiratory tract of the injured person, otherwise all efforts may be in vain.

To take breaths, you need to put one of the palms on the victim’s forehead, and with the other hand you need to lift his chin, push the jaw forward and up and check the patency of the victim’s airways. To do this, pinch the nose of the victim and inhale air into the mouth for a second. If everything is normal, then his chest will rise, as if inhaling. After that, you need to let the air out and take a breath again.

If you are in a car, then it most likely has a special device for the implementation of artificial respiration in a car first-aid kit. It will greatly facilitate the resuscitation, but still, this is a difficult matter. To maintain strength during chest compressions, you should try to keep them straight and not bend at the elbows.

If you see that during resuscitation, arterial bleeding opens in the victim, then be sure to try to stop it. It is advisable to call someone for help, since doing everything yourself is quite difficult.

How long does resuscitation take? (Video)

If everything is more or less clear with how to carry out resuscitation, then not everyone knows the answer to the question of how long it should take. If resuscitation doesn't seem to be working, when can it be stopped? The correct answer is never. It is necessary to carry out resuscitation measures until the ambulance arrives or the moment the doctors say that they take responsibility, or, at best, until the victim shows signs of life. Signs of life include spontaneous breathing, coughing, pulse, or movement.

If you notice breathing, but the person has not yet regained consciousness, you can stop resuscitation and give the victim a stable position on his side. This will help to avoid the tongue falling, as well as the penetration of vomit into the respiratory tract. Now you can safely examine the victim for the presence and wait for the doctors, observing the condition of the victim.

You can stop resuscitation if the person doing it is too tired and cannot continue work. It is possible to refuse to carry out resuscitation measures if the victim is clearly not viable. If the victim has severe injuries that are incompatible with life or noticeable cadaveric spots, resuscitation does not make sense. In addition, you should not perform resuscitation if the absence of a heartbeat is associated with an incurable disease, such as cancer.

You need to start as soon as possible, so you will have a better chance of success. Lay the victim on his back, and always on something solid - on the floor, on the pavement, if this happens on the street, or on some kind. On a soft surface, your massage will have no effect.

Tilt back his head; put one hand under the neck, and with the other - press on the crown of the head so that the tongue moves slightly away from the wall of the larynx and the free passage of air through the mouth is restored. Then try to open the person's mouth by pushing the lower jaw forward and pressing on the chin. If there is something in your mouth, clean and place one layer of tissue over your lips. You will have to simultaneously with a heart massage and artificial respiration - this must be done in combination, because otherwise it will not be possible to save a person. Of course, the ideal option would be to have two rescuers working at the same time. While one is doing a massage, the other can do artificial respiration. But if there is no other person, you can cope alone.

Place your left hand where the heart is located - on the lower part of the sternum, and on top of it - the right palm. Your fingers should be raised above the ribs.

Press strongly on the sternum with straightened arms (you cannot bend them at the elbows, otherwise you will quickly lose strength); use the full weight of the body. The sternum should drop about 5 centimeters. But do not overdo it, especially if you are helping an elderly person whose bones are more fragile. With pressure on the sternum, quickly release your hands. This cycle should be less than a second. In total, you need to do about 80 clicks per minute.

After every 15 compressions and releases, you should inhale air into the victim's mouth twice. Check your pulse every minute.

When a person's heart function is restored, his pupils constrict, his earlobes and lips turn pink, and a pulse appears. But continue to do the massage until the person has completely restored cardiac activity. If a person begins to breathe on his own, his pupils are narrow, but there is no pulse, continue to revive him until the doctors arrive - in no case should you stop.

Artificial heart massage is a system of measures for resuming human blood circulation after cardiac arrest. Direct massage is performed only with surgical intervention. And an indirect heart massage, subject to some simple rules and with certain skills, can be done by everyone.

Instruction

Providing first aid to an unconscious person includes, first of all, artificial respiration. But this measure alone is not enough. It should also be remembered about the activity of the heart and the pulse, which is the main sign of the vital activity of the body.

The heart can stop in the event of a directed blow to it, as a result of drowning, poisoning, or electric shock. Some heart conditions can also be accompanied by cardiac arrest. Possible causes of the heart include burns, hypothermia, or heat stroke.

When the heart stops, there is a violation of blood circulation, up to its complete cessation. The result is the onset of the so-called clinical death. Only a heart massage can save a person in such a situation.

The activity of the heart consists in its periodic contraction and relaxation. It is for this reason that after a cardiac arrest, it is necessary to restore the contraction and expansion of the heart through external intervention.

To begin with, a person must be laid on a hard surface. It can be the surface of the earth or a table. After that, it follows with rhythmic movements, with a frequency of approximately sixty times, to squeeze in the area where the

First aid practices.

Artificial respiration - this is the provision of gas exchange in the body, i.e. saturate the victim's blood with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. In addition, artificial respiration has a reflex effect on the respiratory center of the brain, thereby contributing to the restoration of spontaneous breathing in the victim. The impact on the respiratory center of the brain is carried out due to mechanical irritation of the nerve endings located in the lungs by the incoming air. The resulting nerve impulses enter the center of the brain, stimulating its normal activity, that is, it causes the ability to send impulses to the muscles of the lungs, as is the case in a healthy body.

There are many ways of artificial respiration. All of them are divided into hardware and manual.

Hardware methods require the use of special devices that provide inhalation and exhalation of air from the lungs through a rubber tube inserted into the respiratory tract, or through a mask worn on the face of the victim. The simplest of the devices is a hand-held portable device designed for artificial respiration and aspiration (suction) of fluid and mucus from the respiratory tract.

The device allows under pressure to introduce air into the lungs in a volume of 0.25 to 1.5 liters or air enriched with oxygen. It can be used in the field.

Manual ways less efficient and more labor intensive. Their value is that they allow you to perform techniques without any devices and devices, that is, immediately.

The most effective method is mouth-to-mouth. It has been established that the air exhaled from the lungs contains enough oxygen for breathing.

Before starting artificial respiration, you must quickly perform the following operations:

Release the victim from tight clothing - unbutton the collar, untie the tie, unbutton the trousers;

Lay the victim on his back on a horizontal surface - a table or floor;

Tilt your head back as much as possible, placing the palm of one hand under the back of the head, and with the other hand press on the forehead until its chin is in line with the neck. This allows air to pass freely into the lungs. At the same time, the mouth opens. To maintain this position of the head, a roll of folded clothes should be placed under the shoulder blades;

Examine the oral cavity with your fingers, if foreign content (blood, mucus) is found, it must be removed. To remove it, you need to turn the head and shoulders of the victim to the side, bring your knee under the shoulders of the victim, and then, using a handkerchief or sleeve wound around a finger, clean the contents of the mouth. After that, it is necessary to give the head its original position.

Perform artificial respiration. At the end of the preparatory operations, the assisting person takes a deep breath and then inhales the air with force into the victim's mouth. At the same time, he should cover the entire mouth of the victim with his mouth and close his nose with his fingers.

Then the caregiver leans back, frees the mouth and nose of the victim and takes a new breath. At this point, the chest descends and passive exhalation occurs.

Control over the flow of air into the lungs of the victim is carried out by eye on the expansion of the chest with each blow.

Sometimes it is impossible to open the victim's mouth due to convulsive clenching of the jaws. In this case, artificial respiration should be carried out "from mouth to nose", closing the victim's mouth while blowing air into the nose.

In one minute, 10-15 injections should be done to an adult (i.e. after 5-6 seconds). When the first weak breaths appear in the victim, artificial breaths should be timed to the beginning of an independent breath.

Artificial respiration should be carried out before deep rhythmic breathing.

Heart massage.

Heart massage is performed by the so-called indirect, or external, heart massage - rhythmic pressure on the chest, that is, the front wall of the victim's chest. As a result of this, the heart contracts between the sternum and the spine and pushes blood out of its cavities. When the pressure is released, the chest and heart expand and the heart fills with blood from the veins. In a person who is in clinical death, the chest, due to the loss of muscle tension, is easily displaced when pressed on it, providing compression of the heart. Blood circulation is necessary for the blood to deliver oxygen to all organs and tissues of the body. Therefore, the blood must be enriched with oxygen, this is achieved by artificial respiration. Thus, simultaneously with cardiac massage, artificial respiration should be carried out.

Preparing for a heart massage is at the same time a preparation for artificial respiration, since the massage must be performed in conjunction with artificial respiration.

To perform the massage, it is necessary to lay the victim on his back on a hard surface, floor or put a board under his back, cover his chest, unfasten clothing that restricts breathing.

To perform cardiac massage it is necessary to stand on either side of the victim in a position in which a more or less significant tilt over him is possible. Then, by listening, determine the place of pressure (it should be two fingers above the soft end of the sternum) and put the lower part of the palm of one hand on it, and then put the second hand at a right angle over the first hand and press on the victim’s chest, slightly helping with the tilt the entire body.

The forearm and humerus bones of the assisting hands should be extended to failure. The fingers of both hands should be brought together and should not touch the victim's chest. Pressing should be done with a quick push so as to shift the lower part of the sternum down by 3-4 cm, and in obese people by 5-6 cm.

Pressing on the sternum should be repeated approximately 1 time per second. After a quick push, the hands remain in the reached position for about 0.5 seconds. After that, you should straighten up slightly and relax your hands without taking them away from the sternum.

If assistance is provided by 2 people, then one of them should perform artificial respiration, and the other - a heart massage.

It is advisable for each of them to perform artificial respiration and heart massage in turn, replacing each other every 5-10 minutes. In this case, the procedure for rendering assistance should be as follows: after one deep blowing, 5 chest compressions are performed.

If it turns out that after blowing the chest will be motionless, it is necessary to provide assistance in a different order: after 2 blows, do 15 pressures.

If assistance is provided by one person, then assistance should be provided in the following order: after two deep blows into the mouth or nose - 15 pressures for a heart massage.

The effectiveness of external heart massage is manifested primarily in the fact that with each pressure on the sternum on the carotid artery, the pulse is clearly felt. Other signs of effective massage are the constriction of the pupils, the appearance of breathing in the victim, a decrease in the cyanosis of the skin and visible mucous membranes. To increase the effectiveness of the massage, it is recommended to raise the victim's legs by 0.5 meters during external heart massage, which promotes blood flow to the heart from the veins of the lower body.

The restoration of the activity of the heart is judged by the appearance of a regular pulse, for which it is necessary to interrupt the massage for 2-3 seconds every 2 minutes.

It is necessary to continue to provide assistance until it is handed over to medical personnel.

Methods of artificial respiration

Blowing exhaled air "from mouth to mouth" through the air duct

The victim is placed on a hard surface (wide bench, stretcher with a wooden shield, floor, ground) face

up and under his shoulders they put a roll of an overcoat or a roller of any material. They stand at the head of the victim and throw his head back. In this case, the chin of the victim is raised as much as possible, and his mouth is opened. If the jaws are tightly clenched, then with the index fingers they take the corners of the lower jaw and, resting their thumbs on the upper jaw, push the lower jaw forward. Holding it in this position, quickly move the fingers to the chin and, pulling it down, open the mouth of the victim. Holding the victim's mouth open with the left hand and his head thrown back, with the right hand (wrapped with clean gauze, a towel), the mouth is cleaned of saliva, vomit, etc. and an air duct is inserted.

The air duct, available in the sanitary instructor's bag, is a dense rubber S-shaped tube with a round shield in the middle (Fig. 100). To prevent the tongue from sinking, the air duct is first inserted between the teeth with the convex side down, and then turned with this side up and advanced along the tongue up to its root. In this case, the tongue will be pressed by the air duct tube to the bottom of the mouth. Then the nose of the victim is squeezed from both sides with the thumbs, and with the index fingers they press the rubber shield of the air duct to the mouth. With the remaining three fingers of both hands, the chin is pulled up by the corners of the lower jaw (Fig. 101). Take a deep breath, take the mouthpiece of the duct into your mouth and exhale air into it. After the victim's chest rises sufficiently from the blowing of air, the mouthpiece is released from the mouth. At the same time, the victim's chest collapses and exhalation occurs. Blowing air through the air duct is performed rhythmically (with a frequency corresponding to the breathing rate of the person providing assistance) until the inhalations of spontaneous breathing in the victim become deep and regular. In the presence of weak and irregular respiratory movements, artificial breaths are made so that they coincide with independent ones and would deepen them. With very rare independent breaths, artificial breaths are taken in the intervals between the breaths of the victim. After restoration of spontaneous breathing, the air duct is left in the victim's mouth for some time. If it causes coughing, swallowing movements or the urge to vomit, then it is removed.

Direct mouth-to-mouth breathing. The position of the victim is the same as when blowing air through the duct. With one hand, hold the head of the victim in a tilted position, and with the other, support his mouth half open. They take a deep breath, tightly put their mouth through a handkerchief to the mouth of the victim and blow in air (Fig. 102). This method can also be used when the victim's jaws are tightly clenched (air passes between the teeth).

Blowing exhaled air "from the mouth to the nose". With one hand lying on the crown of the victim, they hold his head thrown back, and with the other hand, raise the jaw and close the mouth.

They take a deep breath and, covering the nose of the victim with their lips through the handkerchief, blow in the air. If during exhalation the victim's lungs do not collapse enough (which may be due to the soft palate adhering to the back wall of the pharynx), then the mouth is slightly opened for this time.

It is convenient to blow air through the nose through a dense rubber tube, which is inserted into one of the nasal passages. The other nasal passage is closed with a finger (Fig. 103).

Sylvester's way. The victim is laid face up and a soft roller is placed under the back. They kneel at the head, take both hands of the victim by the forearms closer to the elbows, raise their hands up and back behind themselves, at the same time spread them apart. There is a breath (Fig. 104, a). Then they make a reverse movement of the hands and with force press the bent forearms on the lower part of the chest of the victim. There is an exhalation (Fig. 104, b).

If help is provided by two, then they each stand on one knee on the sides of the victim and, holding the victim’s hands, perform the above rhythmic movements (Fig. 105).

On the battlefield, artificial respiration can be performed according to a modified Sylvester method (Fig. 106).

Stepansky's method of "turning on its side" used on the battlefield. The victim is laid on his stomach with outstretched arms along the body. A roller is placed under the upper abdomen. They lie on their side next to the victim, with the knee of the "lower" leg press one shoulder of the victim to the ground and rest against the side surface of his chest. With the “lower” hand, the assisting person takes the victim by the chin, and with the “upper” hand, by the shoulder closer to the elbow bend. For convenience, a belt is put on the victim’s shoulder and the resulting loop is taken into his hand. Smoothly, but with force, pull the "upper" hand over the victim's shoulder, turning him on his side and trying to bring his elbows as close as possible behind his back. The victim's head is kept face down. There is a breath. When returning to its original position, exhalation occurs (Fig. 107).

There are so many situations in life that a person can influence and change the outcome for the better. But sometimes people simply do not have enough basic skills to help the victims. Therefore, it never hurts to learn how to act when a bystander or family member has stopped breathing. Any person can provide first aid to a patient, observing elementary rules and following clear instructions. Violation of the respiratory process can be caused by a foreign body entering the mouth or trachea or by the tongue falling into the mouth.

When is ventilation done?

The procedure for saving a person should begin with determining the source of the problem. Ventilation of the lungs should be done in the following cases:

1. If there is a cardiac arrest. To restore breathing, it is necessary to perform an indirect heart massage.
2. There was a retraction of the tongue (a person is without creation). While lying down, the muscles of the tongue and pharynx relax, because of this, the root of the tongue can move and close the entrance to the trachea. At the same time, respiratory movements are present, but the noise cannot be heard. In this case, it will be appropriate to tilt the head back, which will allow the entrance to be released and air to enter the trachea. In order for the mouth to open, the hand of the person providing assistance should be under the neck of the person and pressure is applied to the forehead with the other hand.
3. If a foreign body has got into the organs that provide the passage of air (it can be a particle of water, food, dirt, as well as blood and other objects). Symptoms of this problem are weak respiratory movements, cyanotic knees and lips, frequent pulse (110 or more beats per minute), noisy convulsive inhalation, exhalation with the sound of hoarseness.

Having determined the reason for stopping (difficulty) breathing, first aid is required for the victim. But for this you need to create comfortable conditions for the victim.

Methods of lung ventilation

The breathing recovery procedure should be carried out until a positive result occurs. First you need to remove clothes from the victim, which can squeeze the chest area, then you should provide an open mouth and unclench your clenched teeth.

There are three ways to perform ventilation:

1. To apply this method, the victim must lie with his back up, one arm is under his head, the second is extended along the body, his face is turned to the side. The performer of artificial respiration should position himself so that the patient's thighs are between his knees. At the same time, the palms are on the back of the victim, and the fingers wrap around him from the sides. Leaning forward, the person leans on outstretched arms and leans back, exhaling-inhaling.
2. To apply the second method, the victim is placed with his back to the surface and in the area of ​​​​the shoulder blades he places a bundle with clothes, this allows the patient's head to be thrown back. The mouth should be cleaned and the tongue extended. During the procedure, the tongue is slightly pulled down to the chin. To exhale, you need to take the hands of the victim at the elbows and press them to the side of the chest. To inhale, raise your arms and throw them behind your head.
3. The mouth-to-mouth method is the most common and effective way to restore the victim's breathing. Before starting the procedure, the person should be on his back with his head thrown back (the chin and neck should be on the same line). The victim's mouth must be cleared of mucus. Air enters through the mouth of the person providing assistance, while the victim's nose must be clamped. It is necessary to make 10-12 injections per minute.

Before giving first aid to the victim, you need to call an ambulance. By the time she arrives, you can save someone's life.