Lung defects associated with the presence of excess (additional) dysembryogenetic formations. Why does an additional lobule of the mammary gland appear under the arm and how does it appear Additional lobe on the right in the lungs

There are diseases that pose a threat to general health. There are diseases, pathologies that require long-term treatment, but not urgent. And there are anomalies that affect the body, but do not require treatment, except for surgical intervention for cosmetic reasons. The mammary gland is the organ of the body that most often undergoes operations, removals of tissues, layers, tumors and lobules in the armpit.

Note that additional lobes may occur at different ages, behave differently and differ in the nature of growth and structure. Often, young mothers are horrified to find swelling in themselves, in a panic they run to surgeons and ask to cut out an incomprehensible lump under the skin. It should be said right away that there is no panic for concern. Swelling can appear before childbirth, before pregnancy, during feeding, at any time. It is impossible to accurately assume the probability of a gland exit in the armpit, since this is not a consequence of a disease or pathology.

This is a common anomaly of the possible, which in mammology is interpreted as an additional gland. It appears only with any changes in the structure of the body structure inside the glandular tissue. More often there is a change in the genetic formation of the entire breast cavity. Under such circumstances, adolescents are subject to change. They have these neoplasms more often, but there is no need to worry. A tubercle in the armpit can hurt when menstruation occurs. After some time, it does not cause inconvenience, only embarrassment.

Some girls think, read that such a share can also have an additional nipple. No, this is excluded, since nipples can occur in the subclavian fossa without affecting the entire mammary gland.

Symptoms of the disease

In any case, an additional share under the arm is not normal. This is classified as a type of "disease" that is eliminated only by surgery. But, like every disease, such growths cause symptoms in the body. Our body begins to react to abnormal phenomena that occur with the body. This is natural, so the symptoms are there, just like with any cold or flu. They are expressed as follows:

The pathology is located in the left/right quadrant (top).
Outside there is swelling;
There is a low temperature.
No general malaise.
Aching or dull weak pains.
Breast asymmetry.
The seal is mobile, up to about 3 cm in diameter.
A lump under the armpit hurts at the beginning of menstruation.

Yes, these are not temperatures and a runny nose, by which you can determine the severity of the disease, call a doctor, and see all the measures to combat it in a medical prescription. You can independently palpate and establish the severity of the tumor-like lobule. If a woman is breastfeeding, the tumor can not only hurt with every feeding, but also turn red and swell. Such an anomaly in the form of accumulations of glandular tissue cannot produce milk, and the milk ducts are completely absent.

Medical diagnostics

The whole abnormal process of formation and development of the lobule under the arm cannot be diagnosed at the stage of development and education. You can determine the presence or defect by the signs that a woman feels. For this, the following procedures are additionally carried out:

palpation at the mammologist;
MRM (mammography examination);
education puncture.

Mammography and ultrasound are needed in order to understand whether the lobe is a common defect in the development of the gland, or whether it is a benign tumor. Cancer in this case is impossible, since there are pronounced symptoms indicating the development of a viral formation.

With cancers, temperature and chills appear at the 3-4 stage of the formation of the disease. It is impossible to diagnose them, since the symptoms appear long before the tumor in the glandular structure begins to develop and cover the tissues surrounding it nearby.

If the lobules are constantly injured, an inflammatory process will begin, which will lead to pain and mastitis of the additional lobe. It is difficult to recognize the disease in a place that should not be in the body, since the tumor-like lobe itself is a foreign body that needs to be punctured and removed. If such a lobe is found under the arm of a woman older than 40, an additional examination such as an atypical cancer cell test may be needed.

Treatment

As a treatment for a lobule under the arm, surgery may be prescribed to remove it.

Tissues are cut in the fossa on the side of the formation.
Slices are excised, cut out.
Cosmetic sutures are applied.
Fluid from an empty canal is expected within 14 days.

If the glandular tissue and the lobe itself heal, then in the process lymph and ichor flow out from under the sutures. This is a natural process that occurs with any operation. After the final healing, a woman is not recommended to plan a pregnancy for 6 months, so as not to complicate the formation of a healed wound after surgery. Otherwise, a woman may develop mastitis and bleeding.

In this case, it is impossible to take risks, even if the conception did not go according to plan. It is recommended to terminate the pregnancy as early as possible, since in the second trimester the fetus, which is under the influence of the hormonal background, may suffer. He, in turn, has not yet been restored. If a woman survived the operation at the time of the abrupt cessation of breastfeeding, there can be no talk of restoring lactation, even if the operation took 3 hours.

It is recommended to artificially maintain lactation in order to return to feeding after 3 months. But doctors recommend stopping it completely so as not to cause complications for the mother and child. As practice shows, an additional mammary gland is easily removed without bringing any negative consequences, if you follow the regimen prescribed by doctors.

Accessory lobule of the lung

An employee of the rector's office of our University once shared with me her misfortune: her son, a 1st year student, developed hemoptysis. He accidentally discovered it himself by coughing into a handkerchief and then showing it to his mother. Hemoptysis is always serious. How long this lasted before its discovery was unknown: weeks, maybe months. It was not massive, rather the opposite, but was observed constantly. The young man's health was normal, only recently some nervousness has joined.

They did an X-ray and a thorough X-ray: everything was normal. When examined in various positions, the airiness of the lung parenchyma, the clarity of the hilar lymph nodes, and the freedom of the pleural sinuses were clearly visible. The young man had never been ill before. Tomography of the lungs also revealed nothing. During bronchoscopy, a blood path was found in one of the small bronchi of the right lung, but without endobronchitis.

Computed tomography revealed a barely noticeable structural formation like a lobule of lung tissue above the diaphragmatic pleura, about three by four centimeters and up to one centimeter in height. Education had no apparent connection with the lung itself.

It resembled a congenital extra lung lobule, one of the rare anomalies in the development of this organ. Perhaps, radiologists and morphologists face this more often. A feature of these forms is their complete autonomy from lung tissue. They have their own blood supply (from a. brachialis) and have no connection with the bronchial system. Otherwise it is called pulmonary sequestration. How did it turn out to be possible bleeding from the sequester, if hemoptysis is actually associated with it?

This can only be explained by a violation of the integrity of the lung lobule due to its injury. Blood in this case comes from it into a nearby bronchus.

Having summed up all the examination data, we turned to thoracic surgeons at one of the clinics in Moscow. It was proposed to remove the lung lobule in order to avoid the progression of the pathological process in it. Over time, this could result in suppuration or lead to metaplasia. As they say, "weed grass out of the field."

The young man was successfully operated on, thus eliminating the source of hemoptysis and other possible complications.

This text is an introductory piece. From the book Secret Lines of the Moscow Metro in Schemes, Legends, Facts the author Grechko Matvey

12. Butovskaya light metro line The twelfth line of the Moscow metro and the first light metro line not only in Moscow, but also in Russia. In fact, it continues the Serpukhov-Timiryazev branch, but formally it is independent. The line is just over five kilometers long

From the book My sick (collection) author Kirillov Mikhail Mikhailovich

A patient with a lung contusion (lung hemorrhage) The ability to live for another, to forget oneself, if necessary, plus literacy - this is a real doctor. (ed.) Kabul hospital, intensive care unit. Soldier A has been lying there for a day. Closed chest injury, contusion

From the author's book

Wounded lung The day ended, it was already dark (November 1987), when a wounded man in the left half of the chest was delivered to the Kabul hospital from the airfield in a very serious condition. It was known that the wound was a gunshot wound and was accompanied by massive

From the author's book

Cancer of the lung Old age is a dead end of the station platform. They are not in a hurry here (Aut.) In 1978, I was called for a consultation at the hospital of the Research Institute of Rural Hygiene. It was located in the very center of Saratov, near the Lipki garden. A pretty young general practitioner met me. Looked

What is an accessory lung? - An accessory lung is an extremely rare malformation in which, along with normally formed lungs, an additional, usually small lung, the bronchus of which departs from the trachea, and the vessels are connected with the small circulation circle. What is an accessory lung? - An accessory lung is an extremely rare malformation in which, along with normally formed lungs, an additional, usually small lung, the bronchus of which departs from the trachea, and the vessels are connected with the small circulation circle.

The accessory lung in miniature repeats the structure of a normal one, has interlobar fissures, is aerated by the bronchus, and gas exchange can take place in it. In cases where the aberrant area of the lung tissue is not divided into lobes and air enters it through the bronchi extending from the main and lobar bronchi, it is called an additional lobe of the lung. The latter option is more common, but it is more correct to refer to the so-called anomalies of the pulmonary furrows. The accessory lung in miniature repeats the structure of a normal one, has interlobar fissures, is aerated by the bronchus, and gas exchange can take place in it. In cases where the aberrant area of the lung tissue is not divided into lobes and air enters it through the bronchi extending from the main and lobar bronchi, it is called an additional lobe of the lung. The latter option is more common, but it is more correct to refer to the so-called anomalies of the pulmonary furrows.

One of the most common variants and anomalies in the development of L. is the unusual location of the interlobar furrows, a change in their number and depth, which leads to various variants and anomalies of the lobar structure of the lungs, in particular, to the formation of additional lobes. Additional shares of L. come to light radiologically only in conditions when the pleura of an additional interlobar fissure receives directly radiological display. An additional share of the unpaired vein is detected in 0.5-1% of cases. Its occurrence is associated with an anomaly in the embryonic location of the unpaired vein, which is introduced into the lungs along with both layers of the pleura and laces off the superomedial part of the upper lobe. The X-ray picture of the lobe of the unpaired vein is typical: in the upper medial part of the right pulmonary field, a linear arcuate shadow of the additional interlobar sulcus is determined, which approximately at the level of the cartilage of the II rib ends with an oval shadow of the unpaired vein itself. One of the most common variants and anomalies in the development of L. is the unusual location of the interlobar furrows, a change in their number and depth, which leads to various variants and anomalies of the lobar structure of the lungs, in particular, to the formation of additional lobes. Additional shares of L. come to light radiologically only in conditions when the pleura of an additional interlobar fissure receives directly radiological display. An additional share of the unpaired vein is detected in 0.5-1% of cases. Its occurrence is associated with an anomaly in the embryonic location of the unpaired vein, which is introduced into the lungs along with both layers of the pleura and laces off the superomedial part of the upper lobe. The X-ray picture of the lobe of the unpaired vein is typical: in the upper medial part of the right pulmonary field, a linear arcuate shadow of the additional interlobar sulcus is determined, which approximately at the level of the cartilage of the II rib ends with an oval shadow of the unpaired vein itself.

Lung additional (puimo accessorius) developmental anomaly: an additionally developed third lung communicating with the respiratory tract, or a heterotopic area of \u200b\u200bthe lung tissue isolated from the respiratory system. Easy additional intra-abdominal (p. accessorius intraabdominalis; lat. intra inside + abdomen, abdominis abdomen) L. d., located in the retroperitoneal tissue and often connected to the stomach and esophagus through a connective tissue cord. Light additional intrathoracic (p. accessorius intrathoracalis; lat. intra inside + Greek th ō rax, th ō rakos chest) L. d., located in the chest under the parietal pleura. Easy accessory tracheal (p. accessorius trachealis) L. d., communicating with the trachea or the beginning of the main bronchus.

Accessory lung (lobe) with normal blood supply: This rarely diagnosed malformation is usually asymptomatic. It consists in the presence of a section of lung tissue that has its own pleural cover and is usually located in the upper section of the right pleural cavity. The bronchus departs directly from the trachea, blood circulation is carried out due to the branches of the pulmonary arteries and veins. In rare cases of a chronic inflammatory process, removal of an accessory lung (lobe) is indicated.

Accessory lung (lobe) with abnormal circulation: It is an area of normally non-aerated lung tissue that is located outside a normally developed lung (in the pleural cavity, in the thickness of the diaphragm, in the abdominal cavity, on the neck) and is supplied with blood from the systemic circulation. Most often, this defect does not give clinical manifestations and is an accidental finding. Diagnosis can be established by aortography. If a pathological process occurs in this additional lung, an operation is indicated to remove the additional lung.

Accessory Lung Symptoms: Usually, an accessory lung is asymptomatic and is discovered incidentally during thoracic surgery, most often due to chronic pulmonary suppuration or on bronchography performed for another reason, or at autopsy. In single patients, suppuration or a tuberculous process may occur in an additional lung. If clinical symptoms appear, then it is almost entirely associated with a secondary inflammatory process (pneumonia, suppuration) that has arisen in the accessory lung. Bronchography and, in some cases, angiopulmonography, which reveal the bronchi and vessels of the accessory lung, its topography and localization, help clarify the diagnosis.

Accessory Lung Treatment: Surgical treatment: removal of accessory lung formations with secondary inflammatory changes in them. Which doctors should be contacted if you have an accessory lung: Pneumonologist Therapist Treatment of an accessory lung: Surgical treatment: removal of accessory lung formations with secondary inflammatory changes in them. Which doctors should you contact if you have an Accessory Lung: Pneumologist Therapist

An ectopic (outside the natural location) location of mammary tissues in the form of a separate lobule, lobe, or full-fledged additional mammary gland is considered an accessory mammary gland. Is this good or bad? From the point of view of aesthetics, at least, it does not correspond to the usual ideals of female beauty. From a medical point of view, the atypical growth of any tissues of the human body should cause medical alertness - in particular, in light of the fact that in the 21st century, oncological diseases are one of the top medical problems.

Table of contents:

common data

The development of an accessory lobule, lobe, or full-fledged mammary gland is a relatively infrequent congenital malformation in utero. Pathology belongs to the category of rudimentary formations - that is, those that were present as a variant of the norm, but disappeared in the process of evolution. Similar rudimentary formations can be located:

along the milk lines. These are the places where the natural bookmarks of the embryonic mammary tissue are located - normally, as the embryo develops, it undergoes involution (reverse development);
on other parts of the body - under the arm, on the back, and even in the area of the vulva and thighs.

This diagnosis is given to women. According to anatomical canons, men do not have mammary glands, but mammary glands, there is no mammary tissue as such, and therefore there is no chance that representatives of the strong half of humanity will have an additional gland growing in atypical locations. But as a result of some genetic and teratogenic (causing impaired fetal development) factors, an additional nipple may appear in men, which, moreover, is located in a location that is not typical for male nipples.

note

Contrary to popular stereotypes about the almost leading role of the mammary glands in sexual relations, an additional mammary gland is not a boon - its sexual value is very doubtful. In practice, men perceive the additional mammary gland of their partners not as an integral element of female beauty and sexuality, but as a tumor, which can reduce the level of their sexual libido (attraction to the opposite sex), and especially impressionable - and potency (ability to have sexual intercourse).

The reasons

The most plausible is the following theory of the appearance of an additional mammary gland: pathology develops during embryogenesis, the normal course of which was disrupted due to violations of the human gene set.

Key factors have been identified, the role of which in the occurrence of an additional mammary gland has already been proven. It:

hereditary predisposition;
exposure to damaging factors in the antenatal (before birth) period;
provocations in the postnatal period.

Accessory lobules, lobes and mammary glands are more likely to occur in patients whose close relatives suffered from the same deviation. However, the genes responsible for the development of accessory glands have not yet been discovered.

The impact of damaging agents on the fetus, which provokes the formation of additional mammary tissues, leads to:

pathological delay of normal involutive (consisting in reverse development) processes that occur in the prenatal period of development and prevent further formation of the rudiments of the mammary glands with their atypical location;
stimulation of further growth of the rudiments of the mammary glands with their atypical location.

The factors that provoke the failure of intrauterine development of the fetus with the formation of additional mammary glands are those that negatively affect the mother's body and, as a result, the fetus's body. Often this is:

physical factors;
chemical factors - including a number of drugs;
infectious diseases;
bad habits of the expectant mother;
her somatic illnesses;
mental factors.

Physical factors that can provoke the development of this pathology are:

exposure to low or high temperatures;
mechanical impact;
influence .

A change in the temperature regime has a negative effect on the development of the fetus, mainly when:

prolonged stay in conditions of temperature deviations;
too critical deviation of temperatures from the normal conditions in which a person lives.

In other words, the rudiments of the mammary glands will develop in the fetus in an atypical place if the average pregnant Caucasian race begins to live in a scorching desert or pronounced sub-zero temperatures. Non-critical short-term exposure to abnormal temperatures is less dangerous in terms of the development of an additional mammary gland than other identified teratogenic factors.

A mechanical effect that can be teratogenic is an abdominal injury that a future mother can receive in the early stages of pregnancy, when all organs and systems of the fetus are laid. Injuries to the abdomen of a pregnant woman, which can provoke a failure of embryogenesis and the subsequent development of an additional mammary gland in an unborn female child, are:

deliberate;
unintentional.

A woman often receives intentional abdominal injuries on the basis of domestic conflicts.

Most often, unintentional injuries to the abdomen of a pregnant woman occur under such circumstances as:

fall from a height on the stomach. It does not have to be large - a teratogenic effect can occur when a woman falls, for example, from a chair, before climbing on it with her feet, and then losing her balance;
Accident (traffic accident). Abdominal injury in this case is observed if the woman is not wearing a seat belt or is driving;
too high activity of the child, which can hit the pregnant mother in the stomach during the game or breaking out of the hands

The negative effect of ionizing radiation on the fetus with the subsequent development of the described pathology is observed when:

radiation therapy. This rarely happens, since before her appointment it turns out whether the woman is pregnant;
access to ionizing substances associated with professional employment - often in violation of labor protection rules;
unauthorized access to ionizing substances.

Chemical factors that provoke the development of additional mammary tissues in a female fetus are compounds that affect the body of a woman and fetus during pregnancy. . They can be divided into two large groups:

drugs with a teratogenic effect - those that cause a failure in the intrauterine development of the unborn child;
aggressive compounds used in everyday life and at work.

The most pronounced teratogenic effect is possessed by such medications as:

anticonvulsants - anticonvulsants;
anticoagulants - those that prevent abnormal blood clotting;
antithyroid drugs - used for excessive production of thyroid hormones;
- are used to suppress cancer cells;
iodine-containing substances;

There are a lot of aggressive household and industrial substances that can disrupt the normal course of embryogenesis and provoke the development of additional mammary tissues. It:

varnishes;
paints;
benzene;
styrene;
vinyl chloride;
tetrachloroethane;
acrylic;
nitrile;
toluene

and many others.

note

In fact, any infectious diseases of the expectant mother in the first trimester (3-month period) of pregnancy are risk factors that can lead to failure of embryogenesis and abnormal development of mammary tissues.

All known bad habits that a woman has not given up, at least during pregnancy, can become an impetus for the formation of additional mammary tissues in the fetus - these are:

drinking alcohol, even in small quantities;
the use of drugs.

Somatic diseases of the expectant mother deplete her body, disrupt compensatory mechanisms, and therefore are indirect causes of embryogenesis disorders with the formation of additional mammary tissues in the unborn female child. Thus, an additional mammary gland was more often diagnosed in children whose mothers had pathologies of the heart, liver, kidneys, stomach, and so on.

Mental factors affecting a pregnant woman also play an indirect role in disrupting embryogenesis in general and in the formation of additional mammary tissues in the fetus, from which an additional mammary gland is formed, in particular.

Development of pathology

The following should be understood: additional mammary tissue does not grow as new - its embryonic rudiments already exist, and pathology develops because the reverse development of these rudiments is disrupted.

The mammary glands are laid by the 6th week of intrauterine development of the fetus. Normally, mammary tissues form along the so-called milk lines, which run from the armpit to the groin. Under the influence of mutagens (factors that provoke the development of mutations), laying of such tissues in atypical places is possible.

If the laying of the organs and tissues of the fetus and their further development take place in the usual mode, then the atypically placed rudimentary elements of the mammary glands undergo reverse development over time and disappear. Already by the 10th week of a woman's pregnancy, the fetus has only a pair of mammary glands on the anterior surface of the chest. If the processes of reverse development are violated, then the additional glandular tissue can be preserved:

under the arm;
in the subclavian region;
between normal mammary glands;
between the shoulder blades;
in the genital area;
in the thigh area.

note

Much less often, the described developmental pathology manifests itself as an additional nipple, which is formed along or outside the milk line.

For convenience, accessory mammary glands are classified. This takes into account factors such as:

the volume of glandular and adipose tissue;
their ratio;
the presence or absence of the nipple, areola and lactiferous duct.

There are such types of the described pathology as:

extra slice. This means that only the glandular mammary tissue is located under the skin, and the nipple is absent;
polymastia. In an atypical place, a full-fledged mammary gland is revealed with all the typical elements - the nipple, areola and milk duct;
polythelia. At the same time, an additional nipple or areola develops, but there is no glandular tissue as such;
false mammary gland. In this case, an atypically located nipple is present, there is adipose tissue under it, and glandular tissue is absent.

Symptoms

The course of the pathology can be asymptomatic (that is, without any subjective sensations) or proceed with unexpressed clinical symptoms.

The accessory mammary gland manifests itself mainly against the background of hormonal changes in the body, both normal and pathological. Often the first symptoms of pathology occur during breastfeeding. Less commonly, pathology manifests itself in adolescent girls during the period. If an additional nipple is formed, then the disease is detected even in newborn girls.

If there is a small amount of additional mammary tissue, and there are no secondary pathological changes on its part (for example, an inflammatory process), then additional lobules look like small, painless skin seals.

Large accessory lobes and full-fledged accessory glands have the following characteristics:

in appearance - voluminous convex formations;
in consistency - elastic;
sensitivity - painless.

Before menstruation and during the period of feeding the child, additional lobes and glands increase in size, swell, and in rare cases can become painful. If the additional mammary gland has a nipple, then during lactation, mother's milk may be released from it.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis is often not difficult - an additional mammary gland is detected during examination and palpation. Certain diagnostic difficulties are observed in cases where the accessory gland is small in size, while it has no or poorly developed nipple. In the latter case, it looks like a protruding mole in appearance, and patients do not suspect the presence of any pathology, and since it is not often observed in the clinic, doctors with little experience may not attach importance to this anatomical formation in female patients.

Usually, an additional mammary gland in any of its manifestations is diagnosed if any pathological processes have arisen in it, manifested by unpleasant subjective sensations, which is why the woman goes to the doctor. Pathology is detected using physical, instrumental and laboratory diagnostic methods.

Physical examination data:

on examination - between normal mammary glands, under the arm, between the shoulder blades, in the area of the gonads or thigh, a slight swelling of the tissues or a formation in the form of a full-fledged mammary gland, with or without a nipple, is revealed;
on palpation (palpation) - the tissues of the formation are homogeneous, pliable, soreness is not often noted.

Instrumental diagnostic methods that can be used to confirm the diagnosis of an additional mammary gland, as well as to identify secondary pathological changes in it, are:

Of the laboratory studies in the diagnosis of this pathology, the following are important:

histological examination - under a microscope, the tissue structure of the biopsy is studied;
cytological examination - under a microscope, they study the features of biopsy cells.

Differential Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis of the accessory mammary gland is carried out with such pathologies as:

- a hollow formation with liquid contents inside;
benign neoplasms. In particular, it is a lipoma - a tumor of adipose tissue;
- often in the case if the additional mammary gland is located next to the normal mammary glands;
axillary - an inflammatory lesion of the axillary lymph nodes.

Complications

From the side of the additional mammary gland, complications such as:

- stagnation of milk during lactation (the period of milk production and breastfeeding of the child);
- inflammation of the nature;
in different variations - seals in the glandular tissue of the additional mammary gland, which develop against the background of hormonal imbalance. Most often, these are cystic (in the form of cysts), cystic-fibrous (in the form of cysts and connective tissue nodes), diffuse (in the form of proliferation of connective tissue throughout the additional mammary gland) mastopathy;
benign neoplasms. The risk of their occurrence increases if the accessory gland is constantly subjected to mechanical stress - in particular, from the elements of clothing;
malignant transformation. Isolated cases have been diagnosed, but oncological alertness should always be exercised.

If the additional mammary gland is quite large, and pain is also observed in it, a woman may experience emotional and mental disorders:

tearfulness;
anxiety;
- painful suspiciousness, depression and discontent;
- Depressed psychological state.

Treatment

Treatment of pathology is exclusively surgical: you can get rid of an additional mammary gland only by its surgical removal. The conventional wisdom about the "effectiveness" of the so-called "absorbable" agents is deeply erroneous - not only will they not help get rid of the pathology, but they can also lead to negative consequences:

accelerated growth and development of the glandular tissues of this formation;
their rebirth.

note

The conservative method of treatment is very conditional - it consists in monitoring the state of the additional mammary gland. If changes on her part are not observed for a long time (it does not increase, does not thicken, nothing stands out from the nipple, and so on), then such observation is limited.

Surgical removal of the described formation is recommended in such cases as:

a pronounced cosmetic defect of one or another part of the body - often due to the large size of the additional mammary gland or its deformation;
severe pain syndrome or persistent increase in pain, even if they do not seem too pronounced;
the presence of oncological diseases in the genus.

The extent of surgery may vary. It depends on factors such as:

the size of the additional breast;
its tissue structure.

Such types of operations are carried out as:

Prevention

Pathology is considered congenital, so its prevention is to ensure normal conditions for the development of the fetus. This is a whole range of activities - a pregnant woman should eat right, sleep enough, perform only feasible loads, beware of injuries, and so on.

If an additional mammary gland is already present, then such women should undergo an ultrasound scan of the rudiment once a year, and after 35 years - it. The tissues of the additional mammary gland must be protected from various pathological effects - in particular, from mechanical injuries.

Forecast

The prognosis for an additional mammary gland is favorable, since it is malignant (subject to malignant degeneration) quite rarely. In some cases, during the development of menopause, small accumulations of glandular tissues involute, and they disappear.

Kovtonyuk Oksana Vladimirovna, medical commentator, surgeon, medical consultant