Medicine. Medicines, medicines, drugs What are drugs in medicine

What does the word medicines mean?

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The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!

Concept definition

Historical facts

Our ancestors tried to heal from various ailments, using various substances of exclusively natural origin. In most cases, these were plant extracts.
Some ancient healers also invented drugs that could be obtained from animal waste, raw meat or yeast. Even then, people guessed that in many living organisms there is an accumulation of certain components that can help overcome various pathologies. A little later, scientists managed to establish that the effect of such components lies in the selective effect of various chemical compounds on the human body. A few years later, such compounds were synthesized in laboratories. As early as 1891, the German chemist and bacteriologist Paul Erlich developed the theory of the use of such compounds for the treatment of infectious diseases.

Existing classifications

• pharmacological action: in this case we are talking about the therapeutic effects that one or another drug tends to have. So, for example, analgesics help to reduce pain irritation, but vasodilators tend to dilate blood vessels;
• nosological principle: a list of various medicines that are used to treat a strictly defined disease. It can be both bronchial asthma and myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, etc.;
• therapeutic use: let's say drugs for the treatment of malignant neoplasms, antimicrobials or medicines to lower pressure;
• chemical structure: This group includes drugs that are similar in structure. These are salicylates, the main component of which is acetylsalicylic acid. The list of salicylates can include both aspirin and methyl salicylate, as well as salicylamide, etc.

• synthetic: they are obtained by chemical synthesis;
• mineral: they are obtained from mineral compounds such as silver nitrate and magnesium sulfate;
• natural: they are made from extracts of plants, as well as tissues and organs of animals.

Dose and Concentration

Routes of administration

The list of enteral routes can include:

• oral ( inside);
• rectal ( into the rectum);
• sublingual ( under the tongue);
• buccal ( on the cheek);
• through a tube into the duodenum.

• subcutaneous;
• inhalation;
• intravenous;
• subarachnoid ( under the lining of the brain);
• intramuscular;
• intraperitoneal;
• intra-arterial;
• intranasal ( through the nose);
• intrasternal ( into the sternum);
• transdermal ( into the pleural cavity, body, urethra, cervix, etc.).

Action types

2. resorptive action: observed after absorption of the drug into the blood and is characterized by the interaction of its components with tissues and organs;
3. direct action: is the direct effect of a chemical on a target organ. This action in all cases is primary. A manifestation of the direct action of drugs is considered to be a selective action, during which the therapeutic effect is on a limited group of cells or organs;
4. reversible and irreversible actions: if the changes resulting from the action of the drug disappear without a trace after a certain period of time, then we are talking about a reversible action. If this does not happen, then the face has an irreversible effect. An irreversible effect in most cases is noted when dosages or concentrations are exceeded, with individual intolerance to the drug by the body, as well as with prolonged use.

Prescription and OTC drugs

The list of medicines that are allowed to be dispensed without a prescription is established by order of the Ministry of Health. This is not just done. The thing is that both irrational use and uncontrolled intake of certain drugs can adversely affect the general health of people. The release of some drugs without a prescription can lead to distribution and drug addiction.

Best before date

Storage features

Concerning drugs of the first group, which are represented by poisonous and narcotic drugs, they must be stored in a safe locked with a separate lock.

Preparations of the second group, represented by potent medicines, should be stored in lockable medical cabinets.

Medical drugs of the third group, which can be dispensed without a prescription, are allowed to be stored in open cabinets.

The course of therapy of the patient depends on the correct storage of medicines. If the rules are violated for any reason, this can lead to a decrease in the therapeutic effect of a particular drug. In some cases, improper storage causes a person to feel even worse after a course of therapy with one or another drug.

First Aid Medicines

And here is a list of well-known medicines that must be present in every home first aid kit:

• Suprastin: taken for allergic reactions;
• Loperamide: treats acute and chronic diarrhea;
• Validol: used for hysteria, neurosis and angina pectoris;
• Paracetamol or Aspirin: has antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects;
• Analgin or Pentalgin: taken for headache and toothache, febrile syndrome, pain syndrome, pain from injuries or burns;
• Valocordin: neuroses with increased irritability, tachycardia and insomnia;
• Donormil or Phenazepam: sleeping pills;
• Activated charcoal: used for food intoxication, diarrhea, allergic diseases, poisoning with chemical compounds or salts of heavy metals, alcohol withdrawal syndrome. It is recommended to take this drug at the rate of 1 tablet per 5-10 kg of weight;
• Albucid: 20% bacteriostatic and antimicrobial eye drops that can be used to treat both conjunctivitis and blepharitis ( inflammation of the edges of the eyelids), as well as some other eye pathologies. They can also be dripped as a prophylaxis if a foreign body such as dirt or sand gets into the eyes;
• Ftalazol: an antimicrobial drug used to treat enterocolitis, dysentery, gastroenteritis, colitis and other pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract of an infectious and inflammatory nature.

Free drugs for pregnant women

How to get such medicines?
First of all, you need to make an appointment with an obstetrician-gynecologist who will examine you and write a prescription for free drugs. With this prescription, you go to a pharmacy that has an agreement with a medical institution for free care of expectant mothers, and get the medicine you need. Everything is quite easy and simple.

Free drugs for children under 1 year old

The same drug can cause Reye's syndrome, which is characterized by acute hepatic encephalopathy.
Against the background of this pathology, both internal organs and the central nervous system are affected. This syndrome is very rare in medical practice, but no parent can know in advance whether his child is predisposed to it or not. Given this fact, it is best not to give aspirin to children under 12 years of age. In the list of drugs that are strictly forbidden to use at elevated temperatures, you can add phenazone, analgin, and pyramidon. These drugs are best replaced with ibuprofen or paracetamol. Other prohibited drugs for children are considered to be boric and levomycetin alcohol, which are intended for the treatment of otitis media. Some mothers still treat ear diseases with alcohol preparations. In fact, such treatment is at least unreasonable, since these drugs can provoke the development of a burn.

Various painkillers for abdominal pain are also contraindicated for children. Complaints of abdominal pain can indicate both the most common indigestion and appendicitis. Self-medication in such cases is unacceptable. By giving the baby an anesthetic, you will only eliminate the pain, but the problem will still remain unresolved. In such cases, the best way out of the situation is to call an ambulance at home. With diarrhea, it is strictly forbidden to give fixative medications. If diarrhea is due to infection, taking such drugs will only aggravate the general situation.

Prohibited medicines for children are also considered to be antibiotics, which are used without the appointment of a specialist. Each antibiotic is a powerful drug, the irrational use of which can cause a variety of side effects and complications. Hormonal pills and homeopathic medicines are also forbidden to be given to children, since all these drugs can have an unpredictable effect on a growing organism.

Remember once and for all - never self-medicate a child with strong pharmaceuticals and do not use the methods that your neighbor used. If this or that medicine helped your neighbor's child, it is not a fact that your baby's body will react to it in the same way.

Allergy to drugs

With the development of a drug allergy, the patient may also complain of diarrhea, shortness of breath, vomiting, nausea, runny nose, conjunctivitis, tissue swelling, burning, etc. Repeated use of the drug that provoked the development of such a reaction will only increase the severity of its manifestation. Often, drug allergies are also referred to as side effects that develop extremely rarely. Often, patients confuse the side effects of the drug, which are most often mild, with an allergic reaction, which can even result in the death of the patient.

Diagnosis and treatment of drug allergies

To diagnose such reactions of the immediate type, skin tests are often taken from patients. As for the direct treatment of drug allergies, it most often involves the treatment of pain and itching. If the drug that causes an allergic reaction is vital and cannot be canceled in any way, then patients will have to put up with all the unpleasant symptoms that they experience.

Weight loss medications and their side effects

If we talk directly about the drugs that are used in the fight against obesity, then all of them involve in the very first place appetite suppression. Such medicines are sold both in the form of tablets and in the form of capsules. Influencing the body, they seem to deceive it, as a result of which a person does not experience hunger. They also tend to reduce appetite by increasing the amount of catecholamines - chemical components of the brain that have a direct effect on both appetite and mood. Fat absorption inhibitors, which are part of such pharmaceuticals, prevent the absorption of fats that enter the body along with food. Undigested fat, in turn, is excreted from the body with feces.

It is also important to note the fact that these medicines tend to cause the development of a variety of side effects.

The list of adverse reactions can include:

• insomnia;
• anxiety;
• headache;
• increased sweating;
• increase in heart rate;
• dryness in the mouth;
• increased blood pressure;
• nasal congestion;
• excessive thirst;
• drowsiness;
• spastic pains in the abdomen;

Preparations for the treatment of psoriasis

Biologicals are another group of medicines that are increasingly used in the fight against this disease. Biologics are drugs that resemble or are identical to proteins that are produced by the human body. The list of such drugs can include etanercept and alefacept, which tend to block the negative reaction of the human immune system, which causes signs of this pathology.

If topical preparations do not have the desired therapeutic effect, then patients are prescribed drugs that should be taken orally. These drugs include methotrexate, cyclosporine, and retinoids such as acitretin.

Medical treatment of gout

Arcoxia is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that can also be used to treat this condition. This drug also has an analgesic and antipyretic effect.

Ambene - this drug is intended for the short-term treatment of critical situations with gout.

Preparations for the treatment of osteochondrosis of the spine

• reduce the severity of pain in the back;
• eliminate inflammation;
• restore the regeneration of cartilage and connective tissue of the intervertebral disc;
• prevent the further development of the disease;
• functional rehabilitation of the patient.

Often, the course of therapy also involves the use of antidepressants, such as fluoxetine or amitriptyline. The thing is that such drugs tend not only to balance the psyche, but also to have a fairly pronounced analgesic effect. Studies have shown that it is with the help of antidepressants that it is possible to achieve better control over pain and significantly reduce the course of therapy.

Medications to improve memory

Another fairly well-known drug that is used directly to improve memory is a drug called glycine. This drug is available only in the form of tablets, but in terms of effectiveness it is in no way inferior to nootropil. With its help, it is possible to reduce irritability and aggressiveness, normalize sleep, facilitate falling asleep, as well as increase efficiency and significantly improve memory. As for side effects, against the background of its use, only allergic reactions can develop.

Akatinol memantine is also considered to be a very effective means of improving memory, which tends to improve the process of nerve impulse transmission, normalize membrane potential and increase learning ability. This medicine is produced in the form of tablets, the active components of which are absorbed into the blood in a fairly short period of time.

Drugs for the removal of alcohol dependence

Veritrol is one of the newest drugs that helps even when the previous treatment of alcoholism for one reason or another did not have the desired therapeutic effect. This drug is recommended to be administered in two doses, the interval between which is about half an hour. After such a procedure, the patient will need to take more Finlepsin and Lucetam for a month. This approach allows you to enhance the effectiveness of encoding and minimize the craving for alcoholic beverages.

All of the above drugs have one thing in common. If a patient encoded with one of these drugs starts drinking alcohol, then the drug forms a toxic compound with alcohol that endangers both organs and body systems, and sometimes even the patient's life.

Medicines

Medicines (drugs, drugs)- substances or their combinations that come into contact with the human or animal body, penetrate into the organs, tissues of the human or animal body, used for prevention, diagnosis (with the exception of substances or their combinations that are not in contact with the human or animal body), treatment of a disease, rehabilitation, for the preservation, prevention or termination of pregnancy and obtained from blood, blood plasma, organs, tissues of the human or animal body, plants, minerals by synthesis methods or using biological technologies. Medicinal products include pharmaceutical substances and drugs.

original medicinal product- a medicinal product containing a pharmaceutical substance obtained for the first time or a new combination of pharmaceutical substances, the efficacy and safety of which have been confirmed by the results of preclinical studies of medicinal products and clinical trials of medicinal products

Source: Federal Law of the Russian Federation of April 12, 2010 N 61-FZ

Medicine, medicinal product, medicine, medicine(novolat. praeparatum medicinale, praeparatum pharmaceuticum, medication;) - a substance or mixture of substances of synthetic or natural origin in the form of a dosage form (tablets, capsules, solutions, ointments, etc.) used for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Before being used in medical practice, medicinal products must undergo clinical trials and receive approval for use.

Original medicines and generics

An original drug is a drug that was previously unknown and first released to the market by a developer or patent holder. As a rule, the development and marketing of a new drug is a very expensive and time-consuming process. Of the many known compounds, as well as newly synthesized ones, by enumeration, on the basis of databases on their properties and computer modeling of the proposed biological activity, substances with the maximum target activity are identified and synthesized. After animal experiments, in the case of a positive result, limited clinical trials are carried out on groups of volunteers. If the effectiveness is confirmed, and side effects are insignificant, the drug goes into production, and based on the results of additional tests, possible features of the action are clarified, undesirable effects are revealed. Often the most harmful side effects are found in clinical use. Currently, almost all new drugs are patented. The patent legislation of most countries provides for patent protection not only for the method of obtaining a new drug, but also for the patent protection of the drug itself.

In the Russian Federation, the term of a patent for an invention related to a medicinal product, the application of which requires obtaining a permit in accordance with the procedure established by law, is extended by the federal executive authority for intellectual property at the request of the patent holder for a period calculated from the date of filing an application for an invention until the date of receipt of the first such permission to use, minus five years. At the same time, the period for which the validity of a patent for an invention is extended cannot exceed five years. After the expiration of the patent, other manufacturers can reproduce and put on the market a similar drug (the so-called generic), if they prove the bioequivalence of the reproduced and original drugs. At the same time, the generic production technology can be any, but not subject to the existing patent protection in the country. Of course, the generic manufacturer cannot use the brand name for this drug, but only the international non-proprietary name (INN), or some new patented by him (synonym). Despite the new name in their medicinal action, the drugs can be similar or very close.

Are original drugs and generics completely equivalent? From the point of view of chemistry, the active substance is the same. But the production technology is different, different degrees of purification are possible. There are other factors as well. For example, it is known that for a long time different companies could not achieve the same effectiveness of acetylsalicylic acid (for a generic) as Bayer AG, the manufacturer of the original drug "aspirin". It turned out that the matter was not only in the purity of the raw materials, but also in a special method of crystallization, which resulted in special, smaller crystals of acetylsalicylic acid. There can be many such nuances. The opposite result is also possible, when the generic is more successful than the original medicine.

The chemical nature of drugs. Factors that provide the therapeutic effect of drugs - pharmacological action and placebo effects.

Drugs are 1) vegetable 2) animal 3) microbial 4) mineral 5) synthetic

Synthetic drugs are represented by almost all classes of chemical compounds.

pharmachologic effect– the effect of drugs on the object and its targets.

placebo- any component of therapy that does not have any specific biological effect on the disease that is the object of treatment.

It is used for the purpose of control in assessing the action of drugs and in order to benefit the patient without any pharmacological agents as a result of only psychological effects (i.e. placebo effect).

All treatments have a psychological or satisfying component ( placebo effect) or disturbing ( nocebo effect). An example of a placebo effect: a patient with a viral infection quickly improves with the use of antibiotics that do not affect viruses.

The favorable placebo effect is associated with the psychological impact on the patient. It will be maximum only when it is used combined with therapies with a pronounced specific effect. Expensive substances as a placebo also contribute to achieving a greater response.

Sources and stages of drug creation. Definition of the concepts of medicinal substance, medicinal product, medicinal product and dosage form. The name of the drugs.

Sources for creating drugs:

a) natural raw materials: plants, animals, minerals, etc. (cardiac glycosides, porcine insulin)

b) modified natural biologically active substances

c) synthetic compounds

d) genetic engineering products (recombinant insulin, interferons)

Stages of creating LS:

1. Synthesis of drugs in a chemical laboratory

2. Preclinical assessment of the activity and adverse effects of drugs by the Ministry of Health and other organisms

3. Clinical trials of drugs (for details, see clause 1)

Medicinal substance (PM, "substance")- a chemical substance for pharmacotherapy, diagnostics, pharmacoprophylaxis, prevention of pregnancy and childbirth. (chemical compound used as a medicine)

Medicine(PM, "pharmacological agent") - a drug or a combination of a drug and other substances from any manufacturer.

medicinal product(MP, "packaging") - a drug registered by a specific manufacturer in a specific dosage form and dose (approved by a government agency for medical use)

Dosage form- this is a form convenient for practical use, given to medicines to obtain the necessary therapeutic or prophylactic effect. Dosage forms, depending on the consistency, are divided into:

 liquid (solutions, infusions, decoctions, mucus, emulsions, suspensions).

 soft (ointments, pastes, suppositories, patches).

 solid (tablets, dragees, powders).

Medicine(drug) is an obsolete collective designation for drugs, drugs and drugs.

Chemical name - reflects the composition and structure of the drug

INN- international non-proprietary name of drugs (chemical). The name of a medicinal substance recommended by WHO, adopted for identification by belonging to a certain pharmacological group and in order to avoid bias and confusion. As a rule, reflects the chemical structure of the drug substance

Trade (proprietary)) - "Aspirin", "Panadol", etc.

International (non-proprietary) - acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol, etc.

Proprietary trade name (Brand name). It is assigned by pharmaceutical companies that produce this particular drug and may be their commercial property (trademark) protected by a patent.

Medicines are also created by chemical synthesis without the use of biological technologies, using the activity of microorganisms. Mankind has been using drugs since time immemorial, but there are periods in the history of pharmacotherapy (horses of the 19th - early 20th centuries) when the positive role of drugs was denied, and this was considered a sign of an advanced way of thinking. The denial of pharmacotherapy was expressed in the punning saying: "Treat with the mind, not with the medicine."

Medicinal preparations - dosed medicinal products, ready for use. They are divided into poisonous, potent and general purpose. When taking, it is important to accurately observe the dose.

Single dose - the amount of the drug, calculated at one time. If the drug is dispensed by prescription, then the doctor determines the single dose. When self-administering drugs, it is important to correctly determine their dose (for example, if you need to take 500 mg of the drug, and the tablet contains 1000 mg, then you need to take 1/2 tablet).

The highest single dose is the maximum amount of the drug calculated per dose.

The highest daily dose is the maximum amount of the drug that can be taken per day.

Medicine is usually called tablets, potions, powders, etc. However, these are only dosage forms of certain therapeutic agents.

Each drug contains an active substance that determines its medicinal properties.

An ordinary tablet may consist entirely of the active substance, but more often it is a mixture of it with excipients, non-drug substances. The fact is that medicinal doses of a particular substance often amount to milligrams and even fractions of a milligram, and, consequently, a tablet entirely consisting of such a substance would have microscopic dimensions. Substances-fillers, in addition, can slow down or, conversely, accelerate the action of the drug. Therefore, even drugs with the same active substance sometimes cause different effects. This should be remembered, and take the remedy only under the supervision of a doctor.

To date, more than 7 thousand drugs have been developed in the world, and most of them appeared in the last 25 years.

Before starting treatment, consult your doctor.

Medicines

Medicinal products are substances or mixtures of substances used for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment of diseases, as well as for the regulation of other conditions (eg prevention of pregnancy, etc.). Medicines are obtained from a wide variety of substances by synthesis, through various chemical reactions, extraction, using biotechnology, and other methods (including from blood, blood plasma, as well as human or animal organs, tissues, plants, minerals).

Thus, medicinal products include substances of plant, animal or synthetic origin that have pharmacological activity and are intended for the production and manufacture of dosage forms.

Classification of medicines

Prescription and non-prescription medicines

In world practice, there is the concept of "over-the-counter" and "prescription" medicines. The latter suggest a greater potential danger of use without medical advice. There is a constant struggle between the "pharmaceutical" and "medical" lobbies (respectively, for the expansion of the 1st or 2nd group of drugs and the corresponding business).

State regulation is designed to take into account the interests of the population (the dilemma of "availability" and / or "safety" of medicines), without biasing towards the interests of the pharmaceutical or medical business.

Homeopathic medicines

In a number of countries, these drugs are regulated differently - either as a category of "Medicines", or as "Foods and supplements", or as "alternative medicines". Currently, there is no well-established opinion of international organizations on this matter, agreed with national health authorities.

In the Russian Federation, homeopathic medicines are subject to the same legislative regulation as conventional medicines.

Legislative regulation

From the point of view of Russian legislation, at the moment (2006), a drug is a drug that is entered in the state register of medicines.

The production of authorized medicines must comply with the international requirements of the GMP standard, however, the introduction of this requirement in the territory of a number of CIS countries is carried out in stages, as the equipment of the main operating enterprises is updated.

The sale of medicines (unlike dietary supplements) is carried out only by specialized stores (pharmacies, pharmacy kiosks) that have the appropriate license.

The circulation of medicines is regulated by law and by-laws, including the regular updating of the list of Vital and Essential Medicines (VED), the List of Narcotic Drugs, etc.

Economic consequences of legislative regulation

VAT on the sale of medicines (Russia, 2006) corresponds to 10% (unlike dietary supplements - 18%).

In Ukraine, there is a practice of returning excise duty for the use of alcohol in the manufacture of medicines - only after they are sold.

Bodies of state control over the quality of medicines

The quality of medicines in Russia is controlled by the Federal Service for Supervision of Health and Social Development (Roszdravnadzor), subordinate to the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation.

Centers for quality control of medicines operate in most large cities of Russia. Their main task is to check the organizations selling medicines (compliance with numerous norms for the storage and sale of medicines), as well as selective (and in some regions even total) control of medicines. Based on the data from the regional centers, Roszdravnadzor will make decisions on the rejection of a particular drug.

This is how it should ideally be. In practice, things look a little different.

Firstly, the vast majority of drug quality control centers are more than poorly equipped, and they are not able to carry out a complex chemical analysis of a modern drug. An even more difficult situation arises with microbiological studies, which are either not carried out at all or are carried out in a very reduced volume. As a result, all, so to speak, studies are often limited to assessing the appearance of the drug (is there any unacceptable sediment, are the tablets cracked, are the packaging correctly designed, the label is crooked, etc.).

Secondly, according to the legislation in force in Russia, it is unacceptable to require additional analysis from the seller if the medicinal product already has a valid certificate (declaration) of conformity. Thus, all additional studies should be carried out at the expense of the Centers for Quality Control of Medicines. In fact, this translates into additional costs for the seller.

Third, drug quality control centers should produce selective drug control. In many regions of Russia (for example, Stavropol, the Tver region, Tatarstan), the repeated check is of a total nature. In general, this is illegal, and due to the lack of equipment of laboratories, it is simply meaningless, which leads to a significant difficulty in selling not only counterfeit and low-quality drugs, but also drugs in general.

As a result of the above, we can say that most of the regional Centers for Quality Control of Medicines today do not fulfill their tasks, only creating grounds for bribes and unfair competition.

Rejected and counterfeit medicines are subject to withdrawal from the pharmacy network, information about them is available on the following websites:

Original medicines and generics

An original drug is a drug that is first released by the developer. As a rule, the development of a new drug is a very expensive and time-consuming process. Of the many known compounds, as well as newly synthesized ones, by enumeration, on the basis of databases on their properties and computer modeling of the proposed biological activity, substances with the maximum target activity are identified and synthesized. After animal experiments, in the case of a positive result, limited clinical trials are carried out on groups of volunteers. If the effectiveness is confirmed, and side effects are insignificant, the drug goes into production, and based on the results of additional tests, possible features of the action are clarified, undesirable effects are revealed.

At the same time, the manufacturer patents this new drug. All other firms can produce synonyms (so-called generics), but by their own technology, if they prove the bioequivalence of drugs. Of course, they cannot use the brand name for this drug, but only the INN, or some new patented by them. Despite the new name, in their effect, such drugs can be similar, or very close.

Are original drugs and generics completely equivalent? From the point of view of chemistry, the active substance is the same. But the production technology is different, different degrees of purification are possible. There are other factors as well. For example, it is known that for a long time different companies could not achieve the same effectiveness of acetylsalicylic acid (generic) as that of Bayer AG, the manufacturer of the original drug "aspirin". It turned out that the matter was not only in the purity of the raw materials, but also in a special method of crystallization, which resulted in special, smaller crystals of acetylsalicylic acid. There can be many such nuances. The opposite result is also possible, when the generic is more successful than the original medicine.

In modern preparations, only one of the isomers (enantiomers) may be biologically active, the other may be weakly active, inactive, or even harmful (see Bioavailability).

Illegal actions in the production and circulation of medicines

Counterfeit drugs, counterfeit drugs

The pharmaceutical business is considered the third most profitable, after the arms and drugs trade. This attracts unscrupulous entrepreneurs to him.

In Russia, until 1991, the problem of falsification of medicines was practically absent.

After the collapse of the USSR, the resulting decrease in the production of its own drugs and a sharp increase in imports, the problem became urgent. Approximately one tenth of all medicines sold on the world market are counterfeit or counterfeit.

• 1998 The first official case of detection of counterfeit drugs in Russia was registered
• 2004 Introduction of the concept of "counterfeit medicines" into the Russian legislation

In the Russian history of drug falsification, 3 stages can be conditionally distinguished:

A distinction should be made between counterfeit medicines and counterfeit medicines.

Fake

Counterfeit is a deliberate change in the formulation of the production of a medicinal product. Replacing expensive components with cheaper ones, or reducing the content (and in the worst case, completely absent) of the necessary component of the drug. For example, replacing the more expensive cefazolin with cheaper (and less effective) penicillin. In addition, other violations in production are possible: violation of the time and sequence of the technological process, underestimation of the degree of purification, poor-quality packaging materials, etc.

counterfeit

Counterfeit drugs are drugs produced without the permission of the patent holder - the developer company.

The effectiveness of a drug is primarily determined by the active substance (but not only by it, see bioequivalence). According to international law, the formula or composition of the active substance cannot be a company secret. But for some time (about several years) this information is closed to other manufacturers, who, even under a different name, cannot produce this medicine without the permission of the patent holder's company.

Even at the end of the allotted time, other companies cannot use the name of the drug (Brand) registered by the company - the patent holder (the so-called patent form).

There is a temptation for drug manufacturers, knowing the formula, to release drugs bypassing the patent owner. An example is the drug No-Shpa® (registered brand name). In fact, this is a fairly simple synthesized drug, the active substance of which has the generic name "drotaverine". However, for several generations people have used No-Shpa and know nothing about some drotaverine. Accordingly, the price of a branded drug is 10 (!) Times higher than the price of exactly the same in composition, manufacturing technology and action, the drug drotaverine. It is not surprising that at some factories that produce cheap domestic drugs during the day, at night the same drugs are packed in foreign, branded packages. It should be added that this usually does not affect the quality of the drug, since the counterfeit manufacturer is afraid to arouse even the slightest suspicion from the inspection authorities.

Illicit drug trafficking

Narcotic substances are subject to stricter rules of circulation than other drugs. However, due to the increased demand for them, there are situations in which officials neglect the proper performance of official duties.

• The flip side of the tightening of requirements for the circulation of narcotic drugs is the unreasonably difficult obtaining by persons with direct indications for use (oncological diseases, etc.).

5. Medicinal substance, medicinal product, medicinal product, dosage form

Drug - any substance or product used to modify or investigate physiological systems or pathological conditions for the benefit of the recipient (according to WHO, 1966); individual substances, mixtures of substances or compositions of unknown composition, with proven medicinal properties.

Medicinal substance - an individual chemical compound used as a drug.

Dosage form - a convenient form for practical use, given to the drug to obtain the desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect.

Medicinal product – a medicinal product in a specific dosage form approved by a government agency.

6. Names of drugs, generic drugs.

a) full chemical name: para-acetaminophenol

b) international (non-proprietary, officially approved in the pharmacopoeia): "Paracetamol"

c) trade (proprietary): "Panadol"

Generic drugs (generic drugs) - drugs that have chemical, biological and clinical equivalence with known drugs for which patent protection has expired.

7. Concepts of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

Pharmacokinetics is everything that the body does with drugs: it studies absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), binding to plasma proteins and other tissues, and elimination of drugs.

Pharmacodynamics is everything that drugs do with the body: it studies the localization, mechanism of action, biochemical, physiological, side effects, toxic effects of drugs, their strength and duration.

8. The main components of pharmacokinetics:

Association with plasma proteins and other tissues

Metabolism (biotransformation) of drugs

Elimination of drugs from the body

9. Ways of introducing drugs into the body. Presystemic elimination of drugs.

Ways of introducing drugs into the body:

1. For systemic action

a. Enteral route of administration:

Inside (peros) - orally

Through a probe (for example, into the 12th duodenum)

b. Parenteral route of administration: intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, inhalation, subarachnoid, transdermal.

2. For local exposure:

In the cavity (abdominal, pleural, articular)

In tissue (infiltration)

Presystemic elimination of drugs - loss of drugs before entering the general circulation system (i.e., into the systemic circulation) - losses during the first passage (through the liver).

10. Transfer of drugs through biological barriers: main mechanisms and determinants.

The main mechanisms of drug transfer:

a) filtration through the water channels of the membranes (pore diameter of the order of 4 Ắ), characteristic of water, some ions, small hydrophilic molecules (urea).

b) diffusion in lipids is the main mechanism of drug transfer, drugs diffuse passively along the concentration gradient.

2) active (i.e., flowing with energy consumption):

a) active transfer - the transfer of drugs, regardless of the concentration gradient using the energy of ATP, is characteristic of hydrophilic polar molecules, a number of inorganic ions, sugars, amino acids, pyrimidines.

b) microvesicular transport (pinocytosis) - invagination of the cell membrane and subsequent capture of the drug with the formation of a vacuole (absorption of vitamin B 12 in combination with the intrinsic factor of Castle and some protein molecules).

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What is a drug

A medicinal product (MP) is a special substance or a combination of several substances of natural, synthetic or biotechnological origin that has pharmacological activity and is used in a certain dosage form for the prevention and diagnosis of diseases, the treatment and medical rehabilitation of patients, and the prevention of pregnancy by internal or external use.

Classification of medicines (basic criteria):

1. According to the state of aggregation (dosage form):

Solid (tablets, dragees, granules, powders, collections, hard gelatin capsules, films);

Soft (ointments, gels, creams, suppositories, soft gelatin capsules);

Liquid (solutions, tinctures, extracts, suspensions, emulsions, syrups);

2. According to the dosing method:

Dosed (powders, solutions, tablets, capsules and others, divided into separate doses);

Undosed (ointments, gels, powders, bath powders, etc.);

3. According to the method and route of introduction into the body:

Enteral - introduced into the body through the gastrointestinal tract (through the mouth - orally, under the tongue - sublingually, through the rectum - rectally);

Parenteral - administered bypassing the gastrointestinal tract (by injection into the vascular bed (artery, vein), under the skin or into the muscle, by application to the skin and mucous membranes of the body, by inhalation).

4. According to anatomical-therapeutic-chemical groups (international classification):

According to the nosology of the disease for which the drug is intended

According to the pharmacological action of drugs,

Its chemical structure

Group L: Anticancer drugs and immunomodulators

L 01 Anticancer drugs

L 01 C Plant alkaloids

L 01 SA Vinca alkaloids and analogues

L 01 CA01 Vinblastine

L 01 CA02 Vincristine

L 01 CA04 Vinorelbine

L 01 CD Taxoids

L 01 CD01 Paclitaxel

L 01 CD02 Docetaxel

Dosage form - the form given to the medicinal product, which determines its state, dosage, packaging and method of application.

Types of dosage forms of medicines:

Solid (tablets, hard gelatin capsules, powders, granules);

Liquid (solutions, suspensions, emulsions);

Soft (ointments, creams, gels, suppositories, soft gelatin capsules);

2. Pharmacy and pharmaceuticals: history of origin and development. « | » 4. The composition of medicines | pharmaceutical substance, excipient.

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Medicines - what is it? Classifications

Pharmacology is a science that studies how drugs act on the human body, how new drugs are obtained. Even the ancient Greeks and Indians, the inhabitants of the tundra and the southern edge of Africa, tried to defeat diseases, looked for ways to deal with them. People have always strived for this, making their obsession the main dream.

A little about pharmacological terminology

Drugs are substances or a combination of substances used by people to treat diseases or for preventive purposes.

Medicinal products are drugs that are ready to use. Medicines can have various forms, which makes their use convenient and creates the possibility of an individual approach to the treatment of each patient. The variety of formulations of drugs allows them to be delivered to the body in different ways, which helps to work with patients who have an unconscious state and treat patients who have been injured or burned.

The concept of lists: A and B

There is a division of all drugs into three main groups:

• List A includes poisonous drugs.
• To list B - potent drugs and analgesics.
• To medicines available without a doctor's prescription - all the rest.

To obtain medicines of classes A and B in pharmacy chains, a special prescription is required. They demand that they be treated with increased attention: they know how to take it correctly, as well as the conditions for the proper storage of these medicines. Some of them decompose in sunlight or become toxic if stored in the light.

In addition, there is strict reporting on the use of certain drugs (such drugs include morphine). In this case, the drugs are handed over by ampoules by nurses after the shift, which must be confirmed by an appropriate entry in the journal. Medicines that are considered antipsychotics, vaccines, and drugs for anesthesia are also subject to accounting.

What is a recipe?

A prescription is a special note by a doctor to pharmacists or pharmacists, which indicates a request to allow the patient to purchase a medicine. The prescription indicates the form, dose, method and frequency of use of the drug.

The prescription form is both a medical, legal and monetary document in the case when the medicine is given free of charge and on a discount. Based on the existing legislative act regulating the rules for issuing prescriptions, this can be done by a doctor of any specialty and position.

A drug can not only eliminate or prevent diseases. It can also be poisonous, so the doctor must be careful when writing a prescription: the dosage must be accurate and correct.

The concept of drug dosage

Filling out the prescription form, the doctor writes down, using Arabic numerals, the amount of the medicinal substance, indicating mass or volume units in the decimal system, separating grams with a comma (1.5). The drops that make up the medicinal substance are indicated by Roman numerals. The calculation of the composition of some antibiotics is made only in international or biological units, denoted by IU or ED.

There are various forms of medicinal substances: solid, liquid, gaseous. To indicate the amount of liquids and gases in the prescription, milliliters are used, and for inhalation, doctors sometimes note doses of a dry medicinal substance. At the bottom of the prescription, the doctor puts his signature and personal seal. Also in the prescription it is necessary to indicate the surname, initials, age of the patient, put the date and expiration date of the prescription.

Prescriptions are written on special forms for the purchase of subsidized drugs, narcotic substances, sleeping pills, antipsychotics and painkillers. Such prescriptions are signed by the attending physician, the chief physician of the hospital, certifying with a seal. A round seal of the medical institution is also put.

It is forbidden in outpatient clinics to extract ether for anesthesia, fentanyl, chloroethane, ketamine and other sleeping substances. Doctors in most countries use Latin for writing prescriptions. Medication recommendations are written in language that patients can understand.

Permission to sell narcotic and poisonous drugs is issued for five days, medical alcohol for ten days, and prescriptions for other medicines have a validity period of two months after issuance

What is the general classification?

Today there are many unusual drugs, so they need to be classified for proper orientation. There are the following conditional classification guides:

1. Therapeutic action - a group of drugs that are used in the treatment of one disease.
2. Pharmacological action - the effect produced by the drug.
3. Chemical structure.
4. Nosological principle, which is similar to the therapeutic, but with a narrow distinction.

The division of drugs into groups

The development of medicine has led to the fact that doctors had to deal with the systematization of medicines. The classification was made by chemists and pharmacists, using the principle of the application point. It consisted of the following categories:

1. Psychotropic drugs and drugs that have a therapeutic effect on the cells of the central nervous system (tranxilizers, neuroleptics, sedatives, antidepressants, antiepileptic, anti-inflammatory drugs).
2. Medicines for the treatment of the peripheral nervous system (ganglion blockers, anticholinergics).
3. Local anesthetics.
4. Drugs that change vascular tone.
5. Diuretic and choleretic agents.
6. Medicines for the treatment of organs of internal secretion and metabolism.
7. Antibiotics and antiseptics.
8. Anticancer drugs.
9. Diagnostic tools (dyes, contrast agents, radionuclides).

With the help of this and similar divisions, young doctors study the medicines that exist today. With the help of classification into groups, doctors intuitively understand how a particular drug works and remember the doses.

Medicines are classified according to their chemical structure.

On this basis, antiseptic and antimicrobial drugs are classified. Medicinal substances are bactericidal and bacteriostatic, and differ in their chemical structure, which underlies the mechanism of action of the drug on the body and names.

• Halides. They are based on elements belonging to the halogen group (chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine).
• Oxidizers. The mechanism of their action is the ability to form free oxygen in large quantities (hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, hydroperite).
• Acids. For medical purposes, various acids are used, but salicylic and boric acids are most often used.
• alkalis. These include sodium borate, ammonia.
• Aldehydes that remove fluid from tissues (formalin, ethyl alcohol, and others).
• Salts of heavy metals.
• Phenols, characterized by the provision of an irritating and cauterizing effect on the body (carbolic acid, lysol).
• Dyes. Used for diagnostics, as well as a local irritant and antibacterial agent (methylene blue, brilliant green, and others).
• Tars and resins in the form of Vishnevsky's balm, Wilkinson's ointment, ichthyol and others. They are used to improve local blood supply to tissues.

Solid drugs are drugs that are produced in the form of:

• Tablets obtained by shaping a powder under pressure, which contains active and excipients.
• Dragee - arranged in layers of active and auxiliary substances, which are pressed around the granules.
• powder. They are used as powders for wounds, for intramuscular or intravenous injections (saline is used to dilute the powder). Powders are undosed and dosed, simple and complex.
• A capsule in a gelatin shell contains a medicine that can be liquid, granular, powder or paste.
• The granules most commonly used for the manufacture of homeopathic medicines are small particles, the size of which does not exceed half a millimeter.

Medicines are available in liquid form

This method is used to prepare solutions, galenic and novogalenic preparations, balms, collodions and other liquid and semi-liquid preparations.

• To form solutions, the drug substance is mixed with a solvent.
• To obtain galenical preparations, plant extracts are heated.
• For the preparation of infusions and decoctions, dry medicinal plants are used. Their composition is indicated in the prescription, and the solvent and its amount are also indicated so that the pharmacist correctly prepares the drug.
• Infusions and extracts are liquids that contain alcohol. They can be prepared in their pure form, and there are also alcohol-water or alcohol-ether.
• For the preparation of novogalenic preparations, raw materials and the finished product are subjected to a high degree of purification.

Medicines of special forms

These include balms. Balm is an oily liquid that has deodorizing and antiseptic properties.

Collodion is obtained by dissolving nitrocellulose in alcohol and ether. A combination of one to six. Used for external use.

Any cream has a semi-liquid consistency and consists of plant extracts that are mixed with a base in the form of glycerin, wax, paraffin.

It is better for children to give medicines in the form of lemonades and syrups. Little patients take them with pleasure and they like this treatment process.

Injections are made with sterile aqueous and oily solutions, which are simple and complex. When writing a prescription, the doctor must indicate the dose of the medicinal substance and its volume, which contains one ampoule, and recommend the place of administration of the drug.

Soft drugs

A mild form of the drug is obtained by using a fatty or fat-like substance as a base. They are defined, classified, manufactured by chemists and pharmacists. The doctor should only specify the dose and indication for use in the prescription.

Medicinal ointments should contain at least twenty-five percent of solids. The appropriate consistency can be achieved by mixing the powder and animal fat, wax, vegetable oils, petroleum jelly or polyethylene glycol.

The same conditions are used when making pastes, with the difference that they are more viscous. The consistency of the liniments, on the contrary, should be more liquid. In addition, they are shaken before use in order to allow the settled powder to be evenly distributed in the solvent.

Suppositories or suppositories have a solid form, however, when they enter the human body, they quickly melt and turn into liquid.

The patches have a solid form while they are in a room at room temperature. Once on the skin, they melt and stick to it, which contributes to the formation of a tight contact.

Most medicines are substances of plant origin, which are subjected to chemical or physical treatment in order to better assimilate them into the body of an unhealthy person.

Most people mistakenly believe that a drug and a drug are the same thing. In fact, there is a slight difference between these two things.

Features of the drug

A drug is a substance or mixture of substances that is used for disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Medicines are created from various substances using synthesis, various chemical reactions and biological technologies. It is worth noting that this tool can be not only a synthetic product, but also a substance of plant or animal origin. Presented as food supplements.

To date, medicines are divided into the following:

• Those that are sold strictly by prescription.
• Those that are sold without the consent of a doctor.

Despite the fact that these substances in our country belong to the group of medicines, in Europe they are a group of food additives or a group of alternative medicine.

According to the Russian law, which came out in 2006, all substances listed in the state register of medicines are such.

The manufacture of medicines must be carried out strictly in accordance with international requirements, otherwise such products are not tested and cannot be sold to people.

You can sell these substances only in pharmacies that have the appropriate license. The sale of medicines in cosmetic stores is strictly prohibited.

Features of drugs

A medicinal product is a substance or a mixture of certain substances that for disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Such drugs can be created from synthetic and natural substances. Such drugs are presented in the form of tablets, capsules, ointments, solutions and more.

Before using drugs, you need to make sure that they have passed all the necessary studies and do not have dangerous side effects.

The following types of raw materials are used to create medicines:

1. Plant substances (grass, flowers, roots), as well as products related to their processing (juice, resin, oil).
2. Animal substances - fat, fat.
3. Organic fossil raw materials - oil and products of its distillation.
4. Inorganic fossil raw materials - products of processing of mineral rocks.
5. Various products from the chemical industry.

As a rule, drugs are taken directly by mouth through the mouth.

As well as drugs, these drugs are divided into the following:

• Those sold by prescription only;
• Those sold without a doctor's prescription.

It is worth noting that doctors prefer drugs, not medicines.

What is common between drug and drug?

It is important to highlight the point that medicines and drugs are very similar to each other and they have a lot in common, which makes people confuse them:

1. A drug, like a drug, is a substance or a mixture of substances that was created for the prevention of a disease, its diagnosis and further treatment.
2. In both cases, synthetic substances are used, as well as substances of animal and vegetable origin.
3. Both types of substances are divided into those that are sold only by prescription and those that are sold without a doctor's prescription.
4. Before going on sale, both types of substances are thoroughly tested and tested on volunteers.

In order not to confuse these substances, you should always remember that a drug is only a food supplement, but a drug can be an ointment, a solution, and, of course, a tablet.

Main Differences Between Drug and Drug Product

The differences between medicines and medicinal products are as follows:

1. The drug is presented in the form of some food additives, and the drug is presented in the form of tablets, ointments, solutions.
2. In European countries, it is believed that a drug is part of alternative medicine, but a drug is already part of modern medicine.
3. In modern medicine, drugs are preferred because drugs are much less trustworthy.
4. And there is also another slight difference, it lies in the fact that drugs are directly related to food intake (presented as food supplements), but drugs can be taken regardless of food.

These are all the differences between drug and drug product. If we analyze everything in detail, it can be noted that these substances have much more and larger similarities than differences, so the best option would be to combine them into one group.