The process of destruction of microbes by cells eaters. Big war with a small enemy, or how to destroy bacteria. Organic Waste Recycling and Farming
Option 1
A1. What is the name of the science of the structure of man and his organs?
1) anatomy 3) biology
2) physiology 4) hygiene
A2. What part of the brain is called the small brain?
1) midbrain 3) medulla oblongata
2) spinal cord 4) cerebellum
A3. What muscle group do the temporalis muscles belong to?
1) to mimic 3) to respiratory
2) to chewing 4) to motor
A4. What is the name of the process of destruction of microbes by consuming cells?
1) immunity 3) phagocytosis
2) brucellosis 4) immunodeficiency
A5. What is the name of the enzyme of gastric juice that can only act in an acidic environment and breaks down protein into simpler compounds?
1) hemoglobin 3) cerebellum
2) pituitary gland 4) pepsin
A6. What is the name of the nerve structures that convert perceived stimuli into nerve impulses?
1) sensitive neurons 3) intercalary neurons
2) receptors 4) synapses
A7. What is an excessive increase in blood pressure called?
1) hypertension 3) hypotension
2) allergy 4) arrhythmia
IN 1. What are the functions of the nervous and endocrine systems?
IN 2. What is the name of the constant composition of the fluids that make up the internal
Wednesday?
AT 3. What is the name of a liquid containing weakened microbes or their poisons?
AT 4. Who discovered central braking?
AT 5. What are the rhythmic vibrations of the walls of arteries called?
C1. What secretion gland does the pancreas belong to? Explain why?
C2. What are the consequences of kidney failure in humans?
Biology test for the 8th grade course
Option 2
A1. What is the name of the warm salty liquid that connects all human organs with each other, providing them with oxygen and nutrition?
1) tissue fluid 3) lymph
2) blood 4) intercellular fluid
A2. What is the name of the part of the brain that provides coordination and coordination of movements, as well as the balance of the body?
1) medulla oblongata 3) cerebellum
2) hypothalamus 4) midbrain
A3. What type of tissue is bone tissue?
1) connective 3) muscular
2) epithelial 4) nervous
A4. What makes up the bulk of plasma?
1) lymph 3) erythrocytes
2) water 4) shaped elements
A5. What is the name of the largest gland in our body, located in the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm?
1) thyroid 3) pancreas
2) spleen 4) liver
A6. What is the contact between neurons and cells of the working organs?
1) with the help of synapses 3) with the help of the vagus nerve
2) with the help of alveoli 4) with the help of receptors
A7. What is lymph formed from?
1) from blood 3) from tissue fluid
2) from intercellular substance 4) from gastric juice
IN 1. What is the name of the transparent semi-liquid mass that fills the interior of the eyeball?
IN 2. What is the gray matter of the brain made of?
AT 3. What is the name of the lack of vitamins in the body?
AT 4. Where does gas exchange take place?
AT 5. What is the name of the ability of an organ to be rhythmically excited under the influence of impulses arising in it without external stimuli?
C1. Name at least 3 criteria that allow us to classify humans as mammals.
C2. Is it possible for a person with blood type II to transfuse blood type III and why? Why can blood of group I be transfused to all four groups?
Answers
Option 1
A1 - 1
A2 - 4
A3 - 2
A4 - 3
A5 - 4
A6 - 2
A7 - 1
B1 - regulatory
B2 - homeostasis
B3 - vaccine
B4 - I.M. Sechenov
B5 - pulse
C1 - Mixed secretion. Part of the cells of the pancreas secretes hormones (insulin) directly into the blood, the other part - pancreatic juice, which enters the duodenum through the ducts.
C2 - Kidneys - an organ of the excretory system. Violation of their work can lead to disruption of homeostasis (changes in the composition of the internal environment) and poisoning of the body with metabolic products.
Option 2
A1 - 2
A2 - 3
A3 - 1
A4 - 2
A5 - 4
A6 - 1
A7 - 2
B1 - vitreous body
B2 - from the bodies of neurons
B3 - hypovitaminosis
B4 - in the alveoli of the lungs and tissues
B5 - automatism
C1 - the presence of the uterus and mammary glands, the lungs are of the alveolar type, the heart includes 4 chambers, a constant body temperature, the chest and abdominal cavities are separated by a diaphragm.
C2 - it is impossible, because the meeting of agglutinins β contained in the blood of group II with agglutinogens B contained in the blood of group III will lead to agglutination. There are no agglutinogens A and B in the blood of the group, so it can be transfused to all blood groups.
Criteria for evaluating responses
For each correctly completed task under the letter A, 1 point is awarded, a total of 7 points.
For each correctly completed task under the letter B, 2 points are awarded, a total of 10 points.
For each correctly completed task under the letter C, 3 points are awarded, a total of 6 points.
Total - 23 points
80-100% - rating "5"
60-80% - grade "4"
40-60% - grade "3"
0-40% - score "2".
Explanatory note
For the intermediate certification in biology in the 8th grade, a set of test tasks (2 options) was compiled. They are compiled taking into account the state educational standard. The content of the educational material is correlated with the amount of time allotted for the study of biology in the 8th grade by the basic curriculum (2 hours per week / 68 hours per year).
All questions and tasks are divided into three levels of difficulty (A, B, C).
Level A - basic (A1-A7). Each question has 4 possible answers, only one of which is correct.
Level B - contains 5 tasks (B1-B5). Each task of this level requires a short answer (in the form of one or two words).
Level C - increased complexity contains 2 tasks (C1-C2). This assignment requires you to write a detailed answer.
45 minutes are allotted to complete the test (1 lesson).
Option 1
A1. What is the name of the science of the structure of man and his organs?
1) anatomy 3) biology
2) physiology 4) hygiene
A2. What part of the brain is called the small brain?
1) midbrain 3) medulla oblongata
2) spinal cord 4) cerebellum
A3. What muscle group do the temporalis muscles belong to?
1) to mimic 3) to respiratory
2) to chewing 4) to motor
A4. What is the name of the process of destruction of microbes by consuming cells?
1) immunity 3) phagocytosis
2) brucellosis 4) immunodeficiency
A5. What is the name of the enzyme of gastric juice that can only act in an acidic environment and breaks down protein into simpler compounds?
1) hemoglobin 3) cerebellum
2) pituitary gland 4) pepsin
A6. What is the name of the nerve structures that convert perceived stimuli into nerve impulses?
1) sensitive neurons 3) intercalary neurons
2) receptors 4) synapses
A7. What is an excessive increase in blood pressure called?
1) hypertension 3) hypotension
2) allergy 4) arrhythmia
IN 1. What are the functions of the nervous and endocrine systems?
IN 2. What is the name of the constant composition of the fluids that make up the internal
AT 3. What is the name of a liquid containing weakened microbes or their poisons?
AT 4. Who discovered central braking?
AT 5. What are the rhythmic vibrations of the walls of arteries called?
C1. What secretion gland does the pancreas belong to? Explain why?
C2. What are the consequences of kidney failure in humans?
Biology test for the 8th grade course
Option 2
A1. What is the name of the warm salty liquid that connects all human organs with each other, providing them with oxygen and nutrition?
1) tissue fluid 3) lymph
2) blood 4) intercellular fluid
A2. What is the name of the part of the brain that provides coordination and coordination of movements, as well as the balance of the body?
1) medulla oblongata 3) cerebellum
2) hypothalamus 4) midbrain
A3. What type of tissue is bone tissue?
1) connective 3) muscular
2) epithelial 4) nervous
A4. What makes up the bulk of plasma?
1) lymph 3) erythrocytes
2) water 4) shaped elements
A5. What is the name of the largest gland in our body, located in the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm?
1) thyroid 3) pancreas
2) spleen 4) liver
A6. What is the contact between neurons and cells of the working organs?
1) with the help of synapses 3) with the help of the vagus nerve
2) with the help of alveoli 4) with the help of receptors
A7. What is lymph formed from?
1) from blood 3) from tissue fluid
2) from intercellular substance 4) from gastric juice
IN 1. What is the name of the transparent semi-liquid mass that fills the interior of the eyeball?
IN 2. What is the gray matter of the brain made of?
AT 3. What is the name of the lack of vitamins in the body?
AT 4. Where does gas exchange take place?
AT 5. What is the name of the ability of an organ to be rhythmically excited under the influence of impulses arising in it without external stimuli?
C1. Name at least 3 criteria that allow us to classify humans as mammals.
C2. Is it possible for a person with blood type II to transfuse blood type III and why? Why can blood of group I be transfused to all four groups?
Answers
Option 1
A3 - 2
A4 - 3
A5 - 4
A6 - 2
B1 - regulatory
B2 - homeostasis
B3 - vaccine
B4 - I.M. Sechenov
B5 - pulse
C1 - Mixed secretion. Part of the cells of the pancreas secretes hormones (insulin) directly into the blood, the other part - pancreatic juice, which enters the duodenum through the ducts.
C2 - Kidneys - an organ of the excretory system. Violation of their work can lead to disruption of homeostasis (changes in the composition of the internal environment) and poisoning of the body with metabolic products.
Option 2
A3 - 1
A4 - 2
A5 - 4
A6 - 1
B1 - vitreous body
B2 - from the bodies of neurons
B3 - hypovitaminosis
B4 - in the alveoli of the lungs and tissues
B5 - automatism
C1 - the presence of the uterus and mammary glands, the lungs are of the alveolar type, the heart includes 4 chambers, a constant body temperature, the chest and abdominal cavities are separated by a diaphragm.
C2 - it is impossible, because the meeting of agglutinins β contained in the blood of group II with agglutinogens B contained in the blood of group III will lead to agglutination. There are no agglutinogens A and B in the blood of the group, so it can be transfused to all blood groups.
Criteria for evaluating responses
For each correctly completed task under the letter A, 1 point is awarded, a total of 7 points.
For each correctly completed task under the letter B, 2 points are awarded, a total of 10 points.
For each correctly completed task under the letter C, 3 points are awarded, a total of 6 points.
Total - 23 points
80-100% - rating "5"
60-80% - grade "4"
40-60% - grade "3"
0-40% - score "2".
Explanatory note
For the intermediate certification in biology in the 8th grade, a set of test tasks (2 options) was compiled. They are compiled taking into account the state educational standard. The content of the educational material is correlated with the amount of time allotted for the study of biology in the 8th grade by the basic curriculum (2 hours per week / 68 hours per year).
All questions and tasks are divided into three levels of difficulty (A, B, C).
Level A - basic (A1-A7). Each question has 4 possible answers, only one of which is correct.
Level B - contains 5 tasks (B1-B5). Each task of this level requires a short answer (in the form of one or two words).
Level C - increased complexity contains 2 tasks (C1-C2). This assignment requires you to write a detailed answer.
45 minutes are allotted to complete the test (1 lesson).
Photo taken with an electron microscope showing the process of attaching bacteriophages (T1 coliphages) to the surface of an E. coli bacterium.
At the end of the 20th century, it became clear that bacteria undoubtedly dominate the Earth's biosphere, accounting for more than 90% of its biomass. Each species has many specialized types of viruses. According to preliminary estimates, the number of bacteriophage species is about 1015. To understand the scale of this figure, we can say that if every person on Earth discovers one new bacteriophage every day, then it will take 30 years to describe all of them. Thus, bacteriophages are the least studied creatures in our biosphere. Most of the bacteriophages known today belong to the order Caudovirales - tailed viruses. Their particles have a size of 50 to 200 nm. The tail of different lengths and shapes ensures the attachment of the virus to the surface of the host bacterium, the head (capsid) serves as a repository for the genome. Genomic DNA encodes the structural proteins that form the "body" of the bacteriophage and the proteins that ensure the multiplication of the phage inside the cell during infection. We can say that a bacteriophage is a natural high-tech nanoobject. For example, phage tails are a "molecular syringe" that pierces the wall of a bacterium and injects its DNA into the cell as it contracts.
Bacteriophages use the apparatus of a bacterial cell for reproduction, "reprogramming" it to produce new copies of viruses. The last step in this process is lysis, killing the bacterium and releasing new bacteriophages.
Photo taken with an electron microscope showing the process of attaching bacteriophages (T1 coliphages) to the surface of an E. coli bacterium.
All these molecular subtleties were not known in the second decade of the twentieth century, when "invisible infectious agents that destroy bacteria" were discovered. But even without the electron microscope, which was used for the first time in the late 1940s to obtain images of bacteriophages, it was clear that they are capable of destroying bacteria, including pathogens. This property was immediately demanded by medicine. The first attempts to treat dysentery, wound infections, cholera, typhoid and even plague with phages were carried out quite carefully, and the success looked quite convincing. But after the start of mass production and the use of phage preparations, euphoria turned into disappointment. Very little was known about what bacteriophages are, how to produce, purify and use their dosage forms. Suffice it to say that, according to the results of a test undertaken in the United States in the late 1920s, bacteriophages proper were not found in many industrial phage preparations.
The problem with antibiotics
The second half of the twentieth century in medicine can be called the “era of antibiotics”. However, Alexander Fleming, the discoverer of penicillin, warned in his Nobel lecture that microbial resistance to penicillin arises rather quickly. For the time being, antibiotic resistance has been offset by the development of new types of antimicrobial drugs. But since the 1990s, it has become clear that humanity is losing the “arms race” against microbes. First of all, the uncontrolled use of antibiotics is to blame, not only for therapeutic, but also for preventive purposes, and not only in medicine, but also in agriculture, the food industry and everyday life. As a result, resistance to these drugs began to develop not only in pathogenic bacteria, but also in the most common microorganisms living in soil and water, making them “conditional pathogens”. Such bacteria comfortably exist in medical institutions, populating plumbing, furniture, medical equipment, and sometimes even disinfectant solutions. In people with weakened immune systems, which are the majority in hospitals, they cause severe complications.
A bacteriophage is not a living being, but a molecular nanomechanism created by nature. The tail of a bacteriophage is a syringe that pierces the wall of the bacterium and injects the viral DNA stored in the head (capsid) into the cell.
No wonder the medical community is sounding the alarm. In 2012, WHO Director-General Margaret Chan issued a statement predicting the end of the era of antibiotics and humanity's defenselessness against infectious diseases. However, the practical possibilities of combinatorial chemistry - the foundations of pharmacological science - are far from being exhausted. Another thing is that the development of antimicrobial agents is a very expensive process that does not bring such profits as many other drugs. So the horror stories about “superbugs” are more of a warning that encourages people to look for alternative solutions.
In the medical service
It seems logical that there is a resurgence of interest in using bacteriophages, the natural enemies of bacteria, to treat infections. Indeed, during the decades of the “era of antibiotics”, bacteriophages actively served science, not medicine, but fundamental molecular biology. Suffice it to mention the decoding of the "triplets" of the genetic code and the process of DNA recombination. Enough is now known about bacteriophages to reasonably select phages suitable for therapeutic purposes.
Bacteriophages have many advantages as potential drugs. First of all, there are a myriad of them. Although it is also much easier to change the genetic apparatus of a bacteriophage than in a bacterium, and even more so in higher organisms, this is not necessary. You can always find something suitable in nature. It is more about selection, fixing the desired properties and reproduction of the necessary bacteriophages. This can be compared with the breeding of breeds of dogs - sledding, guard, hunting, hounds, fighting, decorative ... All of them remain dogs, but are optimized for a certain type of action that a person needs. Secondly, bacteriophages are strictly specific, that is, they destroy only a certain type of microbes, without inhibiting the normal human microflora. Thirdly, when a bacteriophage finds a bacterium that it must destroy, it begins to multiply during its life cycle. Thus, the question of dosage becomes not so acute. Fourth, bacteriophages do not cause side effects. All cases of allergic reactions when using therapeutic bacteriophages were caused either by impurities, from which the drug was not sufficiently purified, or by toxins released during the mass death of bacteria. The last phenomenon, the "Herxheimer effect", is often observed with the use of antibiotics.
Two sides of the coin
Unfortunately, medical bacteriophages also have many shortcomings. The most important problem stems from the advantage - the high specificity of phages. Each bacteriophage infects a strictly defined type of bacteria, not even a taxonomic species, but a number of narrower varieties, strains. Relatively speaking, as if the guard dog started barking only at two-meter tall thugs dressed in black raincoats, and did not react at all to a teenager in shorts climbing into the house. Therefore, cases of ineffective use are not uncommon for current phage preparations. A drug made against a certain set of strains and perfectly treating streptococcal tonsillitis in Smolensk may be powerless against all signs of the same tonsillitis in Kemerovo. The disease is the same, caused by the same microbe, and streptococcus strains in different regions are different.
From the author
Since there are a myriad of bacteriophages in nature and they constantly enter the human body with water, air, food, the immune system simply ignores them. Moreover, there is a hypothesis about the symbiosis of bacteriophages in the intestine, which regulates the intestinal microflora. Some kind of immune reaction can be achieved only with prolonged administration of large doses of phages into the body. But in this way, you can achieve an allergy to almost any substance. Last but not least, bacteriophages are inexpensive. The development and production of a drug consisting of precisely selected bacteriophages with fully decoded genomes, cultivated according to modern biotechnological standards on certain bacterial strains in chemically pure media and highly purified, is orders of magnitude cheaper than for modern complex antibiotics. This makes it possible to quickly adapt phage therapeutic preparations to changing sets of pathogenic bacteria, as well as to use bacteriophages in veterinary medicine, where expensive drugs are not economically justified.
For the most effective use of a bacteriophage, an accurate diagnosis of a pathogenic microbe, down to a strain, is necessary. The most common diagnostic method now - culture seeding - takes a lot of time and does not provide the required accuracy. Rapid methods - typing using polymerase chain reaction or mass spectrometry - are slowly introduced due to the high cost of equipment and higher requirements for the qualifications of laboratory assistants. Ideally, the selection of phage components of the drug could be done against the infection of each individual patient, but this is expensive and unacceptable in practice.
Another important disadvantage of phages is their biological nature. In addition to the fact that bacteriophages require special storage and transportation conditions to maintain infectivity, this method of treatment opens up scope for many speculations on the topic of "foreign DNA in humans." And although it is known that a bacteriophage, in principle, cannot infect a human cell and introduce its DNA into it, it is not easy to change public opinion. From the biological nature and rather large, in comparison with low-molecular drugs (the same antibiotics), the size follows the third limitation - the problem of delivering the bacteriophage into the body. If a microbial infection develops where a bacteriophage can be applied directly in the form of drops, spray or enema - on the skin, open wounds, burns, mucous membranes of the nasopharynx, ears, eyes, large intestine - then there are no problems.
But if the infection occurs in the internal organs, the situation is more complicated. Cases of successful treatment of infections of the kidneys or spleen with the usual oral administration of the bacteriophage preparation are known. However, the mechanism of penetration of relatively large (100 nm) phage particles from the stomach into the bloodstream and into the internal organs is poorly understood and varies greatly from patient to patient. Bacteriophages are also powerless against those microbes that develop inside cells, such as tuberculosis and leprosy. A bacteriophage cannot get through the wall of a human cell.
It should be noted that the use of bacteriophages and antibiotics for medical purposes should not be opposed. With their joint action, a mutual strengthening of the antibacterial effect is observed. This allows, for example, to reduce the doses of antibiotics to values that do not cause pronounced side effects. Accordingly, the mechanism for the development of resistance in bacteria to both components of the combined drug is almost impossible. The expansion of the arsenal of antimicrobial drugs gives more degrees of freedom in the choice of treatment methods. Thus, the scientifically substantiated development of the concept of using bacteriophages in antimicrobial therapy is a promising direction. Bacteriophages serve not so much as an alternative, but as a complement and enhancement in the fight against infections.
Final test for the academic year
Option 1
A1. What is the name of the science of the structure of man and his organs?
1) anatomy
2) physiology
3) biology
4) hygiene
A2. What part of the brain is called the small brain?
1) midbrain
2) spinal cord
3) medulla oblongata
4) cerebellum
A3. What muscle group do the temporalis muscles belong to?
1) to mimic
2) to chewing
3) to respiratory
4) to motor
A4. What is the name of the process of destruction of microbes by consuming cells?
1) immunity
2) brucellosis
3) phagocytosis
4) immunodeficiency
A5. What is the name of the enzyme of gastric juice that can only act in an acidic environment and breaks down protein into simpler compounds?
1) hemoglobin
2) pituitary gland
3) cerebellum
A6. What is the name of the nerve structures that convert perceived stimuli into nerve impulses?
1) sensitive neurons
2) receptors
3) intercalary neurons
4) synapses
IN 1. Establish the sequence of sections of the alimentary canal in humans.
A) small intestine
B) oral cavity
B) large intestine
D) stomach
E) esophagus
Answer: ________________________
IN 2. Choose the correct answer: What are the characteristics of therapeutic sera?
1) 1) are used to prevent infectious diseases
4) 4) antibodies do not last long in the body
5) 5) used to treat infectious diseases
Q 3. Choose the correct answer: What is the internal environment of the human body formed by?
6) tissue fluid
AT 4. Choose the correct answer: How is the human skeleton different from the skeleton of mammals?
1) spine without bends
2) arched foot
C1. What is the function of the respiratory organs?
C2. What is removed from the body through the kidneys?
Final for the academic year
Option 2
A1. What is the name of the warm salty liquid that connects all human organs with each other, providing them with oxygen and nutrition?
1) tissue fluid
4) intercellular substance
A2. Where does the division of the brain into right and left halves begin?
1) at the level of the cerebellum
2) at the level of the medulla oblongata
3) at the level of the midbrain
4) at the level of the spinal cord
A3. What type of tissue is bone tissue?
1) connective tissue
2) epithelial tissue
3) muscle tissue
4) nervous tissue
A4. What makes up the bulk of plasma?
3) erythrocytes
4) shaped elements
A5. What is the name of the largest gland in our body, located in the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm?
1) thyroid gland
2) spleen
3) pancreas
A6. What is the contact between neurons and cells of the working organs?
1) with the help of synapses
2) with the help of alveoli
3) using the vagus nerve
4) using receptors
IN 1. What are the characteristics of therapeutic serums?
1) are used to prevent infectious diseases
4) antibodies do not last long in the body
5)Used to treat infectious diseases
6) after the introduction cause diseases in a mild form
B2 Establish the sequence of sections of the alimentary canal in humans.
A) small intestine
B) oral cavity
B) large intestine
D) stomach
E) esophagus
Answer: |________________________
2. VZ. How is the human skeleton different from the skeleton of mammals?
1) spine without bends
2) arched foot
3) the spine is S-curved
4) the facial part of the skull prevails over the brain
5) the chest is compressed in the dorsal-abdominal direction
6) the ore cage is compressed laterally
AT 4. What is the internal environment of the human body?
2) organs of the chest and abdominal cavities
3) the contents of the stomach and intestines
4) cytoplasm, nucleus and organelles
6) tissue fluid
C1. What is the main criterion that allows us to classify a person as a mammal.
C2. How is the brain connected to the spinal cord?
Before starting a discussion of methods for combating microorganisms, I would like to note that many of them are very useful for the human body. The destruction of bacteria that normally live in the large intestine usually leads to the rapid reproduction of various pathogens. Therefore, differential methods are becoming increasingly popular, allowing the targeted destruction of harmful bacteria without affecting or timely restoring the normal microflora, to which a person owes his health.
Methods for combating bacterial livestock are divided into chemical, biological and physical, as well as aseptic and antiseptic methods. Asepsis - the complete destruction of bacteria and viruses, antiseptics - measures aimed at the maximum possible reduction in the activity of reproduction of harmful microorganisms. Physical methods include:
- Steaming and autoclaving. Allows you to significantly reduce the number of bacteria in food. This method is also successfully used in crop production, allowing to reduce the content of undesirable microorganisms in the soil. Surviving bacteria and viruses may be present as spores.
- Pasteurization is prolonged heating at temperatures below the boiling point of water. Allows you to save some vitamins and organic compounds and the taste of food. Invented by Louis Pasteur and named after him.
- UV treatment. It involves the use of a special lamp that emits light in the short-wave (ultraviolet) range. It allows not only to get rid of bacteria living on surfaces, but also from harmful microorganisms in the air. Recently, lamps have been created that can work indoors without harming humans, plants and animals in them.
- Exposure to high temperatures. Allows you to effectively get rid of heat-sensitive microbes, as well as destroy bacterial spores.
- Impact of low temperatures. Effective for thermophilic bacteria and viruses. Quick freezing methods are preferred, which do not give microbes time to spore. Rapid freezing is also used to study the native (living) structure of fungi, bacteria and viruses.
Chemical destruction of bacteria is also divided into aseptic and antiseptic. The range of substances used is very wide and is replenished annually with new, more and more safe for people and animals products. Their creation is based on knowledge about the structure of bacteria and viruses and their interaction with various chemicals. The methods of distributing chemical disinfectants are constantly improving. So, it can be applied:
- soaking (sanation),
- spraying (a great way to kill germs in the air),
- washing dishes and surfaces
- combination with physical methods of combating bacteria, fungi, viruses and spores (using hot solutions, boiling, turning on a bactericidal lamp, etc.).
operating rooms and laboratories. Asepsis
In this case, the most stringent methods are used to get rid of almost all bacteria in the room. The treatment of premises with disinfectants is combined with the use of quartz treatment. In the room, lamps with hard ultraviolet radiation are turned on, which are detrimental to all living cells, including those that are in the air.
Given the aggressiveness and toxicity of the methods used for humans, the treatment is carried out using overalls, and the inclusion of lamps implies the absence of people and animals in the room.
Selective destruction of microorganisms. food industry
The production of many healthy foods is impossible without microorganisms. Cultures of beneficial microbes maintained for the production of fermented milk products, hard cheeses, kvass, beer, wine, baking, fermentation of tea and coffee and other purposes tend to be contaminated by third-party microflora. This leads to a violation of production technology and a decrease in the quality of food. To combat polluting microflora, special media are used, the control of the composition of which is the key to the purity of grown crops. At the same time, utensils and equipment in the intervals between technological cycles are subjected to the same treatment as laboratories and operating rooms (disinfectants and quartz lamps). The control of the content of microbes and spores on the surfaces and in the air of working premises can be carried out with the help of crops on nutrient media.
Destruction of microorganisms by drugs. Infections and dysbiosis
The advent of antibiotics allowed doctors to make a significant breakthrough in the treatment of serious infectious diseases in humans and animals. However, it soon became clear that the destruction of bacteria sensitive to antibiotics in the human large intestine is fraught with the occurrence of digestive disorders and, in its symptoms, can be similar to intestinal infections. Moreover, some conditions that did not respond to antibiotic treatment were easily cured by the use of bacterial cultures living in the human large intestine. 
On the other hand, the discovery of bacteria responsible for the development of gastritis in the stomach destroyed the myth that bacterial microflora cannot exist in the acidic environment of gastric juice. The study of the mechanisms that protect these pathogens from destruction and digestion in the stomach has opened a new page in the study of microbes. The emergence of tests for the sensitivity of pathogenic microflora to antibiotics made it possible to choose those that are most effective and cause minimal damage to beneficial inhabitants of the large intestine. Preparations consisting of spores of beneficial microbes, and live fermented milk products that restore the microflora of the large intestine, have become the final stage in the treatment of all infections. A separate area is the development of synthetic materials for capsules that can withstand high acidity in the stomach and dissolve in the alkaline environment of the intestine.
On the lookout for viruses
The task of preserving the microflora of the large intestine is perfectly performed by the treatment of bacterial infections with the help of bacteriophages. These are viruses that are very specific in their structure and have a high degree of selectivity in the destruction of target bacteria. Phage preparations are especially effective for children in the neonatal period, when antibiotics can do more harm than good, destroying the young and not yet formed microflora of the baby's large intestine.
But what about our body?
Studying the ways in which the human body defends itself against infections is very useful for understanding the processes, the interaction of the bacterial ecosystem of the large intestine with the immune system. As is known, microorganisms and their spores living in the large intestine are able to protect themselves from destruction by neutrophils, since there are no receptors on the surface of these cells to which they react. 
Having the ability to chemotaxis (directed movement towards certain chemicals) and phagocytosis, neutrophils carry out the main protection of the body from bacteria and their spores, making their way through the walls of blood vessels to the site of inflammation. The details of the immune system's relationship with the inhabitants of the large intestine are still being studied. It is known that healthy microflora in the colon improves the body's immunity, and also competitively displaces pathogenic settlers and their spores, keeping their numbers under strict control.
Organic Waste Recycling and Farming
The microbes that live in the large intestine work quite effectively outside of it, being forced out of the composts as their nutritional base disappears. Some of them remain in the form of spores that can survive adverse conditions and form a new generation of bacteria when the composition of the nutrient medium changes. All of the above methods are used to obtain pure cultures of microorganisms and spores that can improve soil fertility, both free-living and symbionts. The control of organic and fecal contamination of soils is most often carried out by the presence of proteus (Proteus) in them, which willingly settle in the large intestine and are considered its conditionally pathogenic microflora.
I work as a veterinarian. I am fond of ballroom dancing, sports and yoga. I prioritize personal development and the development of spiritual practices. Favorite topics: veterinary medicine, biology, construction, repair, travel. Taboo: jurisprudence, politics, IT-technologies and computer games.
