Obesity. The main causes, types, principles of treatment of obesity. Relationship between obesity and emotional disorders. Obesity - development, symptoms, causes and treatment of obesity

What role does adipose tissue take in the exchange of sex hormones?

Changes in the pubertal period (adolescence), as well as the onset of the first menstruation (menarche) in a girl, directly depend on body weight and the volume of adipose tissue.

After the cessation of menstrual function (menopause), adipose tissue becomes the main source of sex steroid hormones, that is, the severity and nature of menopausal disorders will largely depend on its hormone-forming activity.

Obviously, with a change in body weight (both with an emerging deficiency and with obesity), there is a change in the production and hormonal ratio of biologically active substances in adipose tissue.

What determines the process of accumulation and expenditure of adipose tissue?

• balance of energy metabolism (ratio of energy intake and expenditure)
• the ratio of food nutrients in the diet (diet)
• balance of metabolic processes of synthesis (formation) and decay of adipose tissue
• hereditary - constitutional features of all types of metabolism, including fat metabolism

What are the types of obesity? The main reasons for the development of primary and secondary obesity.

• hypofunction of the thyroid gland (decrease in the functional activity of the organ)
• insulinoma (tumor of the pancreas)
• corticoestroma
• cerebral obesity due to damage to areas and areas of the brain involved in the regulation of eating behavior
• diencephalic syndrome (postpartum neuroendocrine-metabolic syndromes, hypothalamic syndrome of puberty)
• growth hormone deficiency (idiopathic growth hormone deficiency, brain tumors, surgery and radiation exposure to the brain, congenital malformations)
• mental disorders - neurotic disorders, eating disorders
• genetic syndromes and diseases (Lawrence-Biedl syndrome, Albright osteodystrophy and others)
• certain medications (eg, glucocorticoids)

How human eating behavior is regulated, the role of serotonin and dopamine in the regulation of appetite.

Also an important role in these regulatory processes is played by the metabolism of special substances - biogenic amines and mediators (mediators in the transmission of nerve and chemical signals) in the central nervous system, mainly in the brain. Changes in concentration, as well as changes in the mutual ratio in the brain tissue of catecholamines (adrenaline, norepinephrine), serotonin, dopamine, significantly affect food intake.

An increase in the content of serotonin in brain tissues leads to a decrease in eating behavior. It is also reduced by such biologically active substances as: cholecystokinin, vasopressin, melanostimulating hormone, glucagon, leptin, bombesin. On the contrary, they enhance eating behavior, that is, stimulate food intake, - neuropeptide gamma, beta-endorphins, fragments of the adrenocorticotropic hormone molecule.

Often the causes of increased fat formation and storage are a decrease in physical activity in parallel with an increase in the calorie content of the diet. At the same time, the main contribution is made by fats coming from food, and not by proteins and carbohydrates.

Inhibition of the normal rate of fat breakdown is at the basis of the development of obesity in insulinoma and underfunctioning of the thyroid gland.

When does the body's ability to break down fat decrease?

It should be noted separately that some drugs - for example, rauwolfia preparations and some drugs for lowering blood pressure (beta-blockers) also reduce the rate and amount of fat breakdown.

How is eating behavior regulated in the brain? How is eating behavior related to emotions?

An increase in appetite may be accompanied by a lack of satiety, which leads to progressive weight gain, and eventually to obesity. Quite often, the basis of an increase in the amount of food consumed is not a feeling of hunger or an increase in appetite, but a feeling of a state of emotional discomfort.

Many people are familiar with this state - as they say, "eat stress", make a "trip to the refrigerator." Such people, as a rule, begin to eat not for the purpose of satiety or satisfying hunger, but in order to dispel a bad mood, take boredom, relieve feelings of melancholy, anxiety, loneliness, apathy, depressive depression. It is also possible, in this way, an attempt is made to escape from reality, to cope with a stressful or traumatic situation. Often this happens when there is a change in value orientations, changes in worldview and social attitudes.

What is food drinking? How common is this phenomenon? Who is at risk for developing food binge?

Why is there an increase in mood after eating? The role of serotonin in the feeling of happiness or pleasure

Thus, the act of eating can act as a modulator of the level of serotonin in the structures of the brain, both in general and in the departments responsible for the formation of emotions, behavioral, food and other reactions. And already an increase in the synthesis of serotonin is subjectively accompanied by a feeling of satiety and emotional comfort.

In short, from the point of view of biochemistry and physiology, it is the deficiency of serotonin in the brain that leads to changes in eating behavior and depressive states. For example, it is precisely the deficiency of serotonin in brain structures that underlies emotional eating behavior. Pronounced emotional eating behavior leads to a significant increase in body weight and is associated with an increase in the level of anxiety and depression. The whole point is how long such an adaptive reaction to stress will persist in each individual.

What forms can emotional eating behavior (eating drunkenness) acquire? Manifestations of night eating syndrome and compulsive eating behavior

The second form of emotional eating behavior is compulsive eating behavior. This scientific term refers to the following: recurring episodes of significant overeating, during which food is consumed in quantities greater than usual, and eating occurs much faster than usual. During such periods, self-control over the amount and speed of food intake is completely lost. Characteristically, these episodes last an average of several hours (often no more than two) and are observed two or more times a week. This form of eating disorder in obesity occurs in 25% of patients.
As a consequence, these forms of changes in eating behavior lead to a significant increase in body weight. According to some authors, emotional eating behavior is observed in 60% of obese patients.

Morgagni-Morel-Stewart hereditary syndrome

General principles for the treatment of obesity

To date, there is evidence of the successful use of a number of drugs from the group of antidepressants for the treatment of obesity associated with eating disorders. The drugs of this group of antidepressants block the reuptake of serotonin in the structures of the brain.

Symptom complex of bulimia nervosa - how it manifests itself, a characteristic of the behavior of a person who has this syndrome

Also, a factor leading to stopping overeating is the appearance of one of the strangers. When the increase in body weight becomes quite significant, such people learn to induce vomiting on their own after bouts of overeating. Again, staying critical of the status quo leads to the adoption of rigid, strict low-calorie diets that are designed to prevent weight gain after bouts of overeating. In such individuals, obesity does not reach a pronounced character. Often, however, bulimia nervosa leads to menstrual irregularities. It may sound disappointing, but it is believed that the main cause of bulimia nervosa is atypical underlying depression.

What are the principles of treatment of the symptom complex of bulimia nervosa?

Seasonal appetite disorders

In mild and erased forms, this type of eating disorder occurs in 40% of people, and in its expanded form - only in 6%. That is, the structure of this violation is similar to an iceberg - only a small part is visible on the surface. The prevalence in the population of mild forms of seasonal affective eating disorders is quite high. The peculiarity of seasonal emotional disorders is associated with the seasons. These seasonal affective disorders develop during the dark, cold season, namely, depending on the geographical latitude, from mid-autumn to mid-March. Most often seen in women. They are always combined with a violation of eating behavior by the type of increased appetite, leading to the appearance of excess body weight. For such women, the presence of premenstrual syndrome is typical, as well as menstrual irregularities by the type of rare and short menstruation.

During the manifestation of the disease, such women show an increase in complaints of a wide variety of chronic pain. Depression associated with seasonal affective disorder is usually mild or moderate in severity. Basically, it is manifested by a lowered background of mood, apathy, decreased performance, constant fatigue, depression, and an increase in the duration of sleep. However, in this case, for the most part, sleep is restless and intermittent. Moreover, despite a long stay in a dream, such a dream does not bring a feeling of rest. And as a result, such people are lethargic, tired, feeling overwhelmed in the morning.

Symptoms of seasonal affective disorder, what are the causes?

In the dark season, there is a change in the cyclic daily production of melatonin (a pituitary hormone) with a consistent decrease in the production of special hormones of the hypothalamus, serotonin and dopamine. It is with the altered metabolism of dopamine and serotonin that the increase in body weight, eating disorders, and manifestations of depression are associated. In the daytime, the symptoms reverse their development and disappear altogether.

What are the principles of treatment for seasonal affective disorder?

Another method of therapy is the use of antidepressants with a mechanism of action based on the inhibition of serotonin reuptake. The duration of the course of drug therapy is usually 3-4 months. Such courses are held in the dark season. The combination of phototherapy with courses of drug therapy can reduce the duration of drug treatment.

Patients suffering from seasonal affective (emotional) disorders should be exposed to sunlight more often, walk on sunny days even in winter, it is better to spend holidays in ski resorts, avoid wearing dark or tinted glasses in everyday life.

It must be remembered that the use of antidepressants, like many other drugs, is permissible only on the recommendation and under the supervision of an appropriate specialist doctor.
Summarizing all of the above, we can say that the problem of overweight is multi-causal, often combined with various endocrine-metabolic disorders and disorders of the emotional sphere.

What are the types and degrees of obesity?

Degrees of obesity determined using the body mass index, which can be determined using the body mass index calculator or by the formula: BMI = weight in kg / (height in m) 2 .

• 1 degree- body mass index is from 20 to 30. With this degree of obesity, it is quite easy to lose weight, it is necessary to adjust the diet and add moderate physical activity.
• 2 degree- body mass index is from 30 to 40. At this stage, the risk of developing diseases associated with obesity (atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and many others) increases. Losing weight will be much harder. It is necessary to strictly observe dietary nutrition, increase physical activity. A feature of this obesity is the rapid return of extra pounds after the transition to the old lifestyle. Therefore, proper nutrition and physical activity should become commonplace, and not just a short-term event.
• 3 degree- Overweight index from 40 to 60. Losing weight on your own is very difficult. It is difficult for a person to move, bend over, bouts of food intoxication are often observed, shortness of breath appears after minor physical exertion. The risk of developing concomitant serious diseases is high. As with the 2nd degree, you need to completely reconsider and change your lifestyle. At this stage, it is often necessary to resort to additional methods of losing weight (psychotherapeutic, surgical). If left untreated, over the years, the 4th degree of obesity develops - a deadly disease.
• 4 degree- body mass index above 60. These are very sick people with a whole bunch of diseases. In addition to impaired motor functions of the body, symptoms of heart and respiratory failure (shortness of breath even at rest) are increasing, which can lead to complete cardiac arrest. This degree of obesity is very difficult to cure. Many believe that this is not possible, although nothing is impossible.

In addition to degrees of obesity, there is such a thing as type of obesity, which differ depending on the distribution of fat in the body.

Types of alimentary-constitutional obesity (primary obesity):

1. female type- mainly characteristic of women, with this type of fat is more distributed in the buttocks and thighs, often such people have massive legs. Fat is usually located directly under the skin, the skin becomes loose, often has the appearance of an orange peel, cellulite develops. This type of figure is also called the pear type. Interestingly, with this type of obesity, a person has a bad mood, depression, sleep disturbance, and apathy appears. In physical activity, exercises with a power load on the legs should prevail. It is also important to reconsider not only nutrition, but also the water regime. It is plentiful drinking (non-carbonated purified water) that will contribute to the faster removal of fat metabolism products from the subcutaneous fat layer.

2. male type- is the same for both women and men. Such people have a large rounded tummy, massive shoulders and enlarged mammary glands. This type of obesity in severe cases contributes to obesity and internal organs, which is life-threatening. Such a figure is compared with an apple. Unlike the female type, people with male obesity are very cheerful, active, despite their weight, and eating food brings them great pleasure. With this type of obesity, it is important that the food is fractional, that is, you need to eat often, but in small portions, avoid eating in the evening and eating "fast food". It is also necessary to exclude smoked, spicy, salty, sweet foods from the diet. And among physical activities, it is better to give advantages to cardio loads: running, jumping, swimming, dancing, and so on.

3. mixed type- the most common type of figure, associated with eating disorders and eating behavior. At the same time, fat is evenly distributed throughout the body, both on the tummy and on the hips, arms, shoulders and face. Such people move little, suffer from mood swings, constantly want to sleep, eat, seizing nervous stress. In the treatment of this type of obesity, it is very important to completely revise the diet and exercise regimen.

Also, by the type of obesity, one can judge the disease, which resulted in excess weight. So, for example, with Itsenko-Cushing's disease, fat accumulates only in the abdomen and face, with male castration, fat is distributed over the hips, buttocks, in the abdomen and mammary glands.

But no matter what type of obesity, in any case, you need to lose weight and treat their cause. Any type eventually leads to serious consequences.

How does obesity affect health?

Health is a very broad concept, it is not only the proper functioning of organs, but also the normal state of the psyche, complete social adaptation, and continuous spiritual development. And only this complex makes a person healthy and happy. Many fat women cannot improve their personal lives, create or save a family, they have a lot of complexes. An unhappy person cannot be healthy.

Let's try to understand the diseases that obesity leads to. Unfortunately, a whole bunch of diseases will not keep you waiting for people with an extra couple of tens of kilograms, many of which can be life-threatening.

Diabetes mellitus in obese people

Obesity is more likely to cause type 2 diabetes mellitus, that is, acquired or non-insulin dependent.

Causes of type 2 diabetes mellitus in obesity.

The lifestyle that overweight people lead is a trigger for high blood sugar levels. So, if a person has sufficient physical activity, most of the glucose is absorbed by the muscles during their work in the form of glycogen, while much less insulin is required. With a lazy lifestyle and an increased intake of carbohydrates, the absorption of glucose requires a large amount of insulin, and excess sugar contributes to the formation of fat both under the skin and in the internal organs. At the same time, the pancreas is depleted, and insulin is not enough for a large amount of glucose - diabetes mellitus occurs.

Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in obesity.

The main principle of treatment of this type of diabetes is a diet with a small amount of carbohydrates and increased physical activity. This is the cure for obesity. Diet can achieve full restoration of sugar levels without insulin replacement therapy.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent diabetes) is a genetic disease that is manifested by the lack of production of its own insulin. This type of diabetes does not depend on obesity. Conversely, type 1 diabetes can cause weight gain. This happens when a person consumes a large number of bread units with food, and in order to lower blood sugar, he injects more insulin. At the same time, an increased amount of glucose is absorbed, which is deposited in the form of fat. Treatment of this type of diabetes is possible only with the use of insulin therapy.

Fatty liver or fatty liver

Causes of fatty liver: if a large amount of fat is supplied with food, lipid metabolism is disrupted over time, which also occurs in the liver. Under the influence of alcohol and other harmful substances or drugs, liver cells are replaced by fat cells, and liver failure occurs.

Symptoms of fatty liver:

• violation of the heart rhythm;
• shortness of breath with little exertion or even at rest;
• high blood pressure, above 140/60 and even 200/120 mm Hg. Art.;
• headaches and so on.

Obesity and atherosclerosis

Obesity and blood vessels

Obesity and joints

But the worst thing is obesity. belongs to the cancer risk group. Overweight patients often have cancer of the gastrointestinal tract, breast, and genitourinary system.

Obesity and pregnancy, how to get pregnant and carry a baby?

With 3 and 4 degrees of obesity, the chances of getting pregnant are very small. But even if, against the background of obesity, the conception of a baby has occurred, a woman often faces various pathologies of pregnancy:

• hormonal disorders , as a result - an increased risk (1 in 10) of premature termination of pregnancy (miscarriages);
• due to circulatory disorders and chronic hypoxia, it is possible intrauterine growth retardation or, even worse, fetal fading and stillbirth;
• toxicosis of the second half of pregnancy (preeclampsia), which is manifested by high blood pressure, loss of protein in the urine, pronounced edema, harms not only the mother, but also the development of the baby; every fourth obese woman has preeclampsia;
• most afraid eclampsia in mother , which threatens her life, is manifested by convulsive syndrome, coma; the only method of treatment is caesarean section, even if the period of 38 weeks has not yet come, this is a complicated outcome of preeclampsia;
• increased risk of developing pathologies heart, liver, kidneys in a woman;
• large body weight of the baby , which makes it very difficult to manage childbirth, the risk of having a child with birth injuries;
• weak labor activity , late discharge of amniotic fluid occurs in every fourth woman in labor;
• prematurity or postmaturity pregnancy occurs in every tenth overweight woman in labor;
• high risk (1:10) development postpartum complications - uterine bleeding.

Despite the possible risks and complications, obese women still get pregnant and give birth to healthy babies, you should not despair. It's just that such women need special supervision by obstetrician-gynecologists, especially in the last weeks of pregnancy.

And further, Pregnancy is not the best time to lose weight, but still, a diet for pregnant women and moderate physical activity are necessary for easier bearing of the long-awaited child. The task of the future mother is not to gain new extra pounds, but not to lose weight.

How much weight should a woman gain during pregnancy?

• 10-12 kg in 9 months to childbirth is considered normal, 4 kg of this increase falls on its own weight, and the rest - on the fetus, uterus, placenta and amniotic fluid;
• if a woman is obese 3-4 degrees , then the weight gain should not be more than 5-6 kg;
• according to statistics , obese women during pregnancy most often gain 20 kg or more, but we must remember that extra pounds will be deposited in the form of fat on the abdomen, hips, throughout the body, it will be difficult to lose them after childbirth and feeding.

• daily calorie content - no more than 2,500 kcal, but no less, a woman must provide the baby with nutrients for normal development;
• food should be frequent, fractional, small portions;
• need a lot of protein (meat, fish, legumes, dairy products);
• limit the amount of easily digestible carbohydrates as much as possible (sweets, potatoes, baked goods, sweet fruits, sugar, honey, and so on);
• fats should be more in the form unsaturated fatty acids (fish and seafood, a small amount of butter and vegetable oil, nuts);
• high calcium content (cheese, cottage cheese, vegetables, fruits) and vitamins;
• drastic salt restriction - up to an incomplete teaspoon per day;
• reduced fluid intake (water and liquid food) up to 1.5 liters.

Treatment of infertility against the background of obesity. In most cases (in 9 out of 10) it is possible to get pregnant after losing weight. With degrees 1 and 2 of obesity, for the successful conception of a child, it is enough to lose only 10 - 20 kg, with obesity of degrees 3-4, of course, it is harder, but everything is possible, you will have to try very hard in the fight against excess fat.

In case of hormonal disorders, a gynecologist is connected with the correction of these changes, but still one cannot do without the right lifestyle.

Obesity problems in children and adolescents, obesity in children under 1 year old, what is the treatment?

With the growth of childhood obesity, age-related diseases are getting younger, so strokes in children are no longer nonsense, and atherosclerosis is no longer only found in people over 40. Therefore, it is very important to monitor the health of your children, especially those who enter the period of sexual development, it is this age that maximizes the risk of gaining extra pounds.

In addition to eating disorders and inactivity, there are also Other causes of childhood obesity:

• genetic predisposition. If one of the parents is obese, then the child's risk of developing pathology is about 40-50%, and if both parents are overweight, then the risk increases to 80%. But we must remember that genetics only predisposes, and lifestyle, environment, psychological state, upbringing, and so on are already superimposed on it.
• Hormonal disorders - that is why obesity can occur during puberty, namely in early childhood (up to 3 years), in the period of 6-7 years, during the formation of menstruation in girls and at the age of 12-16 years in boys. In addition, obesity can develop against the background of other endocrine disorders, most often with a lack or absence of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism).
• Diseases of the central nervous system: traumatic brain injury, hydrocephalus, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, congenital syndromes, and so on.
• Psychological trauma - obesity can develop after the loss of loved ones, an accident, mental or physical violence in the family or on the street, and other emotional experiences.
• Syndrome of inactivity - occurs in adolescents who were involved in some kind of sport in childhood, and then abruptly stopped attending training.

Determining the degree of obesity in children using the body mass index is considered uninformative, since the body is still growing rapidly.

For the gradation of degrees, either graphs of norms of weight and height for each age are often used, or centile tables, with a deviation from which it is possible to say whether there is obesity or not.

Centile table No. 1: Growth and weight norms for boys from 0 to 17 years old *.


Centile table number 2: Growth and weight norms for girls from 0 to 12 years old *.


*The norm is indicators from 10 to 90%. Values ​​above 90% indicate overweight, and below 10% indicate underweight, both of which require consultation with a pediatrician.

Depending on the percentage of deviations from the norm of weight, four degrees of obesity are also distinguished:

• 1 degree - when exceeding the weight within 15-25%;
• 2 degree - with excess weight from 25 to 50% of the norm;
• 3 degree - if the weight exceeds 50% of the norm;
• 4 degree - excess weight is more than 100%.

The principle of treating children with alimentary obesity is the same - the transition to proper nutrition and increased physical activity.

Diet principles for obesity in school-age children and adolescents:

• Strict diets for children and adolescents are contraindicated, since a growing body requires a balance of vitamins, minerals, calcium, protein, fats (including cholesterol) and carbohydrates, proper nutrition should be preferred;
• Reduce calories gradually, by 300-400 kcal, up to 1500 kcal per day;
• The menu should contain a large amount of plant and protein foods, complex carbohydrates - these are whole grain cereals, dairy and sour-milk products, meat and fish, raw vegetables, fruits, rye bread and so on;
• Food should be fractional, frequent - 5-6 times a day;
• Exclude easily digestible carbohydrates (sweets, pastries, fresh white bread);
• Exclude smoked meats, fried, spicy, salty foods, sweet drinks;
• Observe the drinking regimen of at least 2 liters per day.

• active games;
• physical education at school;
• employment on horizontal bars;
• walking, running, swimming, cycling;
• any sport, dancing and so on.

Obesity in children under 1 year of age. Babies can also be obese, although many mothers, and especially grandmothers, are so happy with ruddy cheeks and folds in their little ones. But excess weight often has a negative impact on the physical and emotional development of the child, his future health and, less often, may be a sign of more severe congenital pathologies.

Diagnosis of obesity in infants is also made according to calculations using centile tables of normal height and body weight.
Obesity in infants is called paratrophy. There are three degrees of paratrophy:

• 1 degree - overweight 10-15%;
• 2 degree – from 15 to 30%;
• 3 degree – over 30%.

Risk groups for obesity in children under 1 year old:

• children whose parents are obese;
• large birth weight, more than 4 kg;
• children who are bottle-fed;
• born to mothers with diabetes;
• children with congenital hypothyroidism;
• congenital genetic syndromes, anomalies in the development of the brain, and so on.

What are the methods of surgical treatment of obesity?

Surgical methods used to treat obesity:

Type of operation	Indications	The principle of surgical treatment	Peculiarities
Liposuction	Improving the appearance of obesity	Surgical removal of fat from the abdomen, thighs or shoulders.	The operation eliminates a large number of kilograms at once. Liposuction is a rather bloody and difficult operation, requiring a long recovery in the postoperative period. It does not completely solve the problem of obesity and its complications. If after such an operation a person returns to the old way of life, then the return of excess weight will not be long in coming. Therefore, before deciding on liposuction, you need to switch to the right lifestyle and nutrition before the operation.
Operations aimed at reducing the amount of food consumed
Intragastric balloon	Alimentary-constitutional type of obesity, especially complicated by diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and other diseases. Not suitable for those people who have problems with eating, that is, with a psycho-emotional form of obesity. In such cases, a decrease in the volume of the stomach leads to prolonged and prolonged depression, psychosis.	With the help of an endoscope, a balloon is inserted into the stomach, which is already filled with liquid in the required volume from 400 to 700 ml, thereby reducing the lumen of the stomach.	This is the safest, organ-preserving and effective method of treating obesity, it is performed without a single incision. It allows you to significantly reduce the number of servings, promotes rapid satiety, and reduces appetite. Another important advantage of this method is the ability to remove the balloon at any time.
Gastric bypass		The stomach, in fact, is reshaped, a small part is isolated and connected to the duodenal bulb.	The operation is traumatic. But, in addition to reducing the volume of food, the effect of reducing appetite for sweet and fatty foods is achieved.
Banding of the stomach		The stomach is divided into two parts by applying a special ring to it.	After separation of the stomach, the volume of its upper part is only up to 50 ml. This allows you to feel full with food in very small doses, your appetite sharply decreases. This operation is transferred quite easily, the ring can be removed at any time, its high efficiency has been proven. This is the most commonly used method for obesity.
Operations to reduce food absorption
Small bowel bypass	Any kind of obesity, especially when eating food against the background of stress. Especially indicated in the development of complications of obesity.	The small intestine is cut at a distance of 50 cm or more from the stomach, and sutured to the large intestine, and the end of the second part of the small intestine is sutured.	This type of operation is quite complicated, can have a large number of life-threatening complications, so this operation is performed infrequently. The resulting effect is that the food taken is not digested and is excreted in transit through the rectum.
Biliopancreatic shunting		Part of the stomach is removed, and the excretory ducts of the liver and pancreas are sutured from the duodenal bulb into the small intestine, 1 meter from the caecum.	The operation is very complex, combined, but nonetheless showed high efficiency in people with 3-4 degrees of obesity. There is a violation of the absorption of food in the small intestine. And this is the method, as a result of which you can eat plenty and lose weight.

Coding and folk remedies for obesity, pills and other non-traditional remedies effective in the treatment of obesity?

Let's try to understand this mass of remedies for obesity and refute myths about easy and fast weight loss.

Myth No. 1: "Coding helps you quickly, once and for all get rid of excess weight."

Why can't coding be called a radical method for obesity?

• For many, coding really causes an aversion to junk food and a decrease in appetite. But this method gives only short term results(from several months to 2 years), and if during this time a person does not accustom himself to proper nutrition and lifestyle, then the weight will return very quickly, also in pluses.
• Coding requires compliance with many rules, the main of which is the observance of proper nutrition and increased physical activity, and this, as you know, helps even without psychiatrists.
• Can't be coded multiple times two, maximum three times.
• In highly susceptible individuals coding can lead to bulimia and anorexia, that is, to states of eating disorders, which leads to irreversible consequences of the body and psyche.
• Well, and most importantly, not all people are susceptible to different kinds of encodings and hypnosis, then this method will be absolutely meaningless.

Myth #2: "It's completely safe to take diet pills."

Myth #3: “Herbs and other herbal remedies for obesity are completely safe.”

1. Plants that have a diuretic effect:

• lingonberry leaves, currants;
• chicory;
• fennel;
• corn silk and so on.

Diuretics remove fluid, reducing overall weight, not fat, leading to dehydration and inhibition of metabolic processes. Such drugs are indicated for edema.

2. Plants that have a laxative effect:

• senna;
• aloe;
• rhubarb;
• anise;
• hibiscus and many others.

3. Plants that reduce appetite:

• spirulina;
• flax seeds;
• bran and wheat germ;
• a pineapple.

4. Herbs that are poisonous. Most commonly used hellebore . Poisonous herbs lead to chronic intoxication, negatively affecting the intestines, liver, kidneys and even the heart. Appetite, of course, is significantly reduced, kilograms go away, but at what cost.

Despite these negative aspects, many plants are very useful and will complement the diet well during weight loss, but only as a source of vitamins, trace elements, antioxidants, which are metabolic catalysts.

Myth #4: “Biomagnet for weight loss, eat and lose weight while sitting on the couch.”

Myth number 5. "Slimming devices at home, lose weight lying on the couch."

The most popular weight loss devices:

• mini saunas for the abdomen;
• various massagers for problem areas;
• butterflies with heating and vibrating effect;
• cavitation preparations based on ultrasonic action and many others.

The fight against obesity and overweight, what should it be?

Psychological preparation and setting for weight loss.

Before you start treating obesity, you need to decide for yourself questions and prioritize:

• Do I need to lose weight?
• Why do I need it?
• Do I want it?
• Am I ready for this?
• How can I do this efficiently?
• Will it harm me?
• And what will experts and close people whom I trust say?

If a person seizes problems and depression, then the treatment should be accompanied by positive emotions. You can go on a trip, go to nature, do your favorite thing or even extreme sports, shopping, realize long-desired ideas. This is necessary in order to provide your body with endorphins and other hormones of happiness, which are usually released during meals, and then the need for overeating will disappear.

Some people need incentives and goals to set for themselves. For some, it is to be healthy, for some it is beautiful, many women set themselves the goal of giving birth, and someone just wants to fit into their tight dress.

People with weak willpower and character can visit a psychologist who will help to cope with various emotional problems.

Obesity nutrition tips:

1. Strict diets for obesity are not suitable, they quickly lead to weight loss, but no one will survive on such a diet for a long time, and the lost kilograms will quickly return.

2. The transition to proper nutrition, and not a diet will help solve the problem of obesity, but only this should become a rule and a way of life, and not a temporary campaign for your body.

3. Meals should be frequent, up to 5-6 times a day, but portions should be small, overeating should not be allowed, and you should eat before hunger sets in.

4. Drinking mode. Half an hour before meals, you should drink a glass of water, this will reduce your appetite. But you can’t drink food, you need to drink no earlier than 30-60 minutes after eating. You need to drink non-carbonated table or mineral water, its daily volume should be calculated as follows: 30 ml or more of water per 1 kg of body weight. In addition, for each cup of tea or coffee, add 1 glass of pure water. Carbonated and sugary drinks contribute to the deposition of fat under the skin, they should be completely excluded. Pure water is necessary for the inclusion of metabolism and its acceleration.

5. Menu for obesity should contain proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and trace elements. In the first half of the day, complex carbohydrates, fats and proteins are needed, and in the second - plant foods. The daily energy value of the diet is 1200-1600 kcal:

• Minimize the amount of easily digestible carbohydrates(sweets, including sweet fruits, pastries, chips, fresh white bread, etc.). Bread should be eaten, but rye varieties should be chosen. It is important to drink tea and coffee without sugar or honey, they quickly get used to this, you can add milk to coffee, and lemon to tea.
• Exclude: fried, spicy, smoked dishes, alcohol, fast food, quick snacks with rolls and so on.
• Amount of fat should be reduced, but not excluded, since fats, especially unsaturated fats, are necessary for the normal functioning of the body. Fats should come from fish, vegetable oil, dairy products, lean meats.
• Proteins need to be taken daily, sometimes you can do unloading protein-free days.
• Diet should be dominated plant food.
• Need reduce the amount of salt you eat up to 0.5 teaspoon per day.

Physical activity.

A sedentary and recumbent lifestyle must be changed to an active one. Many need to start just getting out of bed, and then gradually increase their load. It's hard, but necessary. You need to start with walking, the number of steps taken per day should be at least 10-12 thousand. A set of exercises should be selected individually by a fitness trainer or exercise therapy doctor after assessing the state of health, indications and contraindications. Any effective complex includes cardio loads (running, jumping, cycling, swimming, etc.) and power loads aimed at certain muscle groups. Active physical activity should last at least 30 minutes a day 3-6 times a week, not counting daily walking, cleaning around the apartment and other necessary movements.

The path to the fight against obesity is very long and difficult, you need a lot of willpower, character and, most importantly, a great desire. Often, patients themselves can not cope, they need the support of relatives or specialists. But it is especially difficult in the first month of changing your habits. Then it will be easier, the body gets used to eating less and moving more, and the kilograms shed during this time will also be stimulated.

It is a healthy lifestyle that leads to effective treatment of obesity, and most importantly, a long-term effect is observed, and if such a lifestyle becomes a habit and the norm, then extra pounds can be forgotten forever. And with weight, other health problems that arose against the background of obesity also go away.

Also, people who have overcome tens of kilograms become stronger, happier, get rid of complexes and become self-confident individuals.

How does smoking and alcohol affect obesity?

Many people think that smoking cigarettes helps to fight extra pounds and suppresses appetite. However, it's not like that at all Smokers are quite often faced with problems of excess weight, and here's why:

• Smoking a cigarette only temporarily suppresses the feeling of hunger. , it does not saturate, so very soon hunger returns, this leads to uncontrolled intake of large amounts of food and overeating - the cause of obesity.
• Tobacco addicts usually have weak willpower , so many have other types of addictions in parallel, including food. Smoking suppresses the production of its own endorphins. Food, on the other hand, contributes to their production, so smokers replace cigarettes with food, compensating for the lack of happiness hormones. That is why people who quit smoking quickly gain weight.
• Smoking causes vasoconstriction, as a result - a violation of blood circulation and a slowdown in metabolic processes in the body, energy substances are not consumed, but are deposited in the form of fat.
• Also, smokers with experience have habitual chronic weakness, as a result - sedentary lifestyle.

Alcohol and obesity.

Alcohol is almost always present in the life of adults. For many, this is the norm. Alcohol is drunk not only on holidays, but also to keep company, relieve stress and fatigue, for romance or just for a good dinner and for a good mood. And no one thinks about the consequences that strong drinks lead to, and there can be many of them, including obesity.

How does alcohol affect obesity?

• Alcohol, entering the body, produces energy in the amount of 700 kcal per 100 ml of alcohol, but this empty energy, ethyl alcohol contains neither proteins, nor fats, nor carbohydrates . This energy is consumed first, but snacks from the feast are stored as reserve fat.
• If alcohol has sugar (sweet wines, champagne, vermouth, liqueurs, liqueurs, etc.), then in addition to empty energy comes large amount of easily digestible carbohydrates , which are very quickly deposited in the form of fat.
• Alcohol leads to dehydration body, thereby further slowing down the metabolism.
• Strong drinks are irritating on the stomach and increase appetite, so almost everyone likes to bite each glass tightly. Many more people like to drink strong drinks with sweet sparkling water, increasing the risk of fat deposition at times.
• Alcohol intoxication promotes uncontrolled eating , a person simply does not feel full.
• Alcohol can make you weak , reducing physical activity both during the time of abuse and the next day of the hangover.
• Drinks with degrees increase the risk of complications of obesity (diabetes, fatty liver, etc.).
• Alcohol affects the balance of sex hormones

  Diabetes. Types of diabetes mellitus, causes of development, signs and complications of the disease. The structure and function of insulin. Compensation for diabetes.

Obesity has become one of the problems of society in the twenty-first century. The disease "recruits" new adherents around the world. This is due to malnutrition, a sedentary lifestyle, a significant number of chronic endocrine pathologies and many other factors. Literally, obesity means that body weight does not increase due to muscle compaction, but due to fat deposits in different parts of the body. Why is obesity dangerous? Looking at overweight people, any doctor will name a dozen reasons, and in the first place there will be diseases of the heart, blood vessels, joints and bones, a violation of water-salt metabolism. In addition, this disease makes social life difficult, as modern society is dominated by trends towards sports and a healthy lifestyle.

Etiology

The disease "obesity" can develop for a variety of reasons. The most obvious is physical inactivity, that is, a discrepancy between the calories received and the energy expended. The second common cause of excess weight is a violation of the gastrointestinal tract. This may be a lack of pancreatic enzymes, decreased liver function, problems with digestion of food. In addition, the risk of obesity can be determined at the genetic level.

There are factors that contribute to weight gain, these include:
- consumption of sugary drinks or a diet high in sugar;
- endocrine diseases such as hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, pancreatic tumor;
- psychological disorders (eating disorders);
- permanent stressful situations and lack of sleep;
- taking hormonal or psychotropic drugs.

The evolution of 2 million years has provided a mechanism for the accumulation of nutrients in case there is a sudden shortage of food. And if for ancient people this was relevant, then modern man does not need such "stores". However, our body is designed in such a way that it stereotypically reacts to both positive and negative external influences. Therefore, the problem of obesity at the moment has risen so acutely.

Pathogenesis

The regulation of the deposition and mobilization of fat depots is carried out as a result of a complex interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine glands. The main reason for the accumulation of a large amount of lipids is the mismatch of the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus. It is there that the centers are located, the regulation of appetite. The body requires more food than it consumes energy, so all the excess is left "in reserve", which leads to the appearance of excess adipose tissue.

Such a violation of the coordination of the center can be both an innate condition and acquired as a result of education. In addition, such problems are sometimes the result of trauma, inflammation, chronic endocrine pathology.

When the pituitary gland, the cortical layer of the adrenal glands and the cells of the pancreas begin to show pathological activity, and the amount of somatotropic hormone drops sharply, then almost all the fat and glucose that enter the body are deposited in tissues and organs. This leads to morphological disorders of the liver, kidneys, thyroid gland.

BMI classification

The classification of obesity is better to start with the one that is known to the general population. As a rule, the primary diagnosis of this disease is carried out based on such an indicator as This is a private value obtained after dividing body weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. There is the following gradation of obesity according to this indicator:

1. Underweight - if BMI is less than or equal to 18.5.
2. Normal body weight - mass index should be in the range from 18.5 to 25.
3. Preobesity - BMI ranges from 25 to 30 points. At this point, the risk of comorbidities, such as hypertension, bedsores and diaper rash, increases.
4. Obesity 1 degree is set if the BMI is from 30 to 35.
5. Obesity 2 degrees - the index is approaching 40 points.
6. Obesity of the 3rd degree is diagnosed when the mass index exceeds 40 points, while the person has concomitant pathologies.

Etiopathogenetic classification

The following classification of obesity is one of the most detailed in this area, as it takes into account the causes and mechanism of the development of pathology. According to it, primary and secondary obesity are distinguished. Each of them has its own subclasses.

So, primary obesity is divided into:
- gluteal-femoral;
- abdominal;
- caused by eating disorders;
- stressful;
- provoked by metabolic syndrome.

In secondary, symptomatic obesity, four subtypes can be deduced:

1. Hereditary, with a gene defect.
2. Cerebral, provoked by neoplasms, infections or autoimmune brain damage.
3. Endocrine, caused by dysregulation of the thyroid, hypothalamic-pituitary system, adrenal glands and gonads.
4. Medication associated with taking steroid drugs, hormonal contraceptives and cytostatics.

Clinical and pathogenetic classification

If we take as a basis the mechanisms that lead to the appearance of overweight, then we can make the following classification of obesity:

Alimentary-constitutional. Weight gain is associated with excess fat in the diet and inactivity. It manifests itself, as a rule, in childhood and can be associated with a hereditary predisposition.
- Hypothalamic. The increase in adipose tissue occurs due to damage to the hypothalamus and, as a result, a violation of its neuroendocrine function.
- Endocrine. At the heart of fatness is the pathology of the endocrine glands - the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands.
- Iatrogenic. Obesity is caused by medical intervention. This can be medication, removal of an organ or part of it, damage to the endocrine system during treatment, and much more.

Classification by localization of adipose tissue

After examining overweight patients, it was noticed that not everyone has it distributed equally. Therefore, over time, a classification of obesity was derived, based on the characteristic location of the fat layer.

The first type, also known as the upper, or android type, differs in that the upper half of the torso, face, neck, and arms increase predominantly. It occurs more often in men, but it can also be seen in women who have entered the menopause period. A number of authors claim that there is a link between this type of obesity and the risk of developing diabetes mellitus, as well as the pathology of the cardiovascular system.

The second type, the lower or gynoid, is an accumulation of adipose tissue on the thighs and buttocks, and is more common in the beautiful half of humanity. The figure of such women takes the form of a "pear". It can also develop from childhood, if aggravated by a violation of a normal diet. in this case, there will be pathologies of the spine, joints and vascular network of the lower extremities.

The third type is mixed or intermediate obesity. In this case, excess weight is more or less evenly distributed over the body, smoothing the line of the waist, neck, buttocks.

In order to determine which type of obesity the patient applied for, it is necessary to determine the ratio of waist and hip circumference. If in women this indicator is more than 0.85, and in men it is more than one, then it can be argued that a person has the first variant of the distribution of adipose tissue.

Morphological classification

In the process of obesity, changes affect all levels of life organization, not only the whole body, but also individual organs, tissues, and even just cells. Adipocytes (fat cells) may undergo qualitative or quantitative changes. Depending on this, there are:

1. hypertrophic obesity. It is characterized by a pathological increase in the size of fat cells, while their number remains the same.
2. Hyperplastic obesity, in which adipocytes are actively dividing. This form occurs in children and is treated very poorly, since the number of cells can be reduced only by aggressive methods.
3. Mixed obesity, as it is logical to assume, is a mixture of the two previous ones. That is, the cells not only increase, but there are more of them.

Classification of obesity in children

According to statistics, in Russia now about 12% of children suffer from overweight. Of these, 8.5% are urban residents, and 3.5% are rural. Obesity in adolescents and children has become such a common pathology that pediatricians have decided to introduce a special section in their educational work with young parents about diet. Obesity is considered a condition when the body weight of a child exceeds 15% of the due at his age. If correlated with BMI, then its value will approach 30 points.

There are two forms of obesity among children: primary and secondary. Primary is caused, as a rule, by malnutrition, early feeding, or the rejection of breast milk in favor of cow's. But it can also be hereditary if overweight people predominate in the family. But even so, the child is not born fat, he just has a slow metabolism, and with proper diet and exercise, he will keep his weight within normal limits. Critical for primary obesity are the first three years of life and puberty.

Secondary obesity is associated with the presence of acquired endocrine pathologies. The criteria by which the degree of overweight gain is determined are still debatable. The following scale has been proposed:
- 1 degree - the weight is more by 15-25% of the due;
- 2 degree - from 25 to 49% of excess weight;
- 3 degree - the mass is more by 50-99%;
- 4 degree - overweight is two or more times higher than the age norm.

Symptoms

The signs of obesity are basically similar to each other, the difference is only in the uniform distribution of excess fiber, as well as the presence of concomitant pathologies or their absence.

Most often in patients occurs that is associated with a violation of the normal diet. As a rule, such people have a hereditary predisposition to weight gain, and excessive food intake leads to weight gain. Symptoms occur in all members of the family, as they all eat together. In addition, this type of obesity affects older women who, due to their poor health, lead a sedentary lifestyle.

Obesity 1 degree is observed in most people who systematically transmit, especially in the evening. This happens because there is no time and desire for breakfast and lunch. Hungry people consume their daily calorie intake at dinner and go to sleep.

It is characterized not only by weight gain, but also by the presence of symptoms of disorders of the nervous system and endocrine regulation. Obesity develops very quickly and is usually not associated with a change in diet. Fat appears mainly on the front surface of the abdomen, thighs and buttocks. Perhaps the appearance of trophic changes: dry skin, stretch marks, hair loss. Such patients complain of insomnia, headaches and dizziness. A neurologist usually manages to identify pathology in his area.

Diagnostics

Obese people have extremely reduced criticism of their condition, so to persuade or force them to go to the doctor even for a simple consultation is not an easy task. Quite another matter - patients of the endocrinologist or the neuropathologist. These themselves want to be examined and reduce weight for a speedy recovery.

The most commonly used criterion for diagnosing overweight is the body obesity index. That is, how much the actual mass is more than the due. To determine the severity, it is important not only to prove the fact of the presence of excess weight, but also the fact that it is realized at the expense of adipose tissue, and is not a muscle mass. Therefore, in medical practice, they are actively trying to introduce methods for determining exactly the fat mass, and not the entire body weight.

The norm is determined taking into account statistical data collected by doctors of various specialties over the years of practice. For each gender, age, dew and physique, there are tables with already calculated pathology and norm values. Scientists have found that centenarians have a body weight of 10% less than normal. Pathological obesity is diagnosed in the opposite case, when the weight exceeded the upper limit of the permissible by 10%.

There are several formulas for calculating ideal body weight. All fashionistas know one of them - one hundred must be taken away from height in centimeters. The resulting number will be the desired value. But this is a very conditional and unreliable study. More accurate is the BMI or Quetelet index, which was given above. Measuring the ratio of the circumference of the waist and hips is also of great importance in the characterization of obesity, since the location of fatty tissue depends on the cause of the weight gain.

Treatment

The fight against obesity is carried out viciously and everywhere. Now the media is actively promoting a healthy lifestyle and the cult of a beautiful, athletic body. Of course, it is not worth bringing the situation to the point of absurdity, but the general direction of the youth movement is more preferable than decadent hedonism.

The main principles of obesity treatment include:
- a diet rich in complex carbohydrates and fiber, vitamins, nuts and greens. Be sure to limit baking, sweet and carbonated drinks.
- physical exercises that should strengthen the body and speed up the metabolism.
- drugs for weight loss and appetite;
- psychotherapy;
- surgery.

To achieve long-term results of any of the types of treatment, it is necessary to change your diet and the frequency of meals. There is an opinion that diets are useless in the fight against obesity, but they help to consolidate the achieved weight and prevent the disease from returning. The World Health Organization recommends calculating the calorie content of the food that the patient consumes normally and gradually reducing the number of calories. It is necessary to reach the mark of 1500 - 1200 kilocalories, provided that the person does not overload himself physically.

Psychotherapy is aimed at strengthening willpower and self-control in relation to food intake and addiction to fast food restaurants and sweet soda. Medicines in the process of weight loss help to achieve only a short-term effect. After stopping the pills, the patient returns to the previous lifestyle and does not follow the recommendations received at discharge. Despite the fact that now the pharmacological industry can offer a large selection of overweight drugs, almost all of them are prohibited due to the side effects caused.

Surgical methods include suturing the stomach, popular in the sixties of the last century. The essence of the operation is that the organ is divided into two unequal parts and the small intestine is sutured to the smaller one. Thus, the volume of the stomach decreases, and the rate of passage of food becomes higher. The second option is gastric banding. A ring is installed in the cardial part, which narrows the lumen of the esophagus and food, touching this artificial obstacle, irritates the satiety center, allowing the patient to eat less.

What type of obesity is the most dangerous? Perhaps everything. No one can say that typing is good for a person. The level of danger depends on how much the actual weight exceeds the norm, and what concomitant diseases he has.

Obesity is the excess deposition of fat in the human body. It can develop from the initial stage into the last - the fourth, which will cause the most serious consequences. Why obesity occurs and how to treat, you can find out further.

Degrees of obesity by body mass index

Body mass index (BMI) is a calculated value that helps to assess whether you are overweight or underweight. It is calculated by dividing the body weight (kg) of a person by the square of his height (m).

The following degrees of obesity are distinguished.

BMI will be for people over 25 years old in the range of 28.0–30.9, for 18–25 year olds - 27.5–29.9.

2 degree

With obesity of the second stage, the risk of endocrine and metabolic disorders increases.

3 degree

BMI corresponds to 36.0-40.9 for people aged 25 and over, and 35.0-39.9 for younger people (18-25 years).

Normal body weight is the weight that corresponds to a certain height of a person, given his physique.

4 degree

BMI will show 40.0 and above for 18-25 year olds and 41.0 and above for older people.

Causes of obesity

There are many reasons that cause this disease, from overeating to hormonal disorders. Therefore, there are two main groups of obesity:

exogenous

• Alimentary-constitutional obesity. The main reasons are physical inactivity, the cult of food (overeating, malnutrition, passion for fast food), stress, depression. It belongs to family diseases. In these families, usually all households have one of the degrees of obesity. And also this species is typical for the female, especially women who have crossed the 40-year mark. There is a violation of the energy balance. All the energy that enters the body is not completely consumed, but is deposited in the form of adipose tissue.
• Exogenous constitutional obesity. Has a progressive character. It affects people with sedentary work and fast food lovers. But it differs from the previous one in that it is not hereditary and is not the result of any disease.
• Visceral obesity. Adipose tissue is not deposited in the subcutaneous layer, but is localized around the internal organs. It affects both men and women. "Beer belly" refers to this type. It is more difficult to treat and provokes diabetes, as it is associated with a violation of metabolic processes in the body.

You can determine visceral obesity by measuring the waist circumference. The norm is the waist circumference for women up to 80 cm, for men - no more than 95 cm. If the figures are higher than these values, then it's time to take action.

endogenous

• Cerebral obesity. It occurs as a result of trauma, inflammation and neoplasms (malignant and benign) of the brain. It is not a hereditary disease.
• endocrine obesity. Occurs against the background of dysfunction of the hormonal system, with diseases of the pituitary gland, hypofunction of the thyroid and gonads. It is also not hereditary.

These two obesity are difficult to cure, because it must be treated along with the underlying disease that causes this ailment.

obesity treatment

Obesity 1 degree

• Diet. Reduce the daily calorie content of the diet, reduce the consumption of carbohydrates and lipids. They eat fractionally, replace animal fats with vegetable oil.
• Physical exercises. Regularity is important here - you can’t let yourself be lazy. They select a set of exercises and start with 3-5 repetitions, gradually increasing the number of repetitions and exercises. The process of losing weight will take a lot of time, you should not hope for a quick result.
• Ethnoscience. Traditional medicine will also help restore normal weight. For example, they drink an infusion of ginger every day. Take 50 g of fresh ginger root, grind it and pour 1 liter of boiling water. Half a lemon, cut into slices, and a little fresh mint are also added there. Leave to brew and drink 1 glass before meals.

Obesity 2 degrees

• Diet therapy, but it will be more strict. A nutritionist will select a low-calorie diet in which vegetables and fruits will be the main products.
• Daily physical exercises, the specialist can direct to physiotherapy exercises, taking into account the age and state of health of the patient.
• Phytotherapy. Herbs are used that create a satiety effect and reduce appetite, as they swell in the stomach. These are flax seeds or angelica officinalis. Diuretics are also effective - lingonberry leaf, parsley root.

In advanced cases, medications are prescribed that are aimed at reducing appetite and removing excess fluid from the body. Preparations are selected by the doctor for each patient individually.

Obesity 3 degrees

• Diet and fasting days limit carbohydrates and sugar in the diet. They eat fractionally, reducing portions.
• Physical exercise. They are performed at a moderate pace at the initial stage. They start with morning exercises, walking short distances. They are more actively engaged when weight is significantly lost.
• Medical treatment. Drug treatment is prescribed only by a specialist.

Obesity 4 degrees

• Liposuction- remove excess adipose tissue if a threat hangs over the patient's life. As a result of the operation, the load on the vital organs is reduced.
• Vertical gastroplasty- vertically divide the stomach into two parts. After the operation, the upper part of the stomach becomes smaller in volume, and therefore, it fills up with food faster and satiety occurs sooner.
• gastro bypass, in which a small part of the stomach is isolated. As a result, the patient receives less food, but after the operation it is necessary to consume vitamins and minerals throughout life.
• Biliopancreatic shunting. Remove part of the stomach. And just like in the previous case, you need to take vitamins and minerals all your life.

Fatty liver and its treatment

The reasons

• abuse of fatty foods and alcohol;
• violation of metabolic processes;
• lack of vitamins and proteins in the diet;
• chronic substance poisoning.

Development of hepatosis

Since the initial symptoms are characteristic of a variety of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, you should definitely visit a specialist and undergo an examination to establish an accurate diagnosis and prescribe the best treatment option.

The main task is to find the factor that provoked fatty hepatosis. Therefore, the patient must be ready to give up bad habits or leave harmful production.

During treatment, as well as after it, a person must adhere to a strict diet. All fatty foods are excluded from the diet - meat, fish, dairy, as well as canned food, smoked meats, muffins and fried foods. And, of course, you should forget about any use of alcoholic beverages.

In addition to diet, the doctor may prescribe a vitamin course or drug therapy. In some cases, you will have to take medicines for the rest of your life. They also pay special attention to lipid metabolism, if necessary, correct it with anti-cholesterol drugs.

With untimely treatment, hepatosis can go into the form of chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver.

Treatment of fatty liver folk remedies

• Rosehip infusion. 100 g of dry rose hips are poured into a thermos and poured with boiling water, insisted for 8 hours. Drink an infusion of 200 ml 3 times a day.
• apricot kernels. No more than 6 apricot kernels are eaten per day, they prevent the accumulation of fat in the liver. However, you should not get carried away with them, as they contain a small amount of cyanide.
• lemon pips. Contribute to the restoration of liver cells. To do this, they must be crushed and mixed with an equal amount of honey. Take 1 teaspoon on an empty stomach.

Prevention of obesity

• people whose parents suffer from overweight;
• people leading an inactive lifestyle due to their profession;
• lovers of good food;
• people with diseases of the endocrine system and gastrointestinal tract;
• people taking medications - hormonal, contraceptives and psychotropic drugs.

• Limit the intake of salt, easily digestible carbohydrates. Keep track of the amount of food you eat.
• Limit consumption of alcoholic beverages, which stimulate appetite and reduce satiety sensitivity.
• Lead an active lifestyle that helps burn calories.
• Improve psycho-emotional state. Since stress, depression, negative emotions, a person usually "seizes" with food.
• Timely treat concomitant diseases - diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction.

Obesity disease, characterized by excessive development of adipose tissue. More often obesity occurs after 40 years, mainly in women

The main factor leading to the development of obesity is a violation of the energy balance, which consists in a discrepancy between energy intakes in the body and their costs. Obesity is most commonly caused by overeating, but may be due to impaired control of energy expenditure. Undoubtedly, the role of hereditary-constitutional predisposition, decreased physical activity, age, gender, occupational factors, some physiological conditions (pregnancy, lactation, menopause).

Obesity disease is a hypothalamic-pituitary disease, in the pathogenesis of which the leading role is played by hypothalamic disorders expressed to varying degrees, causing a change in behavioral reactions, especially eating behavior, and hormonal disorders. The activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system increases: ACTH secretion increases, the rate of cortisol production increases, its metabolism accelerates. The secretion of somatotropic hormone, which has a lipolytic effect, decreases, the secretion of gonadotropins and sex steroids is disturbed. Characterized by hyperinsulinemia, a decrease in the effectiveness of its action. The metabolism of thyroid hormones and the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to them are disturbed.

Allocate alimentary-constitutional, hypothalamic and endocrine obesity. Alimentary-constitutional obesity is of a family nature, develops, as a rule, with systematic overeating, eating disorders, lack of adequate physical activity, often among members of the same family or close relatives. Hypothalamic obesity occurs as a result of impaired hypothalamic functions and therefore has a number of clinical features. Endocrine obesity is one of the symptoms of the primary pathology of the endocrine glands: hypercortisolism, hypothyroidism, hypogonadism. However, in all forms of obesity, there are, to varying degrees, hypothalamic disorders that occur either initially or during the development of obesity.

Course, symptoms of obesity

Main obesity symptoms for all forms, is overweight. There are four degrees of obesity and two stages of the disease - progressive and stable. At degree 1, the actual body weight exceeds the ideal by no more than 29%, at II - the excess is 30-40%, at III degree - 50-99%, at IV - the actual body weight exceeds the ideal by 100% or more.

Sometimes the degree of obesity is estimated by body mass index, calculated by the formula: Body weight (kg) / height (m) (squared); the mass index is taken as the norm, which is 20-24.9, with I degree - an index of 25-29.9, with II - 30-40, with III - more than 40.

Patients with I-II degree of obesity usually do not complain, with more massive obesity they are concerned about weakness, drowsiness, decreased mood, sometimes nervousness, irritability; nausea, bitterness in the mouth, shortness of breath, swelling of the lower extremities, pain in the joints, spine.

With hypothalamic obesity, increased appetite is often disturbed, especially in the afternoon, hunger at night, and thirst. In women - various menstrual disorders, infertility, hirsutism, in men - a decrease in potency. Impurity and trophic skin disorders, small pink striae on the thighs, abdomen, shoulders, armpits, hyperpigmentation of the neck, elbows, friction points, increased blood pressure. An electroencephalographic study of patients with hypothalamic obesity reveals signs of damage to the diencephalic structures of the brain. Determination of the excretion of 17-OKS and 17-KS often reveals their moderate increase.

For differential diagnosis of hypothalamic obesity and hypercortisolism, a small dexamethasone test, an X-ray examination of the skull and spine are performed.

In the presence of thirst, dry mouth, the content of sugar in the blood on an empty stomach and during the day is determined, according to indications, a glucose tolerance test is performed.

In case of menstrual irregularities - gynecological examination, ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs, measurement of rectal temperature, other tests of functional diagnostics.

How to cure obesity: treatment, diet

How to cure obesity? Treatment is complex, aimed at reducing body weight, including diet therapy and physical therapies. A balanced low-calorie diet is recommended by reducing the content of carbohydrates and partly fats, mainly of animals, with a sufficient content of proteins, vitamins, and minerals (taking into account energy costs). Use foods high in fiber, which promotes rapid satiety, speeding up the passage of food through the intestines. Food is fractional, 5-6 times a day. Apply fasting days. Active motor mode, systematic therapeutic exercises, shower, massage are necessary. In grade IV obesity, surgical methods of treatment are the treatment of choice. With endocrine forms of obesity, the underlying disease is treated.

Addresses and phone numbers of the center are listed on the page.

Regular comprehensive preventive examinations aim not only to identify risk factors and detect emerging health problems, but also to develop an individual plan for the treatment of identified disorders and / or their prevention for each.

To date, diseases caused by malnutrition are probably one of the most common among the population of all countries.

Whether this is due to bad ecology or a high level of "chemistry" in products, no one can answer 100%, but one thing is for sure - these problems must be dealt with.

And one of the most famous such diseases is obesity, which affects a huge percentage of the population in both Western and Eastern countries.

What is "obesity"?

The reasons for the development of obesity in humans are actually very simple. We eat food so that we have enough energy for any activity. But when we lead a too passive and sedentary lifestyle, the calories consumed and, accordingly, the fats are not suitable for use. And excess substances remain inside our body, not finding a reason to spend.

Thus, we do not spend calories, but we consume them out of habit in large quantities, which will only increase over time and, over time, will result in a medical problem. Obesity, like anorexia and bulimia, requires not only a revision of the principles of eating behavior, but also a lot of work on the right attitude towards one's own body.

How to determine the degree of obesity?

Tips from an endocrinologist. We lose weight correctly, quickly, without harm

And during the development of this disease, various stages can be distinguished. The easiest way is to calculate the body mass index using a well-known formula that can be easily found on the Internet. The first stage of obesity starts at 28 for women and 30 for men, and the fourth, last - more than 47 for women and 49 for men.

How to treat obesity?

But when the problem is already present, it is necessary to carefully consider methods for getting rid of it. Treatment of obesity is best done without the use of any drugs in most cases, which greatly facilitates the task. You should definitely consult a doctor, he will help you choose the right diet, and go in for sports, since physical activity is a direct path to proper weight loss.

Surgical methods for the treatment of obesity

Bariatric surgery - a method of treating morbid obesity

Who Should Seek Surgeons?

Basic surgical methods for the treatment of obesity

1. Liposuction (pumping out fat). The method allows you to adjust the figure in the event that there are problems with the surface layer of fat mass. Liposuction will not cope with deeper fat deposits.

2. Operations aimed at limiting the ability to consume food or absorb nutrients. In this category it is worth mentioning:

Gastroshunting. It involves gastric bypass and exclusion from the digestive system of the segment of the duodenum, which is responsible for the intensive absorption of food.

Banding of the stomach. It involves the imposition of a special ring on the organ, which will help limit the ingestion of large amounts of food.

The establishment of an intragastric balloon, aimed at reducing the volume of the stomach, is not a surgical operation. This endoscopic procedure allows you to adjust the weight with minimal risk of complications. Surgical intervention is used as a last resort

The postoperative period lasts from 2-4 weeks. During these periods, the patient wears slimming underwear, does not actively engage in sports, and has been on a low-salt diet for 2 weeks.

The editors of the site advise everyone to monitor their weight in order to be able to solve problems in a timely manner, and also invites you to test yourself by answering a few test questions about weight loss myths.
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