Who is a surgeon and what does he do? general surgery

Surgeon. What is a surgeon? Types and specializations of surgeons. What diseases does the surgeon treat?

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What kind of doctor is a surgeon?

Surgical manipulations include the following operations and procedures:

• the actual dissection of tissues for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes;

• treatment of wounds and superficial injuries;
• amputations;
• introduction of endoscopic devices into the body;
• stop bleeding;
• burn treatment, etc.

In practice, most surgeons have a narrower specialization, and each work with a specific group of diseases or patients.

The surgeon is considered one of the most responsible medical specialties. His duties include not only performing surgical intervention in the operating room. He also sees the patient before the operation, decides if he has contraindications. The surgeon also visits the patient after surgery to make sure there are no complications. Also, the surgeon is responsible for the work of junior medical personnel during the operation ( nurses, assistants).

Notable surgeons

The following doctors have the greatest merits in the field of surgery:

• Harvey Cushing. American surgeon, considered the father of modern neurosurgery. His work on brain surgery revolutionized medicine. In addition, he personally performed thousands of operations and developed methods for monitoring patients in the hospital.
• Theodor Billroth. As far back as the middle of the 19th century, this doctor drew attention to the great importance of cleanliness in operating rooms. On his initiative, they began to regularly treat tables and tools with disinfectant solutions. Billroth also proposed original schemes of stomach operations, which are used almost unchanged to this day.
• Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov. Pirogov is one of the founders of domestic surgery. His main discoveries were made in the field of anatomy. He also developed methods for carrying out various operations, he was the first to use a plaster cast to immobilize limbs. Pirogov made a huge contribution to the development of military surgery.
• Nikolay Vasilievich Sklifosovsky. Sklifosovsky's works cover a wide variety of areas of medicine. Like Pirogov, he had extensive experience in military field surgery, but was also involved in the treatment of tumors, surgery in gynecology, endocrinology ( surgery for goiter), traumatology and orthopedics ( knee surgery).
• Leo Antonovich Bokeria. Currently, Bokeria is one of the leading cardiac surgeons. He proposed and developed many new techniques for performing heart operations in various pathologies. He owns patents for more than 150 different innovations and discoveries in cardiac surgery.
• Friedrich August von Esmarch. Esmarch was one of the pioneers in the introduction of the principles of asepsis and antisepsis in surgery. Thanks to his initiative, the frequency of postoperative complications in Germany has greatly decreased. He also owns a number of important discoveries on stopping bleeding ( Esmarch's tourniquet, etc.).
• Emil Theodor Kocher. Kocher was one of the greatest Swiss surgeons. He proposed a number of original techniques in carrying out operations on the organs of the chest and abdominal cavity, and was engaged in the surgical treatment of diseases of the thyroid gland. Kocher also developed a number of surgical instruments, many of which are still in active use today.

Types and specializations of surgeons

Surgeons are divided into profiles and specializations according to the following criteria:

• depending on the anatomical region ( thoracic, abdominal, cardiac surgeons, etc.);

• depending on the nature of the damage burn surgeon, traumatologist, etc.);
• depending on the technique of the operation microsurgeon, endovascular surgeon, etc.);
• depending on the group of diseases and patients ( oncologist, pediatric surgeon, gynecologist, etc.).

plastic surgeon ( cosmetologist, cosmetic surgeon, aesthetic surgeon)

Currently, the following plastic surgeries are most common:

• facial rejuvenation ( skin tightening, wrinkle removal, etc.);
• eyelid surgery ( blepharoplasty);
• nose ( rhinoplasty) and nasal septum;
• ears;
• chest ( mammoplasty);
• getting rid of excess weight liposuction);
• plastic surgery on the genitals;
• reconstructive plastic after burns and injuries, etc.

Almost any competent surgeon possesses certain skills in plastic surgery. In particular, the removal of massive scars and scars may well be performed by a general surgeon. Also, separately from plastic surgery, burn departments should be considered. Burn specialists, first of all, save the patient's life and only after recovery can refer him to a plastic surgeon.

bariatric surgeon

Most often, bariatric surgeons perform the following operations:

• gastric banding;
• gastric bypass;
• installation of an intragastric balloon;
• bowel surgery to reduce absorption.

laser surgeon

In principle, laser surgery can be applied in the following areas of medicine:

• ophthalmology ( for example, with retinal lesions due to diabetes mellitus);
• dentistry;
• dermatology;
• microsurgery;
• neurosurgery.

Pediatric surgeon ( pediatric surgeon, neonatal surgeon)

The following specialists can send a patient to a pediatric surgeon:

Patients with the following pathologies are often referred to an ophthalmological surgeon:

• foreign bodies;
• retinal disinsertion ( not always treated with surgery);
• eyelid surgery.

In the case of a traumatic brain injury with damage to the eye, the operation may be carried out by several specialists. For example, a neurosurgeon will deal with brain damage, a maxillofacial surgeon will repair damage to the facial skull, and an ophthalmologist surgeon will perform an intervention directly to restore vision.

Vitreoretinal Surgeon

Proctologist ( coloproctologist)

In principle, there is no separate specialization of the surgeon-proctologist. Operations in this area are successfully performed by general abdominal surgeons or oncologists. Often, minor operations are performed using endoscopic techniques, using special equipment. In this case, there is no dissection of the tissues of the abdominal wall, and all manipulations are performed through the anus.

The most common surgical diseases of the rectum are:

• abscesses and phlegmon in the tissue near the intestine;
• anal fissures and fistulas;
• haemorrhoids;
• rectal polyps;
• benign and malignant tumors.

cardiac surgeon ( cardiac surgeon)

Cardiac surgeons treat the following heart conditions:

• shunting and stenting of coronary vessels ( to restore normal blood flow);
• prosthetic heart valves;
• correction of congenital heart defects;
• installation of pacemakers;
• heart transplant, etc.

Mammologist

Breast surgeons as a separate specialty do not exist. Breast surgery can be performed by oncologists in case of cancer. When it comes to purulent diseases ( abscesses), then the patient is referred to general surgeons. Plastic surgery or breast augmentation is usually done by plastic surgeons.

Andrologist ( male surgeon)

The field of andrology may include pathologies of the following organs:

• directly to the penis;
• testes;
• testis and its appendages;
• ureter;
• prostate, etc.

Otorhinolaryngologist ( ENT, nasal surgeon)

Qualified ENT doctors can perform the following operations:

• sinus puncture ( maxillary, frontal);
• removal of tonsils;
• removal of polyps;
• correction of defects of the nasal septum;
• tympanic membrane plastic;
• opening of abscesses and abscesses in purulent diseases, etc.

Endovascular Surgeon ( X-ray surgeon, X-ray endovascular surgeon)

Endovascular surgeons must not only have the skills of general surgery, but also be able to handle the complex equipment that is used in such operations. They are sometimes also called X-ray surgeons, since most of the operations are carried out under the control of X-ray equipment.

Currently, endovascular surgeons can perform the following operations with minimal tissue damage:

• expansion of the coronary arteries ( stenting);
• embolization ( blockage) vessels;
• removal of blood clots;
• removal of aneurysms, etc.

hand surgeon

Endoscopist ( minimally invasive surgery specialist)

Endoscopist surgeons can perform the following operations:

• removal of the appendix;
• removal of the gallbladder;
• removal of lymph nodes;
• dissection of adhesions;
• removal of small tumors of the prostate;
• stop internal bleeding;
• diagnostic examination of the abdominal cavity ( laparoscopy) and etc.

Surgeon-therapist

Dermatologist

Gastroenterologist

Anesthetist

Burn Surgeon

sports surgeon

knee surgeon

Most often, traumatologists and surgeons are treated for the following knee problems:

• meniscus crack;
• fractures;
• diagnostic arthroscopy ( introduction of the camera into the joint cavity);
• infusion of synovial fluid;
• prosthetics of the knee joint, etc.

What does the surgeon treat?

• malformations of organs and tissues in children;
• inflammatory diseases;
• some infectious processes;
• neoplasms ( crayfish);
• injuries and wounds traumatologists operate);
• organ damage in autoimmune and systemic diseases.

Hernia ( inguinal, umbilical, brain, disc, etc.)

The most common hernias are:

• Inguinal. In this case, the inguinal canal acts as a hernial ring. Through it, loops of the small intestine or part of the large intestine exit under the skin.
• Umbilical. Such a hernia is located near the navel in the midline of the abdomen.
• Femoral. This hernia is formed due to the formation of a pathological femoral canal. The organs of the abdominal cavity go under the skin on the anterior surface of the thigh.
• Diaphragmatic. With such a hernia, the abdominal organs enter the chest cavity through a defect in the muscle bundles of the diaphragm. This is a flat muscle that separates these cavities.
• Disc herniation. A herniated disc causes a partial tear in the cartilage between the vertebrae. Because of this, the core of the disk ( normally located between the vertebral bodies) is shifted to the side. As a result, the spinal nerve is compressed and the patient develops back pain.
• Hernia of the brain. This hernia occurs in newborns. It is a congenital malformation of the brain and its membranes. For example, part of the brain may come out under the skin through the fontanel, if the child has a defect in the bones of the skull. Many of these hernias can be operated on by pediatric surgeons.

A surgeon should be contacted for any hernia. This will allow you to give an approximate forecast. The specialist can tell if surgery is necessary and how urgently it needs to be done. For example, with a herniated brain in children, the child may die or remain disabled due to disturbances in the central nervous system.

ulcer ( stomach, duodenum, etc.)

Surgery is required mainly in the later stages of the disease to prevent life-threatening complications or to eliminate the consequences of these complications. The most dangerous of them is ulcer perforation, when a through defect occurs in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract, and the contents of the stomach or intestines enter the abdominal cavity. In these cases, urgent surgical treatment is the only way to save the patient. Sometimes ulcers are operated on because of the risk of cancer.

To assess the patient's condition and conduct surgical treatment, the gastroenterologist refers the patient to an abdominal surgeon. This specialist decides which operation will be performed. Also, the abdominal surgeon observes the patient immediately after the operation.

Wounds and injuries

All wounds in surgery are classified as follows:

• Cut. Usually, the doctor checks to see if the vessels and nerves are affected, and then sutures the wound to heal faster.
• Chipped. This type of wound is often accompanied by internal bleeding and organ damage. Most often, an operation is performed by dissecting the wound channel in order to detect all damage.
• bruised. Such wounds usually require superficial debridement. After healing, massive scars may form.
• Torn. This type of wound is accompanied by exfoliation and rupture of the skin. For full healing, the help of a plastic surgeon may subsequently be required.
• Crushed. In this case, bone crushing, muscle rupture and joint damage often occur. Tissue repair operations for crushed wounds are very complex and require the participation of surgeons of various profiles.
• bitten. With a bitten wound, you can contact any surgeon or traumatologist. Usually the damage is minor, but superficial treatment of the wound and the mandatory prescription of antibiotics are required ( it is also recommended to administer anti-rabies serum).
• Gunshot. Best of all, such wounds are treated by military doctors. In this case, the operation is necessary in any case, since a lot of foreign substances enter the body with a bullet and the risk of purulent complications is high. In the absence of a military doctor, the patient can be treated by a qualified traumatologist.

Injuries after car accidents

Car accidents most often cause the following injuries:

• wounds, bruises and fractures ( engaged in traumatologist);
• concussion, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury ( neurosurgeon);
• damage to internal organs performed by abdominal or thoracic surgeons);
• burns ( treated by doctors and surgeons of the burn department).

Varicose veins ( phlebeurysm)

The main treatment for varicose veins is the surgical removal of superficial veins. This operation is usually performed by a vascular surgeon. Also, this specialist can inject a special substance into the dilated veins, which will “glue” the walls, and the blood will stop passing through these vessels. Regardless of the method of treatment, the danger to the patient is minimal. The outflow of blood will be carried out through deep veins.

Furuncles and carbuncles

Ingrown nail

An ingrown toenail can be removed by a dermatologist or general surgeon. For this, you usually do not need to go to the hospital or undergo various examinations. The operation lasts only 10-15 minutes in the absence of purulent complications. The doctor cuts and removes the ingrown part of the nail plate under local anesthesia, or removes the entire nail. The wound is treated with a disinfectant solution, pus ( if he is) are released. Patient goes home on the day of surgery usually after 1 - 2 hours). The frequency of re-ingrown nails is quite high.

Zhirovik ( lipoma)

Surgical treatment of lipoma is not necessary for all patients. A general surgeon should be seen to confirm the diagnosis and rule out some similar soft tissue tumors. Remove lipoma when it is inflamed ( e.g. due to injury, infection). Also, some wen are operated for aesthetic reasons. For example, large lipomas in the mammary gland can deform the breast, making it asymmetrical. Similar operations can also be performed by a plastic surgeon.

Surgery I Surgery (chirurgia; Greek cheirurgia, cheir + ergon work, action)

the field of clinical medicine that studies diseases and for the treatment of which surgical methods are used, develops these methods and regulates the conditions for their effective and safe use. Along with therapy and obstetrics, it is the oldest medical specialty. The introduction of anesthesia played a decisive role in the development of H. (see General anesthesia) , asepsis (Asepsis) and antiseptics (Antiseptics) . In the 19th and 20th centuries there is a differentiation of chiropractic into numerous independent scientific and practical disciplines, associated, in particular, with a revision of the boundaries of the concept of so-called surgical diseases (for example, until the middle of the 20th century, heart disease was almost exclusively the responsibility of therapists). Back in the middle of the 19th century. Out of Surgery Ophthalmology , Otorhinolaryngology , Urology , Traumatology (Traumatology and Orthopedics) and (Traumatology and Orthopedics) , in 20th century - Anesthesiology , Oncology , transplantation (see Transplantation of organs and tissues).

In modern Kh., a number of independent sections are distinguished. General surgery studies the basics of pathology and general principles for the use of surgical procedures (see Surgical operation) and other surgical methods of treatment, regardless of the particular manifestations of individual diseases. Operative surgery develops individual surgical approaches and surgical techniques. Purulent surgery is devoted to diseases characterized by the occurrence of purulent inflammation. Diseases and injuries of the abdominal organs are dealt with by abdominal surgery, chest and chest organs - thoracic surgery, jaws and some other organs and tissues of the face - maxillofacial surgery. Restorative (plastic, reconstructive) surgery develops operational methods for restoring the anatomical integrity, shape and function of damaged organs and tissues. Methods for the diagnosis and surgical treatment of diseases (including developmental anomalies) and injuries in children are being developed. Cardiovascular surgery is dedicated to the surgical treatment of cardiovascular diseases. . The section X. and military medicine is Military field surgery . Neurosurgery became independent clinical disciplines , as well as coloproctology (dedicated to the pathology of the colon and rectum).

Modern X. is closely connected with such sciences as Anatomy (and, above all, with its section - topographic anatomy, which forms the basis of rational operating), Pathological anatomy , Physiology , as well as with anesthesiology and most sections of clinical medicine, widely using research methods adopted in these disciplines, incl. histological, radiological, ultrasound, endoscopic (see Endoscopy) . The creation and improvement of surgical instruments (Surgical instruments) significantly expands the possibilities of X. Electricity is widely used to cut tissues and coagulate blood vessels (see Electrosurgery) , ultrasound, lasers , cold (see Cryosurgery) , warm.

Promising directions in modern X. are also operations in pressure chambers (see. Hyperbaric oxygenation ) , Microsurgery (operations using optical means and special instruments), Plastic surgery , transplantation of organs and tissues, open surgeries using a heart-lung machine.

1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical Encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First aid. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. Encyclopedic dictionary of medical terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.

See what "Surgery" is in other dictionaries:

SURGERY- (from Greek cheir hand and ergon action). The original meaning of the word X., “handwork”, indicated that X. was understood as a purely practical, branch of healing, medical methods which were made by hands or tools. From… … Big Medical Encyclopedia

- (Greek cheirurgia, from cheir hand, and ergon work, labor). A branch of medicine dealing with the treatment of certain injuries and external diseases in general, by means of various operations on the damaged parts of the body, or by medical means. Dictionary… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

- (Greek cheirurgia from cheir hand and ergon work), a branch of medicine and veterinary medicine that studies diseases, the main method of treatment of which is surgery (bloody, that is, associated with dissection and excision of tissues, and bloodless reduction of dislocation, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Orthopraxy, desmurgy Dictionary of Russian synonyms. surgery n., number of synonyms: 21 anaplasty (1) ... Synonym dictionary

Surgery- (Greek cheirurgia, from cheir hand and ergon work), a branch of medicine and veterinary medicine that studies diseases, the main method of treatment of which is surgery (bloody, i.e. associated with dissection and excision of tissues, and bloodless, for example, reduction ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

SURGERY, surgery, pl. no, female (from the Greek chei ruria, lit. handmade). Department of medicine dedicated to the use of surgical methods of treatment. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

general surgery is a branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of diseases that can only be cured through surgery. This is an area of ​​medicine where the highest concentration of knowledge, skills and abilities is required from a doctor.

General surgery: features

To area general surgery include all types of surgical treatment that are carried out:

on the organs of the chest and abdominal cavities;

In the area of ​​the retroperitoneal space;

On vessels.

In addition, general surgery treats pathologies:

walls of the peritoneum;

diaphragms;

soft tissues;

As well as stopping the processes that are of a tumor nature.

In some cases, in general surgery, he not only performs operations, but also uses methods of preventive (prophylactic) medicine. Modern surgery is a dynamically developing, evidence-based branch of medicine.

General surgery: work with other departments

Word " surgery"comes from lat. "chirurgiae", which means "handmade". Surgery is a special branch of clinical medicine, aimed primarily at the prevention, diagnosis, scientific study of possible surgical diseases and injuries, as well as their treatment. The treatment of most pathologies requires the implementation of complex, often abdominal operations, performed only under general anesthesia. A wide range of activities carried out by the department general surgery, causes parallel work in conjunction with other departments. Significant percentage departments of general surgery are patients with different types of cancer. In order to carry out diagnostics, surgery and subsequent treatment of these patients, it is necessary to work together with other departments:

gastroenterology;

Radiology (interventional);

Pathology;

Radiation and medical oncology.

Because the general surgery also deals with issues of traumatology, in such cases, work is carried out with the departments:

orthopedic;

neurological;

neurological;

Cardiovascular surgery.

Types of surgery

Depending on the purpose and nature of the surgical intervention, operations are divided into:

1) Diagnostic.

Such operations are carried out in order to establish and determine a more accurate diagnosis in the patient.

2) Radical.

With the help of this type of surgical intervention, surgeons can eliminate the dangerous pathological processes that occur with the patient.

3) Palliative.

They are carried out for the purpose of short-term relief of the patient's condition.

There is also a classification of operations by deadlines:

emergency (this type includes operations that require immediate conduct (tracheotomy, bleeding arrest);

Urgent (to clarify the diagnosis and prepare the patient for surgery, such operations may be postponed for a while);

Planned (carried out after a thorough study and preparation of the patient for surgery).

In elective abdominal medicine, for the treatment of most diseases, laparoscopic operations have been developed and are now widely used, which completely replace open ones. The use of laparoscopic operations in emergency medicine is observed in perforated ulcers, acute appendicitis, acute cholecystitis, intestinal obstruction, peritonitis, strangulated hernia and many other diseases. The postoperative period in such patients proceeds much better and easier. However, the use of laparoscopic operations in some cases is categorically impossible (for severe diseases, complications).

Ambulatory general surgery, first of all, carries out the treatment of benign neoplasms, which include: fibromas, lipomas, atheromas, hemangiomas. Surgical interventions occurring in the area outpatient general surgery, do not require prolonged hospitalization of the patient and are performed under local anesthesia.

General Surgery Clinic

Today there are many clinics of general surgery in Moscow. Due to the number of institutions, the patient sometimes does not know how to choose the right one.

Really good general surgery clinic boasts the presence of the following factors:

the latest medical technologies;

Operating rooms equipped with the latest surgical equipment;

Qualified and experienced surgeons;

Carrying out high-tech operations;

Unique diagnostic methods;

Highly effective postoperative course of medical rehabilitation;

Modern technologies that can significantly reduce the time of hospitalization of the patient with the condition of further observation in the outpatient setting, etc.

Diagnostics and treatment of surgical diseases

An important condition for the speedy recovery of the patient is the correct diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis is the key to effective treatment. The diagnosis can be made on the basis of an individual and complex approach. After a preliminary consultation, the surgeon prescribes the necessary examination.

Diagnostics is carried out using:

modern laboratory equipment;

Instrumental diagnostic equipment.

This type of study allows you to identify the individual characteristics of the patient's body as a whole, as well as the specifics of the disease in particular.

Choose clinics of general surgery in Moscow where the treatment of surgical diseases is complex. Treatment should be aimed at identifying and eliminating the cause of the disease, as well as the speedy rehabilitation of the patient after surgery.

Surgery is a branch of medicine that deals with the study of chronic and acute diseases that need to be treated using a surgical (surgical) method. Surgical treatment includes several successive stages:

preparing the patient for surgery;

anesthesia (pain relief);

surgical intervention.

The process of a surgical operation includes: surgical access (incision of the mucous membrane or skin), surgical treatment of an organ, complete restoration of the integrity of tissues that were violated during the operation.

	Buttock abscess after injection (bump): treatment, photo, symptoms

According to the purpose and nature of the operation, they are divided into radical, diagnostic and palliative. Diagnostic methods allow the surgeon to make an accurate diagnosis and in some cases are the only diagnostically reliable method, palliative methods relieve the patient's condition for a short time, and radical surgical interventions finally eliminate the pathological process.

According to the timing of the operation, it can be planned, urgent and emergency. The latter require immediate implementation (tracheostomy, bleeding arrest, and others). Urgent operations can be postponed until the diagnosis is confirmed and while the patient is preparing for surgery. Planned are performed after a long examination of the patient and preparation for the immediate operation.

More and more modern surgery is becoming reconstructive surgery (that is, aimed at replacing or restoring a damaged organ: an artificial heart valve, a vessel prosthesis, strengthening the hernia gate with a synthetic mesh, etc.) and minimally invasive (the main task is to minimize the area of ​​intervention) - X-ray endovascular surgery, laparoscopic technique, mini-accesses.

Such areas as thoracic surgery, abdominal surgery, andrology, urology, neurosurgery, gynecology, endocrinology, cardiac surgery, angiology, orthopedics, traumatology, plastic surgery, transplantology, combustiology, ophthalmology, purulent surgery, maxillofacial surgery, oncology are associated with surgery.

History of surgery

Surgery is one of the oldest branches of medicine. Few people know that as early as 6 thousand years BC, operations such as trepanation of the skull, removal of stones from the urea were carried out, and bandages intended for immobilization were applied for bone fractures. Wounds were treated with oil, honey and wine. Unfortunately, in IV - V thousand. BC there is no information about the state of medicine in the annals. In ancient India, 1.5 thousand years before our era, surgery began its development. Surgical instruments (more than 100 items) are being developed. Then such surgical interventions as the removal of foreign bodies, plastic surgery of the nose are performed, and methods for stopping bleeding are being developed.

Hippocrates, the great physician of the time (460-377 B.C.), wrote works on surgery and medicine. He gave the concept of how to heal wounds, described the signs of sepsis and phlegmon, the symptoms of tetanus. During the operation, he used boiled or rain water. Rib resection for purulent pleurisy, proposed by him, has not lost its relevance to this day.

Ammonius (Alexandrian period) invented a method for crushing bladder stones. For this he was called "lithotomist".

Surgery was especially powerful in ancient Rome. Local surgeons skillfully treated incised and stab wounds, performed amputations. Surgeons were always present at armies and gladiatorial schools. The great Galen also worked as a doctor in the gladiatorial school.

In the Middle Ages, surgery began to degrade. All operations involving bleeding were strictly prohibited. As a result, talented doctors did not have the opportunity to openly express and offer methods of surgical treatment, fearing the Inquisition and being accused of heresy. This is what the anatomist Vesalius was accused of - he was removed from work in the department and sentenced to death, which was later replaced by a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. University medicine itself fell into the hands of barbers and artisans.

Surgery in the Renaissance

Since the second half of the XV century - the period of the Renaissance. This is the peak of the rise of surgery and medicine in general. There has been a tendency for medicine to be based on clinical observations at the patient's bedside and scientific experiments. The prominent representatives of this period were the surgeons Harvey, Paracelsus, Ambroise Pare.

Harvey - discovered the laws of blood circulation, proved the role of the heart as a pump, explained that veins and arteries make up the first circle of blood circulation.

Ambroise Pere is a famous French surgeon. He wrote about a gunshot wound as a bruised wound, replaced the ligation of large vessels and the amputation technique. In obstetrics, he created a method of turning on a leg (it was practiced by Hippocrates, but was forgotten) to extract the fetus.

Paracelsus was a Swiss naturalist and Swiss physician. Created a technique for the use of astringents to alleviate the condition of the wounded.

The scientist Jean Denis was the first person to perform a blood transfusion in 1667.

The State of Surgery in the 19th – 20th Centuries

The 19th century saw a number of major discoveries in surgery. At this time, operative surgery and topographic anatomy developed. For example, N.I. Pirogov performed a high section of the bladder in 2 minutes, and an amputation of the lower leg in 8 minutes. In one day, the surgeon Larrey, who served in the army of Napoleon I, performed 200 amputations.

The development of surgery and the use of new types of surgical intervention were hampered by three main circumstances: the lack of preventive measures for wound infection, the lack of anesthesia, and the lack of a way to combat bleeding. But these issues still managed to be successfully resolved.

In 1846, W. Morton (a dentist) and chemist Jackson used ether vapor inhalation during tooth extraction. The patient lost consciousness and felt no pain. In 1846, surgeon Warren removed a neck tumor using ether anesthesia. J. Simpson (English obstetrician) in 1847 used chloroform for anesthesia and achieved loss of sensitivity and blackout. So he laid the foundation for anesthesia - anesthesia. Despite the fact that operations were now painless, patients died either from shock and blood loss, or from purulent complications.

But L. Pasteur, as a result of experiments, proved that chemicals and high temperatures destroy microbes and thereby exclude the process of decay. This discovery of Pasteur was a great contribution to the development of the science of surgery and microbiology. Surgeon J. Lister, based on the discoveries of Pasteur, concluded that the wound becomes infected through the air. Therefore, to combat microbes (microorganisms), they began to spray carbolic acid in the operating room. Before the operation, the surgical field and the surgeon's hands were also irrigated with carbolic acid, and at the end of the operation, the wound was necessarily covered with gauze, which was pre-impregnated with carbolic acid. Thus, a new method of fighting infection called antiseptics appeared. Even before the discovery of the processes of decay and fermentation, N.I. Pirogov believed that the pus might contain a "sticky infection" and used antiseptic agents. The doctrine of wound infection arose. The use of the antiseptic method in surgery caused a decrease in wound complications, which in turn had a positive effect on the outcomes of operations.

In 1885 M.S. Subbotin (a Russian surgeon) performed sterilization of dressings to perform operations, which gave rise to the asepsis method. The following year, N.V. devoted his works to this section of surgery. Sklifosovsky, Ernst von Bergmann and many others.

At the same time, the development of ways to combat bleeding during operations and injuries appeared. F. von Esmarch suggested using a hemostatic tourniquet, which was applied both during amputation and during an accidental wound on a limb.

Blood types were discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901. Ya. Jansky in 1907 developed a method of blood transfusion.

Russian surgery

In our country, surgery began its development in 1654, when a decree was issued to open bone-cutting schools. Apothecary business appeared in 1704, when the construction of a plant for surgical instruments was completed. Until the 17th century, there were almost no surgeons in our country, as, in fact, there were no hospitals. In 1707, the First Hospital was opened in Moscow. In 1716 and 1719, two hospitals began to operate in St. Petersburg at once.

But be that as it may, there were talented Russian doctors in the pre-Pyrogov period, who left a certain contribution to the history of Russian surgery. This should include P.A. Zagorsky, K.I. Shchepin, I.F. Bush, I.V. Buyalsky, E.O. Mukhina and others.

F.I. Inozemtsev is a professor at Moscow University, a contemporary of N.I. Pirogov. He taught surgery, taught a course in operative surgery with topographic anatomy at the Faculty of Medicine. Professor I.M. Sechenov and S.P. Botkin were his students.

N.V. Sklifosovsky is a talented surgeon of his time. He taught at Kiev University, after which he moved to the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy, and then to Moscow University. He dealt with aseptic and antiseptic issues, together with I.I. Nasilov created an osteoplastic operation, which was called the "Russian Castle".

A.A. Bobrov is the founder of the Moscow Surgical School, which S.P. graduated from. Fedorov. He wrote about surgical techniques for hernia, cholecystitis, etc. He created the Bobrov apparatus, used for the introduction of saline solutions under the skin. Author of a book on topographic anatomy and operative surgery.

P.I. Dyakonov - began to work as a zemstvo doctor. After that he defended his thesis, received a doctor of medicine and began to head the department of topographic anatomy and operative surgery, and then headed the department of hospital surgery, but already at Moscow University.

ON THE. Velyaminov is an academician of the Military Medical Academy, a talented scientist and surgeon. An erudite doctor, he wrote scientific papers on diseases of the thyroid gland, joints, tuberculosis, etc. In Russia, he opened an ambulance committee.

P.I. Tikhov is a professor at Tomsk University, a surgeon, a pioneer in the development of surgery in Siberia. He is the author of a three-volume book of private surgery, and is also the author of a method for transplanting ureters into the rectum.

Branches of surgery

Modern surgery is divided into the following areas or branches:

• Abdominal surgery.

Treatment of the organs of the abdominal plane, as well as the retroperitoneal space (removal of ulcerative defects of the intestine and stomach, intestinal obstruction, appendicitis).

• Thoracic surgery.

Treatment of various diseases of the chest organs (operations to install an artificial heart valve, lung rupture, traumatic injuries of the chest, and others).

• Neurosurgery.

Treatment of diseases of the spinal cord, brain and peripheral nerves (brain tumor, hemorrhagic stroke, rupture of large nerves or nerve endings as a result of trauma, brain injury, etc.).

• Maxillofacial Surgery.

Treatment of diseases of the facial skull, as well as soft tissues (ruptures of soft tissues, all kinds of facial injuries).

• Vascular surgery.

Treatment of diseases of small and large vessels (trauma with vascular rupture, varicose veins, shunting, etc.).

• Cardiac surgery.

Treatment of heart diseases (installation of artificial valves, pacemakers, vascular bypass, etc.).

• Transplantology.

Treatment of various diseases by means of micro-accesses, into which a special thin tube with a camera at the end is inserted. An overview of the operation site is displayed on a special screen. An example of such operations is the removal of the gallbladder and ovarian cysts.

• Plastic surgery.

Correction of appearance in order to correct its shortcomings.

• Purulent surgery.

Treatment of those purulent diseases that are not amenable to drug exposure (purulent wound, carbuncle, furuncle, liver abscess).

• laser surgery.

Treatment of diseases with a laser, which successfully replaces the scalpel.

• radio wave surgery.

Treatment of surgical diseases with the help of waves of a certain length.

Surgical treatment of children from the first day of life to 18 years is performed. All diseases that can only occur at this age are operated on.

The following branches of medicine are related to surgery:

Ophthalmology is the treatment of the organs of vision.

Gynecology deals with the female reproductive organs.

Otorhinolaryngology - specializes in diseases of the hearing, nasal region (smell) and throat.

Endocrinology - treats diseases of the endocrine system.

Traumatology and Orthopedics deals with various fractures, injuries and other diseases of the joints and bones.

Oncology - diseases caused by benign and malignant neoplasms.

Urology - diseases of the urinary system.

Specialists in all of the above areas can manage their patients both medically and surgically, performing surgical interventions on certain organs.

Surgery emblems- a drop of blood (currently often used as an emblem of donation or its fragment), various tools that are used by barbers and surgeons, as well as a pentagram.

What are the types of surgical diseases?

Due to the formation of all surgical diseases are divided into 5 main groups:

Traumatic injuries. They can be closed and open. These are sprains, bruises, burns, fractures, compression, dislocations, etc.

Infectious diseases. All of them appear due to microorganisms that provoke inflammatory reactions when they enter the human body. The range is quite wide - from small pustules to sepsis.

Benign and malignant neoplasms.

Circulatory disorders (ulcer, gangrene, embolism, thrombosis, etc.).

Developmental defects.

According to the urgency of providing assistance, surgical diseases are divided into:

slowly progressing (usually assistance is provided in a planned manner);

rapidly developing diseases (emergency operations) requiring assistance in a few days;

acute illnesses, implying the provision of an ambulance for several hours.

Types and periods of operations

Surgery involves incisions, and it is this aspect that distinguishes surgery from other disciplines. Surgery is the main method of treatment. Often, what the surgeon does during the operation cannot be changed in the future. In any case, the operation is an intervention in the body, so it in itself carries a danger.

Surgical intervention is the fundamental treatment of diseases. The operation is a mechanical effect on the human body, aimed at alleviating manifestations, curing pathology or for diagnostic purposes.

Operation types

They are divided into bloodless, which are performed without incisions (for example, reduction of dislocation) or bloody, violating the integrity of the skin. All operations are divided into diagnostic and therapeutic.

Depending on the tasks, surgical operations are divided into:

• palliative (performed to improve the condition);
• radical (removal of the affected area).

By the number of stages:

• multi-stage (the cure of the disease occurs in several operations in order to fully restore the lost functions);
• two-stage (disposal of pathology in 2 stages, if there is a risk of complications);
• one-stage (the pathological focus is removed in one manipulation).

Preoperative period

The preoperative period is the period of time from the patient's admission to the medical institution and before the start of the surgical intervention. During this period, it is necessary to prepare the patient for surgical intervention and make an accurate diagnosis. The duration of the stage directly depends on the urgency of the operation and the severity of the disease. Preparation of the patient for surgery consists of the following: restriction of food intake, shaving of the surgical field, hygiene procedures, collection of tests, proper rest, etc.

Postoperative period

This stage begins from the end of the operation until the recovery of the patient. It is divided into three phases:

early (3-5 days);

discharge of the patient (2-3 weeks);

until the body is fully restored and lost functions.

It is worth noting that some third-party diseases that are not the cause of surgery often cause complications after surgery. These include diabetes mellitus, allergies to certain drugs, etc.

Features of patient care after surgery

Surgical patients require special care. It is important to remember that surgical wounds are the site of infection, for this reason, all postoperative procedures should be aimed at protecting the wound, as well as its speedy healing. It is necessary to regularly monitor the values ​​of certain indicators (pressure, temperature, heart rate, etc.) and the condition of the dressings and sutures. When treating wounds, it is necessary to use only sterile instruments and materials.

Often operations have a negative impact on the psycho-emotional state of the patient, as he tends to be very worried about the outcome of the operation. This can negatively affect the functions of many systems and organs, especially the work of the heart. Plus, surgical patients are already exhausted by the difficult state of their body. Therefore, it is extremely important to prepare the patient for the procedures, to explain the outcomes to him, reassuring him. In some cases, sleeping pills and sedatives are prescribed.

After all surgical interventions, there may be a violation in the work of many organs (respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive systems), so it is important to explain to patients what to do when such unpleasant consequences appear (cough, shortness of breath, hypertension, diarrhea, constipation, etc.). ). It is important to teach the patient how to properly care for postoperative wounds, to provide advice on physical exercises. Through this approach, you can ensure that effective results are obtained, which will contribute to the fastest recovery and recovery.

Hello, dear readers of our site!

Today we will talk about surgical operations. You will learn what types of surgery are available, when the intervention of a surgeon is appropriate and what the consequences of operations may be. Everyone should know about this, because no one is insured against operations, unfortunately.

As a rule, the operation is prescribed in especially severe cases of the disease, when simple treatment with the help of medications and folk remedies can no longer help. Especially often, operations are performed on the stomach, intestines, when removing benign and malignant tumors, and organ transplants.

All surgery can be divided into two broad categories: for planned and emergency. Elective surgery is a cosmetic change (), which is planned in advance. When carrying out such operations, as a rule, there is no great risk to the health and life of the patient.

Emergency surgery involves urgent operations. These operations are carried out without preliminary preparation of the patient in a short time (immediately after his admission to the hospital). The reason for their implementation may be car accidents, severe forms of injury, cardiac arrest, large blood loss, and other incidents when the issue of life and death is being decided and delay is simply unacceptable.

It is also possible to highlight specialized and general surgery. Specialized surgery deals with operations on certain parts of the body, internal organs. Examples: cardiac surgery, maxillofacial surgery, eye surgery and others. General surgery is divided into many smaller branches.

Also, it is worth noting that pediatric surgery is a separate area. This is due, first of all, to the fact that the body of a child is significantly different from the body of an adult, which means that surgery (and treatment too) has its own characteristics and subtleties.

Types of surgery - list:

• Abdominal Surgery
• Thoracic Surgery
• Neurosurgery
• cardiac surgery
• Plastic surgery
• Maxillofacial Surgery
• Purulent surgery
• transplantology
• Traumatology
• Urology
• Ophthalmology
• Gynecology
• Oncology
• Orthopedics

If you have an operation, it is better not to spare money and turn to professionals. After all, the consequences of unsuccessful surgical interventions can lead to poor health and even death right on the operating table. And such cases, unfortunately, are not isolated.

Take care of yourself and be healthy!