4 State Duma briefly. State Duma of the Russian Empire
Third State Duma (1907-1912): general characteristics and features of activity
The Third State Duma was the first to run its entire five-year term. It was convened on November 1, 1907, and its composition turned out to be incomparably more conservative than that of its predecessors. The number of deputies was reduced by law. Of the 442 seats, 146 were won by the rightists, 155 by the Octobrists and groups close to them, 108 by the Cadets and sympathizers, 13 by the Trudoviks and 20 by the Social Democrats. The Duma center turned out to be the Union of October 17 party, and the Octobrist N.A. Khomyakov was elected chairman. In March 1910, he was replaced by party leader A.I. Guchkov, and a year later, the Octobrist M.V. was elected head of parliament. Rodzianko, who later became chairman of the Fourth Duma (1912-1917). Bokhanov A.N., Gorinov M.M., Dmitrenko V.P. Russian history. XX century. M.: AST, 2001 pp. 126 - 127.
On June 3, 1907, simultaneously with the decree on the dissolution of the Duma of the Second Convocation, a new Regulation on elections to the Duma (new electoral law) was published, according to which a new Duma was convened. The dissolution of the Second State Duma and the publication of a new electoral law went down in history under the name of the "Third of June Coup".
The act of June 3 was rightly called a coup d'état: it was carried out in violation of the manifesto of October 17, 1905. and the Fundamental Laws of 1906, according to which no new law could be adopted without the sanction of the State Duma. Behind the decision to convene a new Duma was a complex struggle and fluctuations in the "top" due to fear of the people. Avrekh A.Ya. P.A. Stolypin and the fate of reforms in Russia. - M.: Politizdat, 1991. S. 25.
The new electoral law expanded the rights of the landowners and the big bourgeoisie, who received two-thirds of the total number of electors; about a quarter of the electors were left to the workers and peasants. The representation of the peoples of some national outlying districts was sharply reduced: the peoples of Central Asia, Yakutia and some other national regions were completely removed from the elections. Workers' and peasants' electors were deprived of the right to elect deputies themselves from among themselves. This right was transferred to the provincial electoral assembly as a whole, where in most cases the landowners and the bourgeoisie predominated. The city curia was divided into two: the first was made up of large proprietors, the second - the petty bourgeoisie and the city intelligentsia. There were about 30 commissions in the Duma, eight of which were permanent: budgetary, financial, for the implementation of state policy in the field of income and expenditure, editorial, upon request, library, personnel, administrative. Elections of members of the commissions were carried out at the general meeting of the Duma by prior agreement of the candidates in the factions. In most commissions, all factions had their representatives.
Russian state Duma Stolypin
Table 1. The number of factions in the Third State Duma (1907-1912)
Sessions: 1st - November 1, 1907 - June 18, 1908; 2nd - October 15, 1908 - June 2, 1909; 3rd - October 10, 1909 - June 17, 1910; 4th - October 15, 1910 - May 13, 1911; 5th - October 15, 1911 - June 9, 1912.
The first session of the Third State Duma was held in an atmosphere of calm work and mutual understanding with the government. Separate attempts by the left and the Cadets to kindle conflicts on some insignificant occasions ended in failure, since the majority did not want a confrontation with the authorities. Among the main bills adopted by the Duma were laws on peasant private ownership of land, on workers' insurance, and on the introduction of local self-government in the western regions of the empire.
After the death of Stolypin in 1911, disagreements began between the deputies of the State Duma. A number of bills have been put on hold. Many were in favor of dissolving the Duma. A parliamentary crisis began, which lasted a whole year. In the fall of 1912, the term of office of the Third State Duma expired. On the whole, the Third State Duma can safely be called "Stolypin's". Completely dependent on the government, it certainly could not fully reflect the interests of the peoples of Russia. Being a "puppet" of Stolypin, she only created the appearance of democratic parliamentarism, acting only in the interests of the emperor, which was naturally beneficial to tsarism. However, the length of her term suggests that Russia could not do without a parliament.
P.A. Stolypin, a former marshal of the nobility and governor, a candidate for the Russian Bismarcks, a "new man," as the landlord-bourgeois counter-revolution dubbed him, prepared himself for this role with all his previous activities. AND I. Upper Tsarism and the Third June system. _ M.: Nauka, 1966. S. 27.
The Third State Duma held five parliamentary sessions and was dissolved by decree of Emperor Nicholas II in June 1912.
THIRD STATE DUMA THIRD STATE DUMA
THIRD STATE DUMA - Russian representative legislative body, which operated from November 1, 1907 to June 9, 1912; there were five sessions (cm. PARLIAMENTARY SESSION). The Third State Duma lasted five years - the entire period allotted to it by law. According to the new electoral law of June 3, 1907 (the Third June Coup), the rights of a number of categories of the population were significantly curtailed: the number of representatives from the peasantry was reduced by 2 times, from workers - by 2.5 times, from Poland and the Caucasus - by 3 times, the peoples of Siberia and Central Asia lost the right to representation in the State Duma. The voting rights of the estate of landowners were significantly expanded, according to the new law, the vote of the landowner was equated with the votes of four large entrepreneurs, 260 peasants, 543 workers. The landowners and the big bourgeoisie received two-thirds of the total number of electors, while about a quarter of the electors were left to the workers and peasants. Workers' and peasants' electors were deprived of the right to elect deputies themselves from among themselves. This right was transferred to the provincial electoral assembly as a whole, where in most cases the landowners and the bourgeoisie predominated. The city curia was divided into two: the first consisted of large owners, the second - the petty bourgeoisie and the urban intelligentsia. Of the six deputies elected by the workers' curia, there were four Bolsheviks (N.G. Poletaev, M.V. Zakharov, S.A. Voronin, P.I. Surkov). Deputies I.P. adjoined the Bolsheviks. Pokrovsky and A.I. Precalc. The total number of deputies of the State Duma was reduced to 442.
Elections to the Third State Duma took place in the autumn of 1907. In the first session, the Duma numbered 50 extreme right-wing deputies, 97 moderate right-wing and nationalist deputies, 154 Octobrists and those who adhered to them, 28 "progressives", 54 Cadets, 8 Muslim group, 7 Lithuanian-Belarusian group, Polish Kolo -11, Trudoviks - 14, Social Democrats - 19. The Octobrist N.A. was elected Chairman of the Third State Duma. Khomyakov, since March 1910 this post was held by A.I. Guchkov, and since 1911 - the Octobrist M.V. Rodzianko. None of their parties (cm. POLITICAL PARTY) did not have a majority of votes in the State Duma, the voting results depended on the position of the Seventeenth of October party, which instead of the Cadets became the "center" faction. If the Octobrists voted with the Rights, a Right-Octobrist majority (about 300 deputies) was created, if together with the Progressives and the Cadets, an Octobrist-Cadet majority (more than 250 deputies). In general, the Octobrists supported the policy of the government of P.A. Stolypin. skillfully maneuvered when it was necessary to carry out certain decisions of the government. Depending on the circumstances, they formed a bloc with the monarchists or the Cadets. This mechanism was called the "October pendulum". During its work, the Duma considered about 2.5 thousand bills. A significant part of the bills dealt with minor issues, called "legislative vermicelli". The most important laws adopted by the Third State Duma were the laws on agrarian reform (of June 14, 1910), on the introduction of zemstvos in the western provinces (1910).
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Russian legislative, representative institution (parliament), which worked from November 1, 1907 to June 9, 1912. To carry out reforms, the government of P. A. Stolypin needed a more right-wing Duma. According to the new electoral law of 3 ... ... Political science. Dictionary.
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Last Duma of the Russian Empire
The work of the deputies took place against the backdrop of world war and revolution
The Fourth Duma worked from November 15, 1912 to February 25, 1917. But officially it was dissolved only on October 6, 1917, a few days before the October Revolution. Mikhail Rodzianko, the leader of the Octobrist Party, was the chairman of the State Duma for the entire term.
Unpredictable Parliament
Elections to the Duma were held in the autumn of 1912. A total of 442 deputies were elected. Like last time, the Octobrists won the most votes (98 seats). But their superiority over the rest was no longer so overwhelming. In general, the Fourth Duma had pronounced flanks (left and right) with a moderate center. This made it less predictable than the Third Duma.
The Octobrists increasingly began to unite with the Cadets, gaining a majority in the Duma. But their legislative initiatives were blocked by the State Council. In turn, the Duma hampered the draft large-scale laws of the tsarist government. As a result, the government limited itself to minor bills. During the first and second sessions (1912-1914) over 2,000 small bills were introduced.
They wanted to form a cabinet
With the outbreak of the First World War, meetings of the State Duma began to be held irregularly. Legislation was carried out by the government in an extra-Duma order.
The defeat of the Russian troops in the spring and summer of 1915, the crisis of state power caused an increase in opposition sentiments among the deputies. In July 1915, most factions of the Duma criticized the government and demanded the creation of a new cabinet of ministers that would enjoy "the confidence of the country." On August 22, the Progressive Bloc was organized, which included 236 deputies (Octobrists, Progressives, Cadets). The new bloc demanded the right to form the government itself.
The limitation of power for Emperor Nicholas II was unacceptable. On September 3, 1915, the State Duma was dissolved for the holidays.
Expressed no confidence in the prime ministers
On November 1, 1916, the fifth session of the Fourth Duma started. The Progressive Bloc demanded the resignation of Prime Minister Boris Stürmer, who was accused of Germanophilia. The deputies also expressed no confidence in his successor Alexander Trepov. As a result, on December 16, 1916, the Duma was again dissolved.
On February 14, 1917, the meetings resumed. Wishing to demonstrate the strength and cohesion of the Duma, the deputies organized demonstrations in front of the Tauride Palace. The rallies destabilized the situation in Petrograd. By decree of the tsar of February 25, 1917, the meetings of the Fourth Duma were finally interrupted. The deputies switched to the format of "private meetings". On October 6, the Duma was officially dissolved.
And soon the Bolshevik revolution broke out. And the institution of the State Duma disappeared for many years ...
Deputies hampered draft large-scale laws of the government.
), who occupied a key centrist position in the Duma: blocking either with the right or with the Cadets, the Octobrists could ensure the adoption of any bill. There were 44 clergymen in the III State Duma. Bishop Evlogy (Georgievsky) was again elected to the number of deputies, as well as the Bishop of Mogilev, schmch. Mitrofan (Krasnopolsky). The great majority of the clergy were included in the right and moderate right factions. The Muslim group consisted of 8 deputies.
The opening of the Duma took place on November 1. N.A. Khomyakov, son of A.S. Khomyakov. In the city, he was replaced by the Octobrist leader A.I. Guchkov, an Old Believer by religion, and in the city - the Octobrist M.V. Rodzianko. Among the 8 permanent Duma commissions were commissions on religious issues (chairman - Octobrist P.V. Kamensky) and on Orthodox affairs. Church (Chairman - Octobrist V.N. Lvov), later the Commission on Old Believer Issues (Chairman - Cadet V.A. Karaulov).
The III State Duma was ready for constructive cooperation with the government headed by Stolypin, and after his assassination in the city - V.N. Kokovtsov.
Relations between the State Duma and the Holy Synod gradually became conflicting, the majority of deputies were critical of the Synod, which was reflected in the discussion of its financial estimates. In particular, the deputies refused to raise appropriations for parochial schools. As a result of long discussions of the draft law "On the introduction of universal primary education", the Duma in the city adopted it in an edition that approved the transfer of parochial schools to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Education.
All 7 bills related to the legal status of the Orthodox Church and other religious communities, submitted for consideration by the II State Duma, passed on November 5 to the III Duma. Later, the government introduced new bills, in particular "On the publication of rules regarding the Mariavite sect." Particular importance was attached to the draft law "On Old Believer and Sectarian Communities". Work on bills on religious topics was previously carried out in the relevant Duma commissions. The first to be submitted to the plenary session of the Duma was a draft law “On changing the provisions of the law restricting the rights of clerics of the Orthodox confession who voluntarily removed their clergy or title and were deprived of their clergy or title by a court.” A report on it was made by Lvov on May 5 and aroused objections from the right-wing deputies, who found that the draft law, as edited by the commission, was decisively at odds with its original government wording. But by a majority of votes, it was adopted by the State Duma as amended by the commission.
Deputies from the clergy also actively participated in the discussion of other bills. Bishop Mitrofan (Krasnopolsky) headed the Commission on measures to combat drunkenness. Among the issues related to the national policy of the government, the project on the creation of the Kholmsk province, initiated by Bishop Evlogii (Georgievsky), turned out to be especially important. A positive decision was made on this issue, in the city a new province was allocated from parts of the Lublin and Sedlec provinces. This caused indignation among the deputies from the Poland Stake, who called this event the "fourth partition of Poland."
The III State Duma acted until the expiration of its powers on June 9. The most important laws adopted by it were related to land ownership. Most of the deputies supported Stolypin's agrarian reforms.
see also
Used materials
- Article from the XII volume of the "Orthodox Encyclopedia", M .: TsNTS "Orthodox Encyclopedia", 2006. S. 191-197
When comparing the new Regulations on Elections with the old one, it is striking that the new Regulations are much more specific. If the law of 1905 included 62 articles (divided into chapters), then the June 3rd law already consisted of 147 articles (five chapters). The increase in the number of articles was aimed primarily at reducing the electorate and restructuring it in a direction beneficial to the authorities. The State Duma now numbered 442 deputies, while before it had 524. The decrease was mainly due to the fact that the representation from the national outskirts was reduced.
First of all, the norms of representation from various classes of the population were significantly changed in order to ensure the overwhelming majority of seats in the State Duma for the propertied classes. The number of electors from the landlords was increased to 51%, the peasantry could elect only 22% of the electors and send 53 of their deputies to the Duma (one from each province of the European part of Russia), the working class was granted the right to vote only in 42 provinces out of 53, but the election deputies for the workers' curia were provided only in 6 provinces (Petersburg, Moscow, Kostroma, Vladimir, Kharkov and Yekaterinoslav). According to the new Regulations, one elector was now elected by the landlords from 230 voters (previously - from 2 thousand), the big bourgeoisie - from 1 thousand voters (previously - from 4 thousand), the petty bourgeoisie, bureaucracy, intelligentsia - from 15 thousand, peasants - from 60 thousand (previously - from 30 thousand) and workers - from 125 thousand (previously - from 90 thousand). The electoral rights of the national outskirts were significantly curtailed. In those territories (Central Asia, Transcaucasia, Poland), where, according to Nicholas II, “the population did not achieve sufficient development of citizenship”, elections to the Duma were temporarily suspended, or the number of mandates was significantly (by two-thirds) reduced. For example, only 12 deputies could be elected from Poland instead of 29, from the Caucasus - 10 deputies instead of 29.
The procedure for electing deputies to the Duma was also changed. Elections were held not at the respective curiae, but at provincial electoral meetings, where the landowners set the tone. This made it possible to appoint the most “reliable” peasants to the Duma for the peasant curia.
In addition, the law of June 3 gave the Minister of the Interior the right to change the boundaries of electoral districts and to divide electoral assemblies at all stages of elections into departments that received the right to independently elect electors on the most arbitrary grounds: property, class, nationality. This made it possible for the government to send only deputies it liked to the Duma.
The III State Duma in its composition turned out to be much more to the right than the previous two, for example, “242 deputies (about 60% of its composition) were landowners and only 16 deputies were from artisans and workers. According to the party composition, the deputies were distributed as follows: the extreme right - 50 deputies, the moderate right and nationalists - 97, the Octobrists and those adjoining them - 154, the progressives - 28, the Cadets - 54, the Muslim group - 8, the Lithuanian group - 7, the Polish kolo - 11, Trudoviks - 13, Social Democrats - 19.
Thus, the distribution of political forces was as follows: “32% - “right deputies” - supporting the government, 33% - Octobrists - supporting entrepreneurs (big industrialists, financial bourgeoisie, liberal landowners, wealthy intelligentsia). They formed the center. 12% - Cadets, 3% Trudoviks, 4.2% Social Democrats and 6% from national parties, they occupied the "left" flank." The results of the vote depended on where the "center" would swing. If to the right, then a "Right-Octobrist" majority (300 votes) was formed, supporting the government. If to the left, then a “Kadet-Octobrist” majority (about 260 votes) was created, ready for reforms of a liberal democratic nature. This is how the parliamentary pendulum was formed, allowing the Stolypin government to pursue the line it needed, maneuvering between the “rights” and the Cadets, now intensifying repressions, now carrying out reforms.
The presence of these two majorities determined the nature of the activities of the Third Duma, ensuring its "workability". During the five years of its work (until June 9, 1912), it held 611 meetings, considered 2572 bills, of which
which the vast majority was introduced by the government (the deputies introduced a total of 205 bills). The Duma rejected 76 drafts (in addition, some draft laws were withdrawn by the ministers). Of the bills adopted by the Duma, 31 projects were rejected by the State Council. In addition to legislation, the Duma also dealt with requests, most of which were put forward by left-wing factions and, as a rule, ended in nothing.
Octobrist N.A. Khomyakov was elected Chairman of the Third Duma, who was replaced in March 1910 by a prominent merchant and industrialist, Octobrist A.I. Guchkov, and in 1911 by M.V. Rodzianko. The III State Duma began its work on November 1, 1907 and acted until June 9, 1912, that is, almost the entire term of its powers. With regard to this period, we can talk about a relatively stable and orderly mechanism for the functioning of the legislative chamber.
Interesting experience was gained in the Duma during the discussion of various bills.
In total, there were about 30 commissions in the Duma, eight of which were permanent: budgetary, financial, for the implementation of state policy in the field of income and expenditure, editorial, upon request, library, personnel, administrative. Large commissions, such as the budget one, consisted of several dozen people.
Elections of members of the commission were made at the general meeting of the Duma by prior agreement of candidates in factions. In most commissions, all factions had their representatives.
All bills that came to the Duma were first of all considered by the Duma conference, which consisted of the chairman of the Duma, his comrades, the secretary of the Duma and his comrade. The meeting drew up a preliminary conclusion on sending the bill to one of the commissions, which was then approved by the Duma.
According to the adopted procedure, each draft was considered by the Duma in three readings. In the first, which began with a speech by the speaker, there was a general discussion of the bill. At the end of the debate, the chairman made a proposal to move to article-by-article reading. After the second reading, the chairman and secretary of the Duma made a summary of all the resolutions adopted on the bill. At the same time, but not later than a certain date, it was allowed to propose new amendments. The third reading was essentially the second reading by article. Its meaning was to neutralize those amendments that could pass in the second reading with the help of an accidental majority and did not suit the influential factions. At the end of the third reading, the chairman put the bill as a whole with the adopted amendments to the vote.
The Duma's own legislative initiative was limited to the requirement that each proposal come from at least 30 deputies.
The main content of the activity of the III State Duma continued to be the agrarian question. Having achieved social support in the face of this collegiate body, the government finally began its
use in the legislative process. June 14, 1910 was published
approved by the Duma and the State Council and approved by the emperor
agrarian law, which was based on the Stolypin decree of 9
November 1906 with amendments and additions made by the Right-Octobrist majority of the Duma. In practice, this law was the first fact of participation of the State Duma in the legislative process in the entire history of its existence. In the activities of the Third Duma, budgetary issues occupied an important place. However, the Duma's attempt to intervene in the process of considering the budget ended in failure - on August 24, 1909, Nicholas II adopted the rules "On the procedure for applying Article 96 of the Fundamental State Laws", according to which the issue of military and naval staffs was generally removed from the competence of the Duma.
Blocking with the right-wing deputies of the Duma, the government passed in June 1910 the law "On the Procedure for Issuing Laws and Decrees of National Importance Concerning Finland", opening up wide opportunities for interference in Finnish internal affairs. In 1912, the Duma passed a law on the separation from Poland of the new Kholmsk province (in which, along with the Polish population, the Russians mainly lived), which also increased Russian interference in Polish affairs. A negative attitude was caused by the provision carried out by Stolypin on the introduction of zemstvos in the western provinces, which also had a strong national connotation.
On the nature of the legislative activity of the III State Duma
can be judged by the list of laws adopted by it: “On strengthening credit for
prison construction needs", "On the release of funds for the issuance of benefits to the ranks of the general police and the corps of gendarmes", "On the distribution between the treasury and the Cossack troops of expenses for the prison part in the Kuban and Tver regions", "On the procedure for heating and lighting places of detention and vacation for these needs of the necessary materials”, “On police supervision in the Belagach steppe”, “On the approval of prisons in the cities of Merv and Krasnoyarsk, the Trans-Caspian region and Aktyubinsk, Turgai region”, “On the approval of a women's prison in the city of St. Petersburg”, etc. Contents The enumerated normative acts are evidence not only of the reactionary nature of the Duma, but also of the often secondary importance of the issues considered by it, although strikes continue in the country and dissatisfaction with the existing state of affairs is growing. However, it should be noted that the Government in many ways opposed the adoption of certain laws expected by society. So, for example, the State Council did not support another, no less important bill on the introduction of universal primary education in the empire. The bill was submitted to the Duma already during the first session, on January 8, 1908, the bill was adopted by the State Duma on March 19, 1911. However, the State Council did not agree with the above estimate, and the issue of financing parochial schools also caused a fundamental disagreement. The created conciliation commission did not come to a consensus, and the Duma did not accept the changes of the State Council, which, in retaliation, rejected the bill in its entirety on June 5, 1912.
Meanwhile, the State Duma faced another important social problem - the development and adoption of laws that would improve the position of the working class.
Back in 1906, a Special Conference was set up under the chairmanship of the Minister of Trade and Industry, D.A. The meeting proposed ten bills: "1) health insurance, 2) accident insurance, 3) disability insurance, 4) provision savings banks, 5) rules on the employment of workers, 6) working hours, 7) medical assistance, 8) measures to encourage construction healthy and cheap dwellings, 9) fishing courts, 10) factory inspections and factory presences. The laws were intended to be submitted to the II State Duma, but in connection with the events described earlier, this was postponed. Only in June 1908, the insurance bills were submitted to the Third Duma, while the working commission began their consideration a year later, and only in April 1910 did they get on the agenda of the Duma. In the Duma sharp debate unfolded. The Social Democrats sharply criticized the discussed bills. But most of the deputies, of course, did not listen to the arguments of the Social Democrats and adopted bills according to which: 1) insurance concerned only accidents and illnesses; 2) the amount of remuneration for a complete injury was only ⅔ of earnings; 3) insurance covered only a sixth of the total number of workers ("whole regions, for example, Siberia and the Caucasus, and entire categories of workers, for example, agricultural, construction, railway, postal and telegraph, were left out of insurance"). These bills could not suit the working class and relieve tension in society. On June 23, 1912, the bills approved by the tsar came into effect.
The III State Duma worked for its five years and was dissolved by an imperial decree of June 8, 1912.
There were failures in the functioning of the Duma (during the constitutional crisis of 1911, the Duma and the State Council were dissolved for 3 days). If one characterizes the Third Duma "personally", out of connection with subsequent events, and in conjunction with them, then it can be called "insufficient sufficiency". Such a definition is appropriate, because it most fully reflects the role and significance of the Third Duma in Russian history. It was “sufficient” in the sense that its composition and activities were sufficient to “serve”, unlike all other Dumas, the entire term of its powers. At first glance, the Third Duma is the most prosperous of all four Dumas: if the first two suddenly “died” by decree of the tsar, then the Third Duma acted “from bell to bell” - all the five years it was legally entitled to and caused not only critical statements of contemporaries in his address, but also words of approval. And yet this Duma was not spoiled by fate: the peaceful evolutionary development of the country was no less problematic at the end of its activity than at the beginning. “The continuation of the course of the Third Duma in subsequent Dumas, with the external and internal peace of Russia, removed the revolution from the “agenda”. So not only Stolypin and his supporters, but also their opponents judged quite sensibly, and many modern publicists judge. But still, this total "sufficiency" was not enough for the Third Duma to extinguish the revolutionary opposition movement, which in extreme conditions could get out of control, which happened during the Fourth Duma.
