Creation of the Council of People's Commissars. History of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

Introduction

Chapter 1. Creation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

1 The history of the creation of the Council of People's Commissars

2 Composition and formation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

3 History of the legislative framework of the SNK

Chapter 2. Tasks and powers of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

1 Powers of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

2 Activities of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

3 Transformation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

Conclusion

Introduction

There is no doubt about the relevance of the chosen topic, since the study of the Soviet model of power, its essence, patterns and features of development has not only Russian, but also world significance. This system of power had an impact on the entire course of the history of the 20th century. And at the same time, this phenomenon causes ongoing controversy in the scientific and public environment.

The complexity and inconsistency of the processes of development of the Soviet system of power requires the study of political history.

The Soviet state apparatus arose as a result of the revolutionary breakdown of the apparatus of the bourgeois state and was a fundamentally new historical type of state apparatus.

The processes of demolition of the bourgeois state apparatus and the creation of a new one were interrelated. Soviet state-building was characterized by the absolute avoidance of discontinuities in the presence of power.

On October 8 (November 8), 1917, the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted a decree "On the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", thus forming the world's first workers' and peasants' government. This decree determined the foundations of the legal status of the Soviet government. The practical activity of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) testified to the fact that its powers to a certain extent went beyond the concept of "government power" characteristic of a body carrying out subordinate executive and administrative activities. Legally, this was expressed in the publication by the Council of People's Commissars not only of acts of state administration, but also of decrees - acts of a legislative nature.

The main place in his activity was occupied by creative, organizational and creative tasks: the construction of a new, socialist economy, the achievement of the highest productivity of social labor, the comprehensive development of science and culture, the communist education of the working people, and the creation of conditions for the most complete satisfaction of their material and cultural needs.

In a broad sense, the Soviet state apparatus consisted of Soviets with their ramifications in the center and in the localities in the form of economic, cultural, administrative, defense and other bodies and numerous public organizations of workers with their multimillion-dollar assets.

In a narrow concept, it covered the highest and local bodies of state power - the Soviets of Working People's Deputies, which created the bodies of state administration: in the center - first the Council of People's Commissars, and then the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Councils of Ministers of the Union and Autonomous Republics, as well as ministries and departments; on the ground - the executive committees of the Soviets and their departments, which deal with the work of industrial enterprises, collective farms, state farms, MTS, direct the development of public utilities, trade, public catering, and take care of the cultural and community services for the population.

The subject of research is the structure of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in interaction with the state structure.

The purpose of the course work is the historical significance of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

.To study the history of the creation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR;

.Determine the place of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Federation in the system of public administration;

.To note the legal significance of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in public administration.

Chapter 1. Creation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

.1 History of the Council of People's Commissars

The government of the world's first workers' and peasants' state was first formed as the Council of People's Commissars, which was established on 26 October. (November 8), 1917, the day after the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution, by a resolution of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies on the formation of a workers' and peasants' government.

The decree written by V. I. Lenin stated that to govern the country, "until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars," is being established. V. I. Lenin was elected the first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, who worked in this post for seven years (1917-1924) until his death. Lenin developed the basic principles of the activities of the Council of People's Commissars, the tasks facing the highest organs of state administration of the Soviet Republic.

The name "Provisional" with the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly disappeared. The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was one-party - it included only the Bolsheviks. The proposal to the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries to enter the Council of People's Commissars was rejected by them. Dec. In 1917, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries entered the Council of People's Commissars and were in the pr-ve until March 1918. They left the Council of People's Commissars because of their disagreement with the conclusion of the Brest Peace and took the position of counter-revolution. In the future, the CHK was formed only by representatives of the Communist Party. According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918, adopted by the 5th All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the government of the Republic was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

The Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 determined the main functions of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. The general management of the activities of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR belonged to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The composition of the Prospect Island was approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets or the Congress of Soviets. The Council of People's Commissars had the necessary full rights in the field of executive and administrative activities and, along with the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, enjoyed the right to issue decrees. Exercising executive and administrative power, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR directed the activities of the people's commissariats and other centers. departments, and directed and supervised the activities of local authorities.

The Administration of Affairs of the Council of People's Commissars and the Small Council of People's Commissars were created, which on January 23. (February 5) 1918 became a permanent commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR for preliminary consideration of issues submitted to the Council of People's Commissars and issues of current legislation for the management of the department of branches of state administration and government. In 1930 the Small Council of People's Commissars was abolished. By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of November 30, 1918, it was established under the head. V. I. Lenin Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense 1918-20. In April 1920 it was transformed into the Council of Labor and Defense (STO). The experience of the first SNK was used in the state. construction of pr-in all union soviet socialist republics.

After the unification of the Soviet republics into a single union state - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), a union government was created - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The regulation on the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was approved by the Central Executive Committee on November 12, 1923.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was formed by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and was its executive and administrative body. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR supervised the activities of the all-union and united (union-republics) people's commissariats, considered and approved decrees and resolutions of all-union significance within the rights provided for by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, provisions on the Council of People's Commissars of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, and other legislative acts. Decrees and resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were binding on the entire territory of the USSR and could be suspended and canceled by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and its Presidium. For the first time, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, headed by Lenin, was approved at the 2nd session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on July 6, 1923. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to its regulations of 1923, consisted of: chairman, deputy. Chairman, People's Commissars of the USSR; Representatives of the union republics participated in the meetings of the Council of People's Commissars with the right of an advisory vote.

According to the Constitution of the USSR, adopted in 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the highest executive and administrative body of state power in the USSR. It formed Top. Soviet of the USSR. The USSR Constitution of 1936 established the responsibility and accountability of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Top. Council, and between sessions Top. Soviet of the USSR - its Presidium. According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR united and directed the work of the all-Union and Union-Republican People's Commissariats of the USSR and other households subordinate to it. and cultural institutions, took measures to implement nar.-hoz. plan, Mrs. budget, exercised leadership in the field of foreign relations with foreign states, led the general development of the country's armed forces, etc. According to the USSR Constitution of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had the right to suspend decisions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republics in the branches of management and economy that were within the competence of the USSR and cancel the orders and instructions of the people's commissariats of the USSR. Art. 71 of the Constitution of the USSR of 1936 established the right of a deputy's request: a representative of the Council of People's Commissars or People's Commissar of the USSR, to whom a request is made by a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, must give an oral or written answer in the appropriate chamber.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, was formed at the 1st session of the Top. Council of the USSR 19 Jan. 1938. June 30, 1941 by the decision of the Presidium of the Upper. The Council of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR created the State Defense Committee (GKO), which concentrated all the fullness of state power in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45.

The Council of People's Commissars of a Union Republic is the highest executive and administrative body of state power in a Union Republic. He is responsible to the Supreme Council of the Republic and is accountable to him, and in the period between sessions of the Top. Council - before the Presidium Top. Council of the Republic and is accountable to the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic, according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, issues resolutions and orders on the basis of and in pursuance of the existing laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, resolutions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and is obliged to verify their implementation.

1.2 Composition and formation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

An important step towards the adoption of the Constitution of the USSR in 1924 was the Second session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, which opened on July 6, 1923.

The Central Executive Committee of the USSR formed the Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the executive and administrative body of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and was responsible in its work to it and its Presidium (Article 37 of the Constitution). The chapters on the supreme organs of the USSR enshrined the unity of legislative and executive power.

To manage the branches of government, 10 people's commissariats of the USSR were created (Chapter 8 of the Constitution of the USSR of 1924): five all-union (for foreign affairs, military and maritime affairs, foreign trade, communications, post and telegraph) and five united (Supreme Council of the National Economy , food, labor, finance and workers' and peasants' inspection). All-Union people's commissariats had their representatives in the Union republics. The united people's commissariats carried out leadership on the territory of the union republics through the homonymous people's commissariats of the republics. In other areas, management was carried out exclusively by the union republics through the corresponding republican people's commissariats: agriculture, internal affairs, justice, education, health, social security.

People's Commissariats of the USSR were headed by people's commissars. Their activities combined the principles of collegiality and unity of command. Under the People's Commissar, under his chairmanship, a collegium was formed, whose members were appointed by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The people's commissar had the right to take decisions alone, bringing them to the attention of the collegium. The Board or its individual members, in case of disagreement, could appeal against the decision of the People's Commissar to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, without suspending the execution of the decision.

The second session approved the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and elected V. I. Lenin as its chairman.

Since V. I. Lenin was ill, the leadership of the Council of People's Commissars was carried out by five of his deputies: L. B. Kamenev, A. I. Rykov, A. D. Tsyurupa, V. Ya. Chubar, M. D. Orakhelashvili. Since July 1923, the Ukrainian Chubar was the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine, and the Georgian Orakhelashvili was the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the TSFSR, so they performed, first of all, their direct duties. From February 2, 1924, Rykov will become the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Rykov and Tsyurupa were Russian by nationality, while Kamenev was Jewish. Of the five deputies of the Council of People's Commissars, only Orakhelashvili had a higher education, the other four had a secondary education. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the direct successor of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In addition to the chairman and five of his deputies, the first Council of People's Commissars of the Union also included 10 people's commissars and the chairman of the OGPU with an advisory vote. Naturally, when selecting the leaders of the Council of People's Commissars, problems arose related to the necessary representation from the union republics.

There were also problems in the formation of the allied people's commissariats. People's Commissariats of the RSFSR for Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade, Communications, Posts and Telegraphs, for Military and Naval Affairs were transformed into union ones. The staff of the people's commissariats at that time was still formed mainly from former employees of the administrative apparatus and specialists from the pre-revolutionary period. For employees who were workers before the revolution in 1921-1922. accounted for only 2.7%, which was explained by the lack of a sufficient number of literate workers. These employees automatically flowed from the Russian people's commissariats to the union ones with a very small number of employees transferred from the national republics.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic is formed by the Supreme Council of the Union Republic and consists of: the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic; Vice Chairmen; Chairman of the State Planning Commission; People's Commissars: Food industry; light industry; Forest industry; Agriculture; Grain and livestock farms; Finance; domestic trade; Internal affairs; Justice; Health; Enlightenment; local industry; Public utilities; Social Security; Authorized Procurement Committee; Head of the Department of Arts; Authorized by the All-Union People's Commissariats.

1.3 History of the legal framework of the SNK

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR dated July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are:

· management of the general affairs of the RSFSR, management of individual branches of government (art. 35, 37)

· the issuance of legislative acts and the adoption of measures "necessary for the regular and rapid course of public life." (Art. 38)

The people's commissar has the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).

All adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars are reported by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel the decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40).

17 people's commissariats are being created (in the Constitution, this figure is indicated erroneously, since there are 18 of them in the list presented in Article 43).

The following is a list of people's commissariats of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR in accordance with the Constitution of the RSFSR<#"justify">· on foreign affairs;

· on military affairs;

· for maritime affairs;

· for internal affairs;

· justice;

· labor;

· social security;

· education;

· post and telegraph;

· on affairs of nationalities;

· for financial matters;

· means of communication;

· agriculture;

· trade and industry;

· food;

· Supreme Council of the National Economy;

· healthcare.

Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium is formed, whose members are approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44).

With the formation in December 1922 of the USSR<#"justify">· domestic trade;

· labor

· finance

· RCT

· internal affairs

· justice

· enlightenment

· health care

· agriculture

· social security

· VSNKh

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, authorized people's commissariats of the USSR under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. (According to the information of the SU, 1924, N 70, Art. 691.) Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR have a single Administration of Affairs. (Based on the materials of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 5, l. 8.)

With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR of January 21, 1937<#"justify">· Food Industry

· light industry

· timber industry

· agriculture

· grain state farms

· livestock farms

· finance

· domestic trade

· justice

· health care

· enlightenment

· local industry

· public utilities

· social security

The Council of People's Commissars also included the chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the head of the Department of Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

Chapter 2. Tasks and powers of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

.1 Powers of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic issues resolutions and orders on the basis of and in pursuance of the existing laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, resolutions and orders of the Council of Non-native Commissars of the USSR, and checks their execution.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic has the right to suspend decisions and orders of the Councils of People's Commissars of autonomous republics and to cancel decisions and orders of the executive committees of the Soviets of Deputies of Working People's Territories, Regions and Autonomous Regions.

The People's Commissars of the Union Republic direct the branches of state administration falling within the competence of the Union Republic.

The People's Commissars of the Union Republic issue, within the competence of the respective People's Commissariats, orders and instructions on the basis of and in pursuance of the laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, resolutions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Union Republic, orders and instructions of the Union-Republican People's Commissariats of the USSR.

The People's Commissariats of the Union Republic are union-republican or republican.

The Union-Republican People's Commissariats direct the branch of state administration entrusted to them, reporting both to the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic and to the corresponding Union-Republican People's Commissariat of the USSR.

Republican People's Commissariats direct the branch of state administration entrusted to them, reporting directly to the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic.

The most important task of the Council of People's Commissars then was the revival of economic life. During the Civil War, labor discipline noticeably decreased and absenteeism reached 30-40%, the intensity and productivity of labor fell by about 10-15% compared to 1913, and real wages decreased. The entire amount of wages on average in the RSFSR in 1919-1921. was 38-40% of the pre-war level. However, since 1922 it began to rise and in the spring of 1923 it reached 60%.

In the early 20s. nevertheless, the restoration of the national economy proceeded at a rather significant pace. In one of his speeches in December 1923, A. I. Rykov noted a noticeable growth in industry. If 1920 was taken as 100% for this indicator, then 1921-119%, 1922-146%, and 1923-216%. However, in 1923, the volume of industrial production compared with 1913 was only 40.3%, and agricultural production - 75%. Of course, the main thing in union construction depended on economic success.

Meanwhile, work on the further continuation of this construction did not stop. In August 1923, the first meeting of the chairmen of the Councils of People's Commissars of the Union republics took place, and on September 29 of the same year, the second. The Commission of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR for the preparation of regulations on the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the People's Commissariats of the USSR met on August 21, September 13, October 22, 23 and 24. As early as August 24, 1923, the Presidium of the USSR Central Executive Committee approved the order of the day for the third session of the USSR Central Executive Committee, which opened on November 6 and ended on November 12 of the same year. All representatives of the CEC of the union republics made their reports, while work was going on in the commissions preparing the decisions of this session. A significant amount of work was done by the commission, which was entrusted with the development of regulations on the central authorities of the USSR, taking into account the amendments proposed by the union republics to the projects submitted for approval by the session. A lively exchange of views took place, for example, in the Commission that developed the "Regulations on the Central Executive Committee of the USSR." Not everyone agreed with the bicameral system, since some considered the creation of the Council of Nationalities unnecessary and advocated simplifying the work of the sessions of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. for 79 paragraphs. It provided for both regular and extraordinary sessions of the CEC of the USSR, and regular sessions were to be convened three times a year. Special chapters were devoted to the Allied Council, the Council of Nationalities and the conciliation commission, in case of possible disagreements between them. Joint meetings of both chambers were also envisaged, to which a separate chapter was also devoted. The functions of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR were described in detail. Among other things, it also provided for the following: “The Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR issues decrees, resolutions and orders, considers and approves draft decrees and resolutions submitted by the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR, individual departments of the USSR, the central executive committees of the Union republics and their presidiums and other authorities."

The Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR also received the right to cancel the decisions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the right to amnesty, the right to pardon, etc. The relationship between the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and state institutions and departments was to be carried out by the Chairman and Secretary of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. At the same time, the entire secretarial and technical apparatus of the CEC of the USSR was to be under the jurisdiction and under the leadership of the secretary of the CEC of the USSR. On the same day, November 12, the regulations on the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and on the people's commissariats of the USSR were adopted. When discussing the regulation on the Council of People's Commissars, when the turn came to the paragraph on commissions created by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, in particular on the Commission for Legislative Assumptions, the Administrative and Financial Commission and others, an addition was made, by virtue of which all commissions under the Council of People's Commissars and the STO, which had administrative and administrative rights , were supposed to include representatives of the Union republics with a decisive vote.

By virtue of the regulation on the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, this body was formed by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and was its executive and administrative body. In addition to the chairman and his deputies, the Council of People's Commissars included people's commissars for foreign affairs, military and naval affairs, foreign trade, communications, post and telegraph, workers' and peasants' inspection, labor, food, finance and the chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy. Representatives of the union republics, including the chairmen of the councils of people's commissars of the union republics, could participate in an advisory capacity along with representatives of some other bodies. The jurisdiction of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR also included "the resolution of disagreements between the councils of people's commissars of the union republics on issues within the competence of the council of people's commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as well as disagreements, both between the people's commissars of the USSR, and between the latter and the councils of people's commissars of the union republics." The central executive committees of the union republics, their presidiums, and republican councils of people's commissars also had the right to submit questions for consideration by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

The "General Regulations on the People's Commissariats of the USSR", also adopted on November 12, provided for the creation of two types of commissariats - all-Union, that is, uniform for the entire USSR, and united. The All-Union Commissariats included: Foreign Affairs, Military and Naval Affairs, Foreign Trade, Communications, Posts and Telegraphs; to the united: the Supreme Council of the National Economy, Food, Labor, Finance, Workers' and Peasants' Inspection. This "General Provision" provided for the compilation of its own special provisions for each commissariat, subject to approval by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. It provided for the suspension by the Central Executive Committees of the union republics or their presidiums of those orders of the people's commissariats of the USSR that did not comply with the Constitution of the USSR, the legislation of the Union or the legislation of the union republic.

All-Union commissariats were given the right to have their own representatives under the Union republics who were directly subordinate to them. These commissioners were nominated by the USSR Commissariat directly or at the suggestion of the Central Executive Committee of the Union Republic and were subject to approval by the USSR Council of People's Commissars. Moreover, for all nominated candidates, the recall of the Central Executive Committee of the union republic, which had the right to challenge the appointed commissioner, was mandatory. These representatives of the All-Union People's Commissariats were to be members of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republics with an advisory or decisive vote in accordance with the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Union Republic or its Presidium. The orders of the all-Union commissariats were binding for direct execution throughout the entire territory of the USSR. The united commissariats of the USSR had to carry out all their tasks and directives through the people's commissariats of the same name in the union republics. The heads of the commissariats of the union republics of the same name were subject to appointment and recall by the Central Executive Committees of the union republics.

2.2 Activities of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

The activity of the Council of People's Commissars was expressed in the struggle for the dictatorship of the proletariat, the creation of a new system of the state apparatus, the issuance of decrees and resolutions. The Council of People's Commissars issued a huge number of decrees and resolutions. They embraced all branches of political and state life, shaping the class struggle and its gains, clearing the ground for the building of socialism.

The Council of People's Commissars met almost daily, approving several decrees and resolutions a day. There were days when a dozen decrees were adopted. Let's give some examples.

On December 20, 1938, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR established work books. This "crust" - the work book (TK) - was the most important element of the Soviet administrative-command system. The first work books appeared a year after the revolution. The Bolsheviks abolished the royal passports and introduced their own identity cards. The decree of October 5, 1918 was eloquently called: "On work books for non-working people."

An alternative to labor service was either a revolutionary tribunal, which was guided by "the dictates of revolutionary conscience", or starvation without rations.

On June 25, 1919, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee introduced a universal registration: anyone who reached the age of 16 received a work book. On the first page there was a reminder: "Let not the worker not eat." Even Lenin received such a document.

In September 1926, the Council of People's Commissars introduced "Labor Lists". Now this document was intended to record Soviet employees. The nationality of the worker, social status, party membership and even military registration were recorded.

Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on the protection of property of state enterprises, collective farms and cooperation and the strengthening of public property.

Recently, workers and collective farmers complained about the theft (theft) of goods on railway and water transport and theft (theft) of cooperative and collective farm property by hooligan and generally anti-social elements. Complaints about violence and threats of kulak elements against collective farmers who do not want to leave the collective farms and honestly and selflessly work to strengthen the latter have also become more frequent.

The Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR consider that public property (state, collective farm, cooperative) is the basis of the Soviet system, it is sacred and inviolable, and people who encroach on public property should be regarded as enemies of the people, which is why a decisive struggle with plunderers of public property is the first duty of the organs of Soviet power.

Proceeding from these considerations and meeting the demands of the workers and collective farmers, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decide:

To equate the importance of goods on rail and water transport to state property and to strengthen the protection of these goods in every possible way.

To apply as a measure of judicial repression for theft of goods on railway and water transport the highest measure of social protection - execution with confiscation of all property and with replacement, under extenuating circumstances, by imprisonment for a term of at least 10 years with confiscation of property.

Do not apply amnesty to criminals convicted in cases of theft of goods in transport.

To equate the value of the property of collective farms and cooperatives (harvest in the fields, public stocks, livestock, cooperative warehouses and shops, etc.) to state property and to strengthen in every possible way the protection of this property from plunder.

To apply as a measure of judicial repression for theft (theft) of collective farm and cooperative property the highest measure of social protection - execution with confiscation of all property and with replacement, under extenuating circumstances, by imprisonment for a term of at least 10 years with confiscation of all property.

Do not apply amnesty to criminals convicted in cases of embezzlement of collective farm and cooperative property.

To carry on a resolute struggle against those anti-social kulak-capitalist elements who use violence and threats or advocate the use of violence and threats against the collective farmers in order to force the latter to leave the collective farm, with the aim of forcibly destroying the collective farm. Equate these crimes with state crimes.

As a measure of judicial repression in cases of protecting collective farms and collective farmers from violence and threats from kulak and other antisocial elements, imprisonment from 5 to 10 years with imprisonment in a concentration camp.

Do not apply amnesty to criminals convicted in these cases.

June 25, 1932, Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR On Revolutionary Legitimacy.

Celebrating the tenth anniversary of the organization of the prosecutor's office and the successes achieved during this period in the USSR in strengthening revolutionary legality, which is one of the most important means of strengthening the proletarian dictatorship, protecting the interests of workers and working peasants and combating the class enemies of the working people (the kulaks, middlemen-speculators, bourgeois wreckers) and their counter-revolutionary political agents, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR specifically point out the existence of a still significant number of violations of revolutionary legality by officials and distortions in the practice of its implementation, especially in the countryside.

In order to ensure the most favorable conditions for the socialist reorganization of agriculture, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decide:

In areas of continuous collectivization, the operation of the law on permitting the lease of land and on the use of hired labor in individual peasant farms (Sections VII and VIII of the general principles of land use and land management) is to be canceled.

Exceptions to this rule in relation to middle-peasant farms are regulated by district executive committees under the direction and control of district executive committees.

Grant the krai (regional) executive committees and the governments of the autonomous republics the right to apply in these areas all necessary measures to combat the kulaks, up to the complete confiscation of the property of the kulaks and their eviction from certain districts and krais (oblasts).

The confiscated property of the kulak farms, with the exception of that part which is used to pay off the obligations (debts) due from the kulaks to state and cooperative bodies, must be transferred to the indivisible funds of the collective farms as a contribution of the poor peasants and laborers joining the collective farm.

To propose to the governments of the union republics, in the development of this resolution, to give the necessary instructions to the regional (regional) executive committees and the governments of the autonomous republics.

In the "year of the great turning point", September 24, 1929, a decree of the Council of People's Commissars was issued, canceling all holidays except November 7 and May 1.

2.3 Transformation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR is the highest executive and administrative body of state power.<#"justify">Conclusion

In conclusion of this work, it should be noted that in the 1920s, public administration was in a state of dynamic evolution. This refers to development on its own basis, when the essential features of the developing system, i.e. being at the stage of formation, were determined, but did not have a frozen character.

The coverage of the post-October history of public administration in Russia is based primarily on the characteristics of the qualities and features of the Soviet state system, its structure, goals and methods of management in the process of their formation and evolution.

The structure of Soviet state administration is based on the decrees of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which defines the system of organs of power and administration as follows: the All-Russian Congress of Soviets is the supreme body of state power; The All-Russian Central Executive Committee is the executive body of the congress and the bearer of supreme power in the period between congresses; SNK - worker-peasant government, executive and administrative body; people's commissariats (commissions) - the central governing bodies of individual branches of state life; Local councils are local bodies of state power and administration.

According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the highest executive and administrative body. Its composition was not constant. Representatives of the union republics, members of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, representatives of certain committees and departments under the government (OGPU, Central Statistical Administration, etc.), and heads of government of the union republics took part in the meetings of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR with the right of an advisory vote. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR actually issued decrees and resolutions that had the force of law, and from the beginning of the 1930s, all bills had to be submitted for consideration beforehand, although this was not provided for by the Constitution.

The USSR Constitution of 1936 made significant changes to the system of higher bodies of power and administration, to the electoral system. The Constitution of the USSR of 1936 is a very controversial document. On the one hand, it consolidated the rejection of multi-stage elections, established universal suffrage, direct and equal elections by secret ballot. On the other hand, while formally confirming the federal nature of the state, it actually consolidated its unitary character by granting almost unlimited powers to the federal "centre". In a sense, it was more democratic than the Constitution of 1918, and at the same time it became a cover for uncompromising reaction and a regime of personal power.

In December 1936, the People's Commissariat of the Defense Industry was separated from the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry. In 1937, the People's Commissariat for Mechanical Engineering was formed. In 1939, People's Commissariats for the Coal and Oil Industry and the People's Commissariat for Power Plants and the Electrical Industry were created.

To improve the management of the economy by the people's commissariats in April 1940. under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, 6 economic councils were created: for metallurgy and chemistry, for mechanical engineering, for the defense industry for fuel, electrical engineering, etc.

February 1941 The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, guided by the decisions of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, instructed the State Planning Committee of the USSR to begin drawing up the General Economic Plan of the USSR for 15 years, designed to solve the main economic problem - to catch up with the main capitalist countries in per capita output.

In connection with the increased volume of work of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in 1937, an economic council was created to help him, which acted as a permanent commission of the Council of People's Commissars. The council considered annual and quarterly economic plans and submitted them for approval by the Council of People's Commissars, controlled the implementation of plans, and got acquainted with the situation in individual sectors of the national economy. , took measures to improve their work, etc.

He had the right to issue resolutions and orders binding on all the people's commissariats of the USSR. Thus, in the organization of the management of the national economy, a course towards strengthening the all-Union principles is visible.

By the law of March 15, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

Council People's Commissar of State

List of used literature

1.Werth N. History of the Soviet state. 1900-1991. M., 1999. S. 130-131.

2. Evgeny Guslyarov. Lenin in life Systematized collection of memoirs of contemporaries, documents of the era, versions of historians , OLMA-PRESS, 2004, ISBN: 5948501914.

Oleg Platonov. History of the Russian people in the XX century. Volume 1 (ch. 39-81).

Gimpelson E.G. Soviet managers. 20s. (Leading personnel of the state apparatus of the USSR). M., 2001, p. 94.

Munchaev Sh.M. National history. 2008. //

The highest bodies of state power and central government of the RSFSR (1917-1967). Handbook (based on the materials of state archives) ”(prepared by the Central State Archive of the RSFSR), ch. Section I "Government of the RSFSR".

.“The Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR” (adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918).

Shamarov V. M. Formation and development of legal and organizational bases. M., 2007. S. 218.

Zhukov V., Eskov G., Pavlov V. History of Russia. Tutorial. M., 2008. S. 283.

Shipunov F. Truth of Great Russia. M., 2007. S. 420.

The USSR Constitution of 1936 "formally corresponded to the best world standards of that time." Political history of Russia / Ed. ed. V.V. Zhuravlev. M., 2008. S. 530.

Borisov S. Honor as a Phenomenon of Russian Political Consciousness. St. Petersburg, 2006, p. 183.

The SNK is the highest government body that exercised executive power in Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1946. This abbreviation stands for Council of People's Commissars, since this institution consisted of the heads of people's commissariats. This body first existed in Russia, but after the formation of the Soviet Union in 1922, similar entities were formed in other republics. The following year after the end of the war, it was transformed into the Council of Ministers.

emergence

The Council of People's Commissars is a government that was originally created as a temporary body of representatives of peasants, soldiers and workers. It was assumed that it was to function until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly. The origin of the name of the term is unknown. There are points of view that it was proposed either by Trotsky or Lenin.

The Bolsheviks planned its formation even before the October Revolution. They invited the Left SRs to join the new political entity, but they refused, as did the Mensheviks and the Right SRs, so a one-party government was convened as a result. However, after the Constituent Assembly was dissolved, it turned out that it became permanent. The Council of People's Commissars is a body that was formed by the country's highest legislative institution - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

Functions

He was in charge of the general management of all the affairs of the new state. It could issue decrees, which, however, could be suspended by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Decisions in this governing body were made very simply - by a majority of votes. At the same time, the chairman of the mentioned legislative institution, as well as members of the government, attended the meetings. The Council of People's Commissars is an institution that included a special department for managing cases that prepares questions for consideration. His staff was quite impressive - 135 people.

Peculiarities

Legally, the powers of the Council of People's Commissars were fixed by the Soviet Constitution of 1918, which stated that the body should be engaged in the management of general affairs in the state, in some sectors.

In addition, the document stated that the Council of People's Commissars should issue bills and decrees necessary for the proper functioning of public life in the country. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee controlled all adopted resolutions and, as mentioned above, could suspend their action. In total, 18 commissariats were formed, the main ones were dedicated to military, foreign and maritime affairs. The people's commissar was directly in charge of the administration and could single-handedly make decisions. After the formation of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars began to perform not only executive, but also administrative functions.

Compound

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was formed in very difficult conditions of political change and the struggle for power. A. Lunacharsky, who took the post of the first people's commissar of education, argued that its composition turned out to be random. V. Lenin had a great influence on his work. Many of its members were not specialists in the fields they were supposed to lead. In the 1930s, many members of the government were repressed. According to experts, the Council of People's Commissars consisted of representatives of the intelligentsia, while the Bolshevik Party declared that this body should be workers' and peasants'.

The interests of the proletariat were represented by only two people, which subsequently gave rise to the so-called workers' opposition, which demanded representation. In addition to the above layers, the working group of the institution included nobles, petty officials, the so-called petty-bourgeois elements.

In general, the national composition of the SNK is still controversial among scientists. Among the most famous politicians who held positions in this body, there are such names as Trotsky, who was in charge of foreign affairs, Rykov (he was in charge of the internal affairs of the young state), as well as Antonov-Ovseenko, who served as People's Commissar for Naval Affairs . The first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars is Lenin.

change

After the formation of the new Soviet state, there were changes in this body. From a Russian institution, it turned into an all-Union government. At the same time, his powers were distributed among the allied authorities. Local republican councils were created on the ground. In 1924, the Russian and All-Union bodies formed a single department for affairs. In 1936, this governing body was transformed into the Council of Ministers, which performed the same function as the Council of People's Commissars.

1. Organize the Solovetsky forced labor camp for special purposes and two transit and distribution points in Arkhangelsk and Kem.
2. Organization and management specified in art. I entrust the camp and transit and distribution points to the OGPU.
3. All land, buildings, living and dead inventory, previously owned by the former Solovetsky Monastery, as well as the Pertominsk camp and the Arkhangelsk transit and distribution center, should be transferred free of charge to the OGPU.
4. Simultaneously transfer to the use of the OGPU the radio station located on the Solovetsky Islands.
5. To oblige the OGPU to immediately start organizing the work of prisoners for the use of agricultural, fishing, forestry and other industries and enterprises, freeing them from paying state and local taxes and fees.

Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Rykov
Business Manager of the SNK Gorbunov
Secretary Fotieva

Right:
Secretary of the Special Department at the OGPU I.Filippov

Copy from copy is correct:
Secretary of Sollagers ON OGPU Vaskov

List of surnames of members of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR who adopted the Resolution "On the organization of the Solovetsky forced labor camp"

Bogdanov Petr | Bryukhanov Nikolai | Dzerzhinsky Felix | Dovgalevsky Valerian | Lev Kamenev (Rosenfeld) | Krasin Leonid | Krestinsky Nikolay | Kursky Dmitry | Lenin Vladimir | Lunacharsky Anatoly | Orakhelashvili Mamia | Rykov Alexey | Semashko Nikolai | Sokolnikov Grigory (Brilliant Hirsch) | Stalin (Dzhugashvili) Joseph | Trotsky (Bronstein) Leo | Tsyurupa Alexander | Chicherin Georgy | Chubar Vlas | Yakovenko Vasily

Not being "people's" commissars, two more comrades had a hand in the preparation of documents and decisions:

And finally, the fidelity of the document to the Decree (or the correctness of the Decree in the document?) was confirmed by comrades from the "authorities":

Filipov I. | Rodion Vaskov

"People's" commissars at the time of the creation of SLON:
half of them will die from the bullet of "comrades-in-arms"

"Do not be afraid of enemies - in the worst case, they can kill you. Do not be afraid of friends - in the worst case, they can betray you. Be afraid of the indifferent - they do not kill or betray, but only with their tacit consent there are betrayals and murders on earth." ( Yasensky Bruno)

Beloborodov Alexander Georgievich(1891 -1938) - The regicide, signed the decision to execute the royal family. He replaced Dzerzhinsky as People's Commissar of the VnuDel of the RSFSR (08/30/1923). Under him, the Administration of the Northern Camps was located on Solovki. Shot.

Bogdanov Petr(1882-1939) - Soviet statesman, engineer. Member of the RSDLP since 1905. In 1917 before. Gomel Revolutionary Committee. Member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1927-30. Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In 1937 he was arrested. Shot.

Bryukhanov Nikolay(1878 - 1938) - Soviet statesman. People's Commissar of Food of the USSR (1923-1924), Deputy People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR (1924-1926), People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR (1926-1930). On February 3, 1938, he was arrested. Shot.

Dzerzhinsky Felix(1877 - 1926) - Soviet statesman. Polish nobleman. The head of a number of people's commissariats, the founder of the Cheka, one of the organizers of the "Red Terror", who believed that "the Cheka must defend the revolution, even if its sword accidentally falls on the heads of the innocent."

Dovgalevsky Valerian(1885 - 1934) - Soviet statesman, diplomat. Member of the Communist Party since 1908, electrical engineer. Since 1921 People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR, in 1923 Deputy People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR. He was a member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Died. Buried near the Kremlin wall.

Kamenev (Rosenfeld) Leo(1883 - 1936) From an educated Russian-Jewish family, the son of a machinist. September 14, 1922 appointed deputy. Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (V. Lenin) of the RSFSR. In 1922, it was he who proposed to appoint Joseph Stalin as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). In 1936 he was convicted. Shot.

Krasin Leonid(1870 - 1926) He is Nikitich, Horse, Johanson, Winter, Kurgan. Soviet statesman. Born in the family of a petty official. In 1923 he became the first People's Commissar for Foreign Trade of the USSR. Died in London. Buried near the Kremlin wall.

Krestinsky (?) Nikolay(1883-1938), member of the party since 1903. From the nobility, the son of a gymnasium teacher. Since 1918, People's Commissar for Finance of the RSFSR. In May 1937 he was arrested. The only one refused to admit his guilt: "I also did not commit any of those crimes that are personally charged to me." Sentenced and shot in 1938.

Kursky Dmitry(1874 - 1932), People's Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR, the first prosecutor of the RSFSR. Born in the family of a railway engineer. In 1918 he was a member of the commission for the organization of intelligence agencies in Soviet Russia (together with Dzerzhinsky and Stalin). Member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (1921) and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (1923). Committed suicide (1932).

Lenin Vladimir(1870 - 1924), Soviet politician and statesman, revolutionary, founder of the Bolshevik Party, one of the organizers and leaders of the October uprising of 1917, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of the RSFSR and the USSR. The main organizer of the SLON.

Lunacharsky Anatoly(1875 - 1933), - Soviet writer, politician, translator, publicist, critic, art critic. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1930), People's Commissar of Education (1917-1929). Died in France. Buried near the Kremlin wall.

Orakhelashvili Mamia (Ivan)(1881 - 1937) - Soviet party leader. Born into a noble family. He studied at the medical faculty of Kharkov University. From July 6, 1923 to May 21, 1925 - Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In April 1937 he was exiled to Astrakhan. In 1937 he was arrested and shot.

Rykov Alexey(1875 - 1938), party member since 1898. Born in Saratov. Since 1921, deputy. Prev. SNK and STO of the RSFSR, in 1923-1924 - USSR and RSFSR. Signed a decree on the creation of the SLON. Expelled from the party (1937) and arrested. Shot on March 15, 1938.

Semashko Nikolai(1874 - 1949) - Soviet party and statesman. Nephew of the revolutionary G. Plekhanov. In Switzerland he met Lenin (1906). Since 1918 People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR. Professor, Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1944) and APN of the RSFSR (1945). Died a natural death.

Sokolnikov Grigory (Brilliant Hirsch)(1888 - 1939) - Soviet state. figure. Member and can. to the Politburo (1917, 1924-1925). People's Commissar for Finance of the RSFSR (1922) and the USSR (1923-1926). Arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison (1937). According to the official version, he was killed by prisoners in the Verkhneuralsk political isolator (1939) .. Shot on 07/29/1937, the corpse was burned. The ashes were thrown into a pit at the cemetery of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow.

All these comrades are commissars of the Council of People's Commissars, members of the government - the same Leninist government that launched the state mechanism of terror with the first stop at Solovki, in SLON. All these "comrades" are directly involved in the adoption of the Resolution. Active position or criminal connivance. Question for the Court: what did each of them do on November 2, 1923?

Plan
Introduction
1 General information
2 Legislative framework of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
3 The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia
4 Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
5 People's Commissars
6 Sources
Bibliography Introduction Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, SNK RSFSR) - the name of the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from the October Revolution of 1917 to 1946. The Council consisted of people's commissars who led the people's commissariats (people's commissariats, NK). After the formation of the USSR, a similar body was created at the union level. 1. General information The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917. The name "Council of People's Commissars" was proposed by Trotsky: Power in St. Petersburg was won. It is necessary to form a government. - How to call it? Lenin reasoned aloud. Only not ministers: it's a vile, shabby name. - Commissars could be, I suggested, but now there are too many commissars. Maybe high commissioners? No, "supreme" sounds bad. Is it possible "people's"? - People's Commissars? Well, that would probably work. And the government as a whole? - The Council of People's Commissars? - The Council of People's Commissars, Lenin picked up, this is excellent: it smells terrible of revolution. According to the Constitution of 1918, it was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. administrative power, the right to issue decrees having the force of law, while combining legislative, administrative and executive functions. The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. Issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were decided by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the Government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager of affairs and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, representatives of departments. The staff of the administration of affairs in 1921 consisted of 135 people. (According to the data of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, ll. 19 - 20.) By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers. 2. Legislative framework of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR According to the Constitution of the RSFSR dated July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are:

management of the general affairs of the RSFSR, management of individual branches of government (Articles 35, 37), the issuance of legislative acts and the adoption of measures "necessary for the correct and rapid course of state life." (Art. 38)

on foreign affairs; on military affairs; for maritime affairs; for internal affairs; justice; labor; social security; education; post and telegraph; on affairs of nationalities; for financial matters; means of communication; agriculture; trade and industry; food; State control; Supreme Council of the National Economy; healthcare.

domestic trade; labor finance RCT of internal affairs justice education health care agriculture social security

food industry light industry forest industry agriculture grain state farms livestock state farms finance domestic trade justice health education local industry public utilities social security

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) People's Commissar for Internal Affairs - A. I. Rykov People's Commissar for Agriculture - V. P. Milyutin People's Commissar for Labor - A. G. Shlyapnikov People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs - a committee composed of: V. A. Ovseenko (Antonov) (in the text of the Decree on the formation of the Council of People's Commissars - Avseenko), N. V. Krylenko and P. E. Dybenko People's Commissar for Trade and Industry - V. P. Nogin People's Commissar for Public Education - A. V. Lunacharsky People's Commissar Finance - I. I. Skvortsov (Stepanov) People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs - L. D. Bronstein (Trotsky) People's Commissar for Justice - G. I. Oppokov (Lomov) People's Commissar for Food Affairs - I. A. Teodorovich People's Commissar for Posts and Telegraphs - N P. Avilov (Glebov) People's Commissar for Nationalities - IV Dzhugashvili (Stalin) The post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs was temporarily not filled.

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (October 27 (November 9), 1917 - January 21, 1924) Rykov, Alexei Ivanovich (February 2, 1924 - May 18, 1929) Syrtsov, Sergei Ivanovich (May 18, 1929 - November 3, 1930) Sulimov, Daniil Egorovich (November 3 1930 - July 22, 1937) Bulganin, Nikolai Alexandrovich (July 22, 1937 - September 17, 1938) Vakhrushev, Vasily Vasilyevich (July 29, 1939 - June 2, 1940) Khokhlov, Ivan Sergeevich (June 2, 1940 - June 23, 1943) Kosygin, Alexei Nikolaevich ( June 23, 1943 - March 23, 1946)

Rykov A.I. (from the end of May 1921-?) Tsyurupa A.D. (5.12.1921-?) Kamenev L.B. (Jan. 1922-?)

Trotsky L. D. (10/26/1917 - 04/08/1918) G. V. Chicherin (05/30/1918 - 07/21/1930)

Antonov-Ovseenko V. A. (26.10.1917-?) Krylenko N. V. (26.10.1917-?) Dybenko P. E. (26.10.1917-18.3.1918) Trotsky L. D. (8.4.1918 - 26.1.1925)

Rykov A.I. (26.10. - 4.11.1917) Petrovsky G.I. (17.11.1917-25.3.1919) Dzerzhinsky F.E.

Lomov-Oppokov G.I. (26.10 - 12.12.1917) Steinberg I.Z. (12.12.1917 - 18.3.1918) Stuchka P.I. (18.3. - 22.8.1918) Kursky D.I. (22.8.1918) - 1928)

Shlyapnikov A. G. (10/26/1917 - 10/8/1918) V. V. Schmidt (10/8/1918-11/4/1919 and 4/26/1920-11/29/1920)

Kollontai A.M. (October 30, 1917-March 1918) Vinokurov A.N. 1921)

Lunacharsky A. V. (26.10.1917-12.9.1929)

Glebov (Avilov) N. P. (10.26.1917-12.09.1917) Proshyan P.P. (24.3-26.5.1921) Dovgalevsky V. S. (26.5.1921-6.7.1923)

Stalin I.V. (26.10.1917-6.7.1923)

Skvortsov-Stepanov I. I. (26.10.1917 - 20.1.1918) Brilliantov M. A. (19.1.-18.03.1918) Gukovsky I. E. (April-16.8.1918) Krestinsky N. N. (16.8.1918 - October 1922) Sokolnikov G. Ya. (11/23/1922-16/1/1923)

Elizarov M.T. (8.11.1917-7.1.1918) Rogov A.G. (24.2.-9.5.1918) Kobozev P.A. (9.5.-June 1918) Nevsky V.I. .1919) Krasin L.B. (30.3.1919-20.3.1920) Trotsky L.D. .1921-6.7.1923)

Milyutin V.P. (26.10 - 4.11.1917) Kolegaev A.L. (24.11.1917 - 18.3.1918) Sereda S.P. 1921-18.1.1922) Yakovenko V.G. (18.1.1922-7.7.1923)

Nogin V.P. (26.10. - 4.11.1917) Shlyapnikov A.G. (19.11.1917-Jan.1918) Smirnov V.M. 12.11.1918) Krasin L. B. (12.11.1918-6.7.1923)

Teodorovich I.A. (26.10-18.12.1917) Shlikhter A.G. (18.12.1917 - 25.2.1918) Tsyurupa A.D. 6/7/1923)

Lander K.I. (9.5.1918 - 25.3.1919) Stalin I.V. (30.3.1919-7.2.1920)

Semashko N. A. (11.7.1918 - 25.1.1930)

Stalin I.V. (24.2.1920-25.4.1922) Tsyurupa A.D. (25.4.1922-6.7.1923)

Karelin V. A. (9.12.1917 - 18.03.1918) Malinovsky P.P. (18.3. - 11.7.1918)

Trutovsky V. E. (19.12.1917 - 18.3.1918)

Osinsky N. (2.12.1917-22.3.1918) Milyutin V.P. (vrid) (23.3-28.5.1921) Rykov A.I. (3.4.1918-28.5.1921) Bogdanov P.A. (28.5.1921) -9.5.1923) Rykov A.I. (9.5.1923-2.2.1924)

Figures of the USSR and the revolutionary movement of Russia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989. - S. 826-827.

Evgeny Guslyarov. Lenin in life Systematized collection of memoirs of contemporaries, documents of the era, versions of historians, OLMA-PRESS, 2004, ISBN: 5948501914 “The highest bodies of state power and central government of the RSFSR (1917-1967). Handbook (based on the materials of state archives) ”(prepared by the Central State Archive of the RSFSR), ch. Section I "Government of the RSFSR" "Constitution (basic law) of the RSFSR" (adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 07/10/1918)

Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR)- the name of the government from until 1946. The council consisted of people's commissars who led the people's commissariats (people's commissariats, NK). After the formation, a similar body was created at the union level.

Story

The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917. Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Central Committee also instructed Winter (Berzin) to enter into political contact with the Left SRs and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the government. During the work of the Second Congress of Soviets, the Left SRs were offered to enter the government, but they refused. The factions of the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries left the Second Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work - before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government. The name "Council of People's Commissars" was proposed: Power in St. Petersburg has been won. We need to form a government.
- How to call it? - He talked aloud. Only not ministers: this is a vile, tattered name.
- We could be commissars, I suggested, but now there are too many commissars. Maybe high commissioners? No, "supreme" sounds bad. Is it possible "folk"?
- People's Commissars? Well, that would probably work. What about the government as a whole?
- The Council of People's Commissars?
- The Council of People's Commissars, Lenin picked up, is excellent: it smells terribly of revolution. According to the Constitution of 1918, it was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.
The Council of People's Commissars was the highest executive and administrative body of the RSFSR, having full executive and administrative power, the right to issue decrees with the force of law, while combining legislative, administrative and executive functions. The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. Issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were resolved by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the Government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager of affairs and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, representatives of departments. The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the affairs department, which prepared questions for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing committees, and received delegations. The staff of the administration of affairs in 1921 consisted of 135 people. (According to the data of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, ll. 19 - 20.) By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers.

Activity

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 07/10/1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are: managing the general affairs of the RSFSR, managing individual branches of government (Articles 35, 37), issuing legislative acts and taking measures "necessary for the correct and rapid course of state life." (Article 38) The People's Commissar has the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the Commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the Collegium (Article 45). All adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars are reported by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel the decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40). 17 people's commissariats are being created (in the Constitution, this figure is indicated erroneously, since there are 18 of them in the list presented in Article 43). The following is a list of people's commissariats of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR according to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 07/10/1918:

• For foreign affairs;
• For military affairs;
• Maritime Affairs;
• For internal affairs;
• Justice;
• Labor;
• Social Security;
• Enlightenment;
• Post and telegraph;
• On the affairs of nationalities;
• For financial matters;
• Ways of communication;
• Trade and Industry;
• food;
• State control;
• Supreme Council of the National Economy;
• Health.

Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium is formed, whose members are approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44). With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR becomes the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation. The organization, composition, competence and procedure for the activities of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925. From that moment on, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars was changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to the Union departments. 11 people's commissariats were established:

• domestic trade;
• Labor;
• Finance;
• Internal affairs;
• Justice;
• Enlightenment;
• Health;
• Agriculture;
• Social Security;
• VSNKh.

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, authorized people's commissariats of the USSR under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. (According to the information of the SU, 1924, N 70, Art. 691.) Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR have a single Administration of Affairs. (According to the materials of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 5, l. 8.) With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR of January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR is accountable only to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet RSFSR. Since October 5, 1937, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR has 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Administration of the RSFSR, f. 259, op. 1, d. 27, l. 204.):

• Food Industry;
• light industry;
• Forest industry;
• Agriculture;
• Grain state farms;
• livestock farms;
• Finance;
• domestic trade;
• Justice;
• Health;
• Enlightenment;
• local industry;
• Public utilities;
• Social Security.

The Council of People's Commissars also included the chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the head of the Department of Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.