Treatment of postpartum diseases of cows. Common diseases of cows after calving

Postpartum paresis in cows is an acute disease that appears suddenly after childbirth. It is characterized mainly by paralysis of the limbs, tongue and pharynx, as well as the intestines. The etiology of this disease has not yet been studied. In this article, we will talk about the signs and treatment of paresis, as well as describe preventive methods.

Postpartum paresis is commonly seen in cows, goats, and less frequently in pigs. The causes of this disease have not yet been fully studied, but with the help of various observations, it was found that paresis most often manifests itself:

in animals whose diet is rich in protein feed;
in well-fed individuals;
in cattle with highly productive dairy qualities;
during 5-8 lactation.

This disease, as a rule, manifests itself in the first 3-4 days of the postpartum period. It also often occurs in animals after a light or rapid delivery. Rarely, this disease manifests itself later than the specified period or during childbirth. In some individuals, paresis may recur after each birth. These are very rare cases and have only been observed in cows and goats.

With paresis, hypocalcemia is observed - a decrease in the level of calcium in the blood of the animal, and against this background, phosphorus and magnesium increase. The parathyroid gland is responsible for the amount of calcium in the blood, and it is the violation of its functionality, according to some scientists, that leads to this disease. Hypocalcemia is also characterized by active leaching of calcium with milk, therefore, animals with high milk production fall under the risk group.

One of the causes of paresis is also considered to be high nervous strain. All animals with this diagnosis had low blood sugar levels in blood tests, which is also considered the cause of the disease.

The only thing known so far about the causes of the disease is that intracorporeal genetic determined environmental factors work here. Under their influence, functional changes occur in muscle cells. Their work is affected by the amount of sodium and calcium ions in the muscle membranes. It is the genetic tendency to lack the control of these ions that causes this disease. There are also various shifts in carbon and protein metabolism. It must be assumed that the disease arises from a strong exhaustion of the nervous system.

signs

Symptoms of postpartum paresis in cows, like other animals, are semi-paralysis or general mild malaise. A decrease in vital processes in the animal's body is also characteristic. In the initial stages of the disease, cows show reduced activity or excessive mobility. The animal refuses to eat or the appetite decreases sharply.

Body position of a cow with paresis

Affected individuals have an unsteady gait, which is accompanied by trembling in the body or in the limbs. One of the main symptoms is a decrease in body temperature, which can be especially felt in the horns and limbs. Usually the animal lies on its stomach with legs stretched to the side, the head thrown back in an unnatural way. The pupils are dilated. It is easy to raise the head by the horns, but the cow cannot hold it on its own. Neck muscles are weakened.

There is also the release of tears and clouding of the cornea. The look of the cow is frantic. Paralysis of the mouth and tongue is also present. Therefore, the animal cannot swallow or it is given to him with difficulty.

There is a lack of peristalsis. Violation of the intestines is also a manifestation of postpartum paresis in cows. In the rectum, dry and dense stools accumulate. If help is not quickly provided, the animal may develop tympania. Also, the cow cannot urinate, and therefore the bladder is full.

The retraction of the tongue is a consequence of the weakening of its muscles. Breathing with paresis is hoarse, heavy and slow. The udder veins are swollen, milk is not secreted at all or in very small quantities.

With the onset of paresis during the maternity period, which is extremely rare, the labor activity of the uterus is weakened or stops altogether. There is a decrease in body temperature to 35-36 degrees Celsius. The apathetic form of paresis is characterized by a weaker manifestation of symptoms. Sometimes the animal can stand up on its own and move sluggishly. With this form, the body temperature is slightly lowered - up to 37 degrees - or remains normal.

The apathetic form of paresis manifests itself, as a rule, before labor, a week before childbirth or a few days. This type of paresis is not treatable, and in 90% of cases the animal dies.

Treatment

Previously, postpartum paresis in cows was almost impossible to cure. Veterinarians used various treatments that did not give any results. But not so long ago, Schmidt's method was discovered, the use of which shows good results in the treatment of this disease. The method of treatment consists in forcing air into the mammary glands of the cow through the milk channel. This method is very simple and affordable, it can be used in any conditions. Most importantly, the Schmidt method gives positive results.

Blowing air into the mammary glands is done using the Everas apparatus or a bicycle pump (which simplifies treatment). A sick cow should be laid on its side and all the milk should be milked. The nipples and hose are then sterilized with alcohol. Also, a cotton pad is attached to the end of the hose, which is needed in order to prevent infection from entering the cow's mammary glands.

Initially, a catheter is inserted into the nipple, and then air is gradually pumped through it. Smooth pumping contributes to a more intense effect on the receptor elements. It is necessary to pump air into all four channels of the udder in turn several times. In this case, it is recommended to do a light massage of the cow's udder. During this procedure, you need to monitor the tension of the skin of the udder of the animal (it should not be too tight). The folds of the mammary glands should straighten. For better control of the air dosage, periodically tap the udder with your finger. The sound should be as if you are tapping on your puffy cheek. If the “dosage” is incorrect, the treatment may not give results. If too much air is introduced, the alveoli may rupture, leading to emphysema.

After the end of the blowing procedure, it is necessary to make a light massage of the nipples so that the muscles begin to contract again. If the air is not retained and the muscles are too relaxed, you need to rub the nipple with a cloth (bandage, gauze, cotton cloth). Then you need to put a bandage on the nipples, you can remove it after two hours.

Signs of recovery may occur within half an hour, but most often the symptoms go away gradually. Recovery is usually slow. When the animal is raised to its feet, a slight trembling can be observed in the muscles, which lasts from 2 to 5 hours.

If after 6-8 hours after the injection procedure there are no results (relieving symptoms and general improvement in the cow's condition), then it is necessary to re-inflate the glands with air. For a faster effect, wrapping the body and rubbing the sides and croup of a cow is also used. Glucose and caffeine are injected under the skin. The intestines must be freed from feces. A hot enema is recommended.

If, due to postpartum paresis, a cow develops tympania, which is also a dangerous disease, it is necessary to immediately puncture the scar. A 40% formalin solution (up to 40 ml) is injected with a needle into the protruding tubercle on the left side of the animal (the scar area).

Another way to treat puerperal paresis in a cow is to infuse fresh milk from a healthy cow into the udder. The amount depends on the size of the cow's udder. This method also brings good results and a quick recovery of the animal. The infusion is repeated if within one hour there are no positive results and resolution of symptoms.

It is necessary to milk a cow only if her vital signs improve, two hours after the condition is relieved. Treat the animal should begin as soon as the first symptoms appear. If all of the above methods of treating paresis do not work, the animal must be killed.

Prevention

Prevention of paresis should be carried out in the prenatal period. Since this disease is characterized by a decrease in sugar in the blood of a cow, it is necessary to give her 500 g of sugar per day 3-4 days before calving.

Immediately after giving birth, you need to give the cow water to drink with the addition of 100-120 grams of salt to it. A good preventive action is to add minerals to the diet of a pregnant cow. Paresis can also be prevented by adding 100 grams of ammonium chloride to the feed. Favorable conditions of keeping, the absence of drafts and temperature changes are the key to the health of the cow. Some studies have shown that puerperal paresis in a cow can occur precisely because of a cold.

Eating the right diet a few weeks before giving birth also helps prevent this disease. Concentrates and succulent feed should be removed from the cow's diet.

Subinvolution of the uterus (Subinvolutio uteri) Slowdown of the reverse development of the uterus is noted more often in cows, less often in other animals.

Etiology. Subinvolution of the uterus occurs as a result of overstretching of the uterus with multiple pregnancies, large fetuses, dropsy of the fetus and membranes, injuries of the birth canal; in case of violation of neurohumoral regulation in the early postpartum period, and also as a result of a violation of the reflex connection between the uterus and the mammary gland. The content of animals in dark, damp and cold rooms, inadequate feeding, improper operation, lack of exercise during pregnancy and in the postpartum period predispose to the development of subinvolution of the uterus.

There are three forms of manifestation of subinvolution of the uterus: acute - develops in the first days after childbirth and proceeds in a severe form; subacute - proceeds in a mild form and is detected, as a rule, two to three weeks after childbirth; chronic - diagnosed one month or more after childbirth.

Symptoms and course. Early clinical signs of subinvolution of the uterus are the absence of the formation of a mucous plug in the cervical canal and abundant discharge from the first day after birth of liquid bloody, then brown-red lochia, as a rule, while the animal is lying down.

In the acute (severe) form of the course of the pathological process, by the 6-7th day, the lochia acquire a brown-brown or dirty-brown color, a watery consistency, an admixture of gray-brown flakes of a crumbly mass, and an unpleasant putrefactive odor. At the cow, attempts are noted, the root of the tail is raised, the animal assumes the position of urination, general depression, a decrease in appetite and milk production are noted. During rectal examination, the uterus is revealed deep in the abdominal cavity, it is not surrounded by a hand, atonic, fluctuating, its walls are flabby, without pronounced folding.

Abundant spotting, which is a favorable environment for the reproduction of various opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms, provides conditions for their penetration through the open cervical canal into the uterine cavity, as a result of which, for 8-10, and after the retention of the placenta for 6-7 days, subinvolution of the uterus may be complicated purulent catarrhal or purulent endometritis.

A mild (simple) form of the course of subinvolution of the uterus is characterized by a prolonged discharge (up to 25-30 days after birth) of red-brown or dark brown, thick, greasy consistency lochia, as a rule, after a night's rest or massage of the uterus through the rectum. The uterus is usually enlarged, its walls are flabby, with weakened tone and response to massage. Restoration of its size to a non-pregnant state is delayed up to 35-45 days or more.

Chronic subinvolution of the uterus in cows is diagnosed one month or more after birth and is characterized by an increase in the size of the uterus, thickening of its walls, a decrease in tone and a weakening of the response to massage, the absence of lochia, anaphrodisia or inferior sexual cycles. An important technique for diagnosing chronic subinvolution of the uterus is to identify the "flattening" of the uterine horns lowered into the abdominal cavity when they are lightly compressed from the sides (especially in the bifurcation and interhorny sulcus) through the wall of the rectum.

Clinical and gynecological, macroscopic and histological indicators, the course and severity of the processes make it possible to diagnose three degrees of manifestation of chronic subinvolution of the uterus.

With the first degree of chronic subinvolution, the uterus in cows is increased in size by 1.2 - 1.4 times, has an elastic consistency, and reacts poorly to massage. The horns of the uterus are half lowered into the abdominal cavity. A slight "flattening" of the horns is noted in the area of their bifurcation. Morphologically, thickening of the wall of the uterine horns and an increase in its lumen are determined. At autopsy after slaughter, caruncles in the form of papillae 3–4 mm high (normally I–2 mm) are detected on the surface of the endometrium.

In the second degree of chronic subinvolution, the horns of the uterus hang down by 2/3 into the abdominal cavity, increased in size by 1.5–2.0 times, and do not respond to massage. The "flattening" of the horns is well expressed along their entire length. There are uneven thickening of the walls of the horns, an increase in their cavity in diameter up to 1.5 - 2 cm. The remains of caruncles in the form of papillae on the uterine mucosa in some animals reach 5 - 6 mm.

In the third degree of chronic subinvolution, the horns of the uterus hang down behind the pubic fusion, are enlarged by 1.7–2.5 times, do not respond to massage, their “flattenedness” is pronounced. A pronounced longitudinal and transverse folding of the uterus, uneven thickening of its wall and asymmetry of its horns are recorded. The cavity of the horns of the uterus reaches 2.5-3.0 cm in diameter. On the endometrial mucosa, the remains of caruncles in the form of papillae up to 6-8 mm in size are visible.

Chronic subinvolution of the uterus is often accompanied by functional disorders of the ovaries in the form of their hypofunction and luteal cysts. While maintaining the sexual cycle in the ovaries, growing follicles and functioning corpus luteum can be detected.

Treatment. When choosing treatment regimens for cows with subinvolution of the uterus, it is necessary to take into account the severity of the course of the pathological process. In the acute form of the course, cows are simultaneously injected intramuscularly with estuphalan at a dose of 500 μg or clatraprostin - 2 ml, twice, with a 24-hour interval, an oil solution of sinestrol is injected intramuscularly at 4-5 ml of 1% concentration or 2-2.5 ml 2 % concentration and within 4-5 days are injected with 40-50 units of oxytocin (pituithrin) or 5-6 ml of a 0.02% solution of methylergometrine (0.05% solution of ergotal), or 2- 2.5 ml of 0.5% solution of prozerin, 0.1% solution of carbachol. Along with this, one of the means of pathogenetic stimulating therapy is used: novocaine therapy, ichthyolotherapy or hemotherapy. The highest therapeutic effect is achieved when using hyperimmune blood containing specific immunoglobulins or biologically active drug BST-1.

To prevent the development of endometritis, it is advisable to introduce broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs into the uterine cavity once or twice. When using iso-immunohemotherapy, antimicrobial drugs are not prescribed.

In the subacute form of the course of subinvolution of the uterus, the same means and treatment regimens are used, with the only difference that a 1% solution of sinestrol is administered only once at a dose of 3-4 ml, and antimicrobial drugs intended for administration into the uterine cavity are not apply.

In chronic subinvolution and atony of the uterus, along with the means of pathogenetic general stimulating therapy (ichthyolo-hemotherapy, tissue therapy) and myotropic drugs, prostaglandin F-2-alpha and gonadotropic hormones are also prescribed. If there are functioning corpus luteum or luteal cysts in the ovaries, estrofan or clatro-prostin 2 ml is administered at the beginning of the course of treatment. Repeated prostaglandins in the same dose are administered on the 11th day in combination with a single injection of FFA gonadotropin at a dose of 2.5-3 thousand IU. With subinvolution of the uterus, accompanied by hypofunction of the ovaries, prostaglandins (estuphalan, clathroprostin, gravoprost, gravoclatran) are administered to cows once at the beginning of the course of treatment. On the 11th day, only FFA gonadotropin is injected into the animals at a dose of 3-3.5 thousand IU.

In all cases of dysfunction of the uterus, treatment of cows should be carried out against the background of the organization of daily active exercise, rectal massage of the uterus lasting 2-3 minutes (4-5 sessions), communication of cows with probe bulls. In the presence of medical indications, vitamins (A, D, E, C, B) are prescribed, preparations that include iodine, selenium and other elements.

Prevention. Improve feeding of animals and provide exercise. The uterus is massaged through the rectum. Subcutaneously injected oxytocin or pituitrin at a dose of 30-40 IU, and intra-aortic 1% solution of novocaine. Assign intravenous injections of 20% glucose solution at a dose of 200 ml, 10% calcium chloride solution 100-150 ml, 0.5% novocaine solution 100 ml and 40% glucose solution 100 ml 2-3 times with interval of 48 hours.

Eversion and prolapse of the uterus (Inversio et prolapsus uteri)

Register immediately after childbirth or in the first hours after the birth of fetuses in cows, pigs and goats, less often in other animals.

Etiology. All factors leading to relaxation of the ligamentous apparatus predispose to prolapse of the uterus - overstretching of the uterus, dropsy of the fetus and membranes, multiple pregnancies, as well as violation of elementary rules of keeping, inadequate feeding of pregnant females or feeding bulky feed. Sometimes eversion and prolapse of the uterus can occur as a result of forcible extraction of the fetus, especially when the birth canal is dry, with a short but strong umbilical cord. More often, the uterus falls out at the time of separation of the placenta, especially if attempts are added to the contractions.

Symptoms and course. When the uterus is everted, the animal is worried, often straining; during a rectal examination, it is possible to feel the fold formed by the folded walls of the uterus. In these areas, adhesions of the folds of the serous membrane are formed and an inflammatory process of a local nature develops, then peritonitis, and sometimes sepsis. With complete prolapse of the uterus, a large pear-shaped everted uterus protrudes from the external genitalia, sometimes descending to the hock joint.

In cows, sheep and goats, caruncles are juicy and sometimes bleed. In pigs, the prolapsed uterus resembles intestinal loops; there are transverse folds on its mucous membrane. The prolapsed uterus is edematous, red. In a mare, the surface of the prolapsed uterus is smooth or slightly velvety, often bleeding. In carnivores, prolapse of one horn in the form of a rounded body is more often observed, and with complete prolapse, the uterus protrudes from the genital gap in the form of two round tubes diverging from one base with recesses at the peripheral ends.

Sometimes combined prolapse of the uterus, rectum and bladder. Externally, the prolapsed uterus is red, then due to circulatory disorders, edema and inflammation occur, and it becomes blue, dark red, the mucous membrane is easily injured. When dried, bleeding cracks appear, foci of necrosis with fibrinous deposits.

The prognosis for complete prolapse of the uterus is cautious. With untimely treatment, gangrene of the uterus and sepsis develop.

Treatment. With complete prolapse of the uterus, sacral anesthesia is first performed (15-20 ml of a 1% solution of novocaine is injected between the first and second tail vertebrae). Separate the delayed placenta. The uterus is thoroughly washed with cold disinfectant solutions (furacillin 1: 5000, potassium permanganate 1: 5000, etc.). Dead areas are cauterized with lapis or lubricated with iodine solution, catgut sutures are applied to deep wounds of the uterus. The cow and mare are placed so that the croup is raised, and the sheep and goats are raised by the pelvic limbs, the pigs are fixed in a special machine or on a portable ladder. The uterus is grasped with both hands at the vulva and gently set into the pelvic cavity. Hands are gradually moved in the direction of the top of the dropped horn. With severe swelling, the uterus is preliminarily bandaged in the direction from the top to the vulva and pressed into the pelvic cavity, gradually freeing from the bandage. After the uterus is repositioned, the hand is inserted into its cavity and the formed folds are straightened. In addition, stroking the mucous membrane with your hand increases the tone of the muscles of the uterus, which helps to keep it in a normal position. Antimicrobial agents are injected into the uterine cavity. To prevent re-prolapse of the uterus, the vulva is sutured or fixed with a loop, as in the prolapse of the vagina.

A severely injured and necrotic uterus is amputated. First you need to check the absence of intestines in the uterine cavity, especially in pigs. Then a ligature is applied (twine or twine) 5-6 mm thick at a distance of 12-15 cm from the neck. The ligature is tightened in 3-4 doses at intervals of 5-6 minutes to achieve complete clamping. Departing from the ligature by 10 cm, the uterus is amputated, and the stump is cauterized and lubricated with a 5% alcohol solution of iodine. For better compression and prevention of restoration of blood circulation in the stump, a rubber tourniquet is applied next to the ligature. The stump, together with the ligature, falls off in 10-15 days and separates outwards.

Childbirth paresis (Coma puerperalis)

Acute sudden onset severe nervous disease, manifested by a paralytic condition of the pharynx, tongue, intestines and limbs. The disease is more common in cows, less common in sheep and goats, and very rarely in pigs.

The etiology of postpartum paresis is still an unresolved issue, the specific causes of the disease have not been fully elucidated. According to the theory of hypoglycemia, postpartum paresis is associated with a decrease in blood sugar in a woman in labor due to an increased function of the pancreas, which produces an increased amount of insulin.

Some researchers believe that postpartum paresis occurs as a result of acute hypocalcemia, manifested by a decrease in calcium in the blood against the background of an increase in phosphorus and magnesium. Hypocalcemia occurs as a result of increased excretion of calcium salts with milk or inhibition of the function of the parathyroid glands. There is reason to believe that in the etiology of the disease, overstrain of the nervous system and, in particular, analyzers of the cerebral cortex to impulses coming from the baro- and chemoreceptors of the reproductive apparatus and other internal organs, directly or indirectly involved in the birth act, is of great importance. As a rule, postpartum paresis develops in highly productive cows at the age of 5-8 years, above average fatness when fed a large amount of protein feed. Cows get sick after easy, fast delivery. Stall content predisposes to the development of postpartum paresis. In first-calf heifers, as a rule, postpartum paresis is not noted. The disease can recur and occur in the daughters of highly productive cows.

Symptoms and course. Postpartum paresis in cows is usually recorded in the first three days after birth, sometimes it can develop several weeks or months after calving, and very rarely in pregnant animals or during childbirth. The disease begins with general depression or short-term excitement. No appetite, chewing gum disappears. The movements of the animal are uncertain, there is a general trembling or twitching of the muscles of the croup and limbs. The cow lies with its limbs bent under itself, with dilated pupils, half-closed eyes, and its head thrown back to the side. Tactile and pain skin sensitivity becomes dull, body temperature drops to 35-36°C, the whole body of the animal is cold, especially the bases of the horns and limbs. The neck is S-shaped. Lachrymation is noted, and then the cornea dries up and becomes cloudy, the pulse becomes weak, breathing is shallow, slow, then wheezing appears, the act of swallowing is disturbed. There may be salivation and prolapse of the tongue. Peristalsis is absent, defecation and urination stop. In the rectum, dry, dense feces are found, the bladder is full.

With a mild form (atypical form), the animal notes depression, lack of appetite. Body temperature is within normal limits or slightly decreases (37-37.5 ° C). Observe the characteristic S-shaped curvature of the neck.

In sheep and goats, postpartum paresis occurs in the first 1-3 days after birth and proceeds with the same symptoms as in cows.

In pigs, postpartum paresis is observed on the 2-4th day after farrowing. The general condition of the animals is depressed, the appetite is poor, there are no pain tactile signs. Note the paralysis of the limbs. Body temperature drops to 37-37.5 °C. The sow lies on its side motionless.

The prognosis without timely treatment is unfavorable. With timely treatment, 90% of patients recover. In the absence of medical assistance, the animal dies within 1-3 days from tympania or aspiration bronchopneumonia.

Treatment. Air is pumped into the mammary gland using the Evers apparatus. Before air is injected, the cow is given a dorsal-lateral position, milk is given out, the tops of the nipples are treated with a swab moistened with a 70% alcohol solution. Air is pumped into each quarter gradually until a tympanic sound appears and the skin folds are completely smoothed out; gauze bandages are applied to the nipples and a light massage of the udder is carried out to evenly distribute the air. The limbs, croup and lower back of the cow are rubbed with a tourniquet of straw or hay and covered with a blanket. Subcutaneously injected 20-30 ml of a 20% solution of caffeine.

With aerotherapy, the recovery of the cow usually occurs in the first 2-3 hours, and sometimes even earlier. Signs of recovery are the appearance of trembling of the entire musculature, fever and the appearance of peristalsis. Then the cow stretches her neck, limbs, closes her eyes and stands up.

In the absence of a therapeutic effect, re-inflation of air is carried out after 6-8 hours. Bandages from the nipples are usually removed 30 minutes after the procedure. In addition to aerotherapy, with postpartum paresis of cows, good results are obtained by introducing fresh milk into all quarters of the udder (3-4 l); intravenously 20% glucose solution at a dose of 200-300 ml and 100-150 ml of 10% calcium chloride solution.

With the development of tympania, the scar is pierced with a trocar or a needle and 20-40 ml of a 40% formalin solution or 300-400 ml of a 5% alcohol solution of ichthyol are injected into its cavity. It is recommended to milk a cow 1-2 hours after getting up, while not squeezing the air out of the udder.

In sheep and goats, aerotherapy is used to treat postpartum paresis. In pigs with maternity paresis, the croup and limbs are rubbed with a straw or cloth, the mammary glands are massaged, rubbing camphor oil into them. Inside, laxatives are prescribed (calomel 1 g, castor oil 100 g). A warm solution of sugar (100 g of sugar per 700-800 ml of water) is injected into the rectum.

Prevention. Pregnant animals are provided with complete feed. Two weeks before birth, silage is excluded from the diet and the amount of concentrated feed is reduced. During the stall period, animals are provided with daily walks in the fresh air. Highly productive cows, as well as those who had previously had postpartum paresis and their daughters, 7-10 days before calving, are administered vitamin D3 twice at a dose of 3 million IU and 4 million IU on the day of calving. During obstetric medical examination of dry cows 7-10 days before calving, the biochemical status of the organism is determined, especially the content of total calcium, inorganic phosphorus and sugar in serum. If necessary, mineral supplements and sugar are introduced into the diet of cows.

Postpartum eclampsia (Eclampsia puerperalis).

Postpartum eclampsia is an acute nervous disease characterized by sudden onset of seizures of tonic-clonic convulsions. The disease is observed in dogs, less often in cats and pigs.

Postpartum eclampsia in its typical form occurs only in humans, and in animals the disease, in terms of etiology and course, partly resembles “true” eclampsia - to a greater extent in pigs, to a lesser extent in dogs (the latter retain “consciousness” even during severe convulsions ).

Etiology. It is assumed that eclampsia can occur with errors in the protein-mineral feeding of animals, a decrease in the level of calcium in the blood, toxicosis, increased sensitivity of the mother's body to metabolic products secreted by the fetus and placenta, or to decay products of lochia and maternal placenta.

Symptoms and course are not the same in animals of different species.

In pigs, the disease is observed immediately after childbirth, during childbirth or in the last 2-3 weeks of pregnancy. Seizures are often preceded by a short period of pre-eclampsia, characterized by anxiety or general lethargy of the animal: the pig burrows into the litter, rises with difficulty, there is a staggering gait, stepping from limb to limb; appetite decreases, thirst increases, urinary retention, mild albuminuria, and sometimes severe swelling of the mammary glands are noted.

Then, convulsions suddenly occur, usually due to exposure to external stimuli (when trying to lift the animal, during research, injections, sometimes just by touching the animal or when shouting, sharp bright lighting.). At the same time, the pig, if it was lying, instantly rolls on its side, and if it was standing, it falls with a piercing screech. During convulsions, consciousness is lost, the eyeballs roll back, the animal lies on its side, the limbs are extended, the head is somewhat thrown back (tonic contractions of the neck muscles), and the spine is curved and bulges forward. There are clonic convulsions of masticatory muscles, grinding of teeth, increased separation of saliva in the form of foam. Breathing is rapid, intermittent (periodically it seems to stop for a few seconds). The pulse is frequent, arrhythmic. Body temperature is normal or elevated to 41 0C. Due to a violation of cardiovascular activity, cyanosis and cooling of the skin of certain parts of the body in the area of \u200b\u200bthe mammary glands and head are sometimes noted.

Seizures of convulsions last from 5 to 15 minutes. After convulsions, the pig is very weakened, trying to get up, assumes the position of a sitting dog, but then the strength is restored, the pulse and breathing return to normal, the animal gets up and takes on food, some pigs jump up immediately after leaving the coma, looking around, and quickly calm down. Eclamptic seizures recur after 2-4 hours. The disease lasts from 3 to 10 days.

Dogs. Approximately 85% of all cases of eclampsia in bitches occur during lactation (more often in its first 2-4 weeks) and 15% in the last days of pregnancy. Dogs of small or medium breeds (poodle, dachshund, fox terrier, etc.) are predisposed to the disease. The first sign of the disease is restlessness: the dog becomes agitated, shy, trembling, whining, running back and forth. After 15-20 minutes, coordination of movements is disturbed, then the back of the body is paralyzed, the animal falls and can no longer rise on its own. There are tonic-clonic convulsions. The animal lies on its side, the neck is extended, the mouth is open, the tongue hangs out of it and foamy saliva flows out, which the dog swallows convulsively. The look is fixed, frightened. The limbs are stiffly elongated, their jerky and trembling movements are noticeable, due to twitching of the shoulder and femoral muscles. With a hand, with some effort, you can bend the limbs at the joints, but then they quickly return to their original, extended position. The animal reacts to external stimuli (strong sound) with increased convulsions. Breathing is tense and accelerated. The pulse is usually not palpable due to muscle twitching, but sometimes it is palpated fast, weak or thready. Eclampsia in bitches is characterized by a decrease in serum calcium levels, sometimes up to 6-8 mg% (at a rate of 10-12 mg%). Urine contains traces of protein. Seizures last from 5 to 30 minutes, and sometimes longer, and recur after several hours or days. After convulsions, the dog is very depressed for a short period of time, then gets up and calms down. In the intervals between seizures, no signs of illness are noted.

Cats. Eclampsia is much less common in cats than in dogs. The disease occurs in the first 7 days of lactation, rarely - 3 weeks after birth or in the last days of pregnancy. Very strong tonic-clonic convulsions are observed, which shake the whole body of the animal lying on its side. Sometimes at the same time the body of the cat is writhing in the form of a wheel. Breathing is rapid, the mouth is open, the tongue hangs out of it and frothy saliva is released. Eyes open, pupils dilated. Body temperature is elevated.

Forecast. With timely treatment, the animal usually recovers. Without treatment, the prognosis is cautious, as complications often occur: asphyxia, aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary edema, cerebral hemorrhage. In pregnant animals with eclampsia, the risk of collapse is increased, in addition, the onset of childbirth is often delayed, for example, in pigs by 2 to 8 days, some or all fetuses may die before the onset of childbirth or be born unviable, since the female usually has weak labor pains and attempts; in pigs after childbirth, as a rule, hypogalactia is observed.

Treatment. Conditions for maximum rest should be created for a sick animal - isolation in a semi-dark room, exclusion of external stimuli (noises, etc.), plentiful bedding. During seizures, it is necessary to protect the animal from injury.

During a seizure, the animal is given one of the following drugs:

1) calcium gluconate, 10% solution, or calcium borogluconate intravenously or subcutaneously in doses: pig - 60-100 ml, dog 3-15, cat - 1-3. With intravenous administration, the effect comes faster (in dogs, convulsions sometimes disappear during the injection of the solution), but since the concentration of calcium in the blood soon decreases, to maintain it, it is better to inject half the dose of the solution intravenously, and the other half intramuscularly or subcutaneously;

2) calcium chloride, 5-10% solution, intravenously in doses (per 1 kg of animal weight): pig - 0.3-0.5 ml, dog, cat - 0.5-1 ml. Considering that eclampsia is often accompanied by hypoglycemia, it is desirable to simultaneously (or in the absence of effect from calcium preparations) administer intravenously a 40% glucose solution in usual doses.

3) Kamagsol-G - a complex preparation containing 10 g of calcium chloride, 40 g of magnesium chloride and glucose in 100 ml. It is administered intravenously in doses (per 1 kg of animal weight): pig - 20-30 ml, dog 3-15 ml .

All solutions containing calcium salts should be injected into a vein slowly, preferably under the control of auscultation of the heart - if arrhythmia or bradycardia occurs, the rate of administration is reduced or temporarily stopped.

Along with these drugs, before or after their administration, it is advisable to use neuroplegics or tranquilizers, for example, stresnil (azaperone) is injected intramuscularly at a dose of 0.5 - 1 ml / 20 kg (pig), combelin (dog and cat - 0.1 ml / kg) , rompun (dog and cat - 0.05 - 0.1 ml / kg), seduxen, chlorpromazine, etc. Narcotic drugs are also used: chloral hydrate in the form of enemas with a mucous decoction (pig - 5-20 g, dog - 0.2 - 0.5 g), hexenal intravenously (pig - 40-50 mg / kg, dog - 0.4 - 0.8 mg / kg), ether anesthesia (cat and very small dog).

Postpartum endometritis (Endometritis puerperalis).

This is an acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the uterus, mainly of a purulent-catarrhal nature, which occurs more often on the 8-10th (sometimes on the 3-6th) day after childbirth. Postpartum endometritis occupies a significant place among obstetric and gynecological pathologies in cows and leads to temporary or permanent infertility.

Etiology and pathogenesis of endometritis. Postpartum endometritis in cows most often occurs due to infection of the genital organs, violation of the integrity of the mucous membrane, a decrease in the contractile function of the uterus and involutional processes in the postpartum period.

Symptoms and course of various forms of endometritis:

Catarrhal postpartum endometritis (Endometritis catarrhalis puerperalis) character of the surface layers of the mucous membrane of the uterus and the release of mucous exudate. Catarrhal endometritis is more often the initial stage of a purulent-catarrhal endometrium of severe forms of inflammation of the uterus. Catarrhal endometritis occurs in the first days after the end leads to difficulties in making a diagnosis due to the allocation of lochia and changes in the process of postpartum involution. In this regard, it is diagnosed in the production environment, already developed purulent-catarrhal endometritis is detected.

Postpartum purulent-catarrhal endometritis (Endometritis purulenta et catarrhalis puerperalis) is an acute inflammation of the uterine mucosa of a purulent-catarrhal nature, characterized by a violation of the contractile function of the uterus, accumulation of exudate in it and its periodic release.

Clinical signs appear on the 5th - 6th day after childbirth in the form of discharge from the uterus of altered lochia. Their color can be brown, yellowish or grayish white. Sometimes crumbs and small flakes of decaying caruncles and fragments of decaying fragments of the placenta stand out. In the future, the exudate acquires a mucopurulent or purulent character. It is released from the uterus when the animal strains, when lying down, and also when the uterus is massaged by hand through the rectum. Often exudate can be found on the ventral surface of the tail in the form of dried crusts.

The mucous membrane of the vagina and cervix with endometritis is hyperemic, edematous, sometimes with hemorrhages. In the lumen of the vagina, especially near the cervix, there is exudate released from the uterus. The cervical canal is ajar and 1 - 2 fingers.

Rectal examination reveals flabbiness of the walls of the uterus, sometimes of a doughy consistency, fluctuation. At the beginning of the disease, the uterus is palpated in the abdominal cavity in the form of a bubble of various sizes, and subsequently it decreases and is pulled up to the pelvic cavity.

The general condition of the animal usually remains without deviations from the norm, and the disease is the release of exudate. With a more severe course of the process, some increase in body temperature may indicate a severe course of the inflammatory process of the development of postpartum infection.

Acute fibrinous endometritis (Endometritis fibrinosa acuta). Acute fibrinous inflammation of the uterine mucosa, occurring with the release of exudate rich in fibri

Acute fibrinous endometritis usually occurs after childbirth. The main causes of this disease are infection of the uterus and traumatic damage to its mucous membrane during childbirth and during the separation of the delayed placenta.

With a sufficient protective reaction of the body, manifested by the formation of a continuous barrier of leukocytes, which prevents the penetration of microbes from the upper layers of the uterus into the deep ones, and with a weak virulence of the microbes that caused endometritis, a mild form of fibrinous endometritis usually develops, characterized by a superficial lesion of the endometrium and effusion into the uterine cavity of fibrinous exudate. The general condition of the animal in such cases is not disturbed.

A severe form of fibrinous endometritis is characterized by inflammation of the deep layers of the mucous membrane, the deposition of brown-yellow and dirty-dark films of coagulated fibrin on its surface and exudate of exudate rich in fibrin.

Acute fibrinous endometritis is characterized by the release of yellow-brown exudate with fibrin flakes. The general condition of the animal, body temperature, pulse and respiration in mild cases of the disease remain within the normal range. With a stronger development of the disease, signs appear that are characteristic of septic forms of acute endometritis.

Necrotic metritis (Metritis necrotica). Necrotizing metritis is a severe disease characterized by necrosis and breakdown of the endometrium, muscles, and sometimes the serosa of the uterus. Necrotic metritis occurs in a septic form. This disease occurs mainly after a difficult birth.

The causes of necrotic metritis are the introduction of virulent microflora into the uterine tissue, severe traumatic damage to the uterine wall, and a weakening of the body's resistance.

With an insufficient protective reaction of the body, as well as with a high virulence of microbes, the protective shaft of leukocytes in the uterine wall either does not form or is disturbed. In this regard, microbes that have entered the uterus can penetrate into the deep layers of the endometrium and into the muscles of the uterus. At the same time, inflammation of the tissues of the uterus develops with effusion of fibrinous exudate on the surface of the endometrium, into the deep layers of the mucous membrane and into the muscles of the uterus. In this regard, the affected areas of the uterine wall thicken, the nutrition of tissues in these areas is disturbed, and their necrosis occurs, followed by disintegration and rejection of necrotic tissues. After rejection of dead tissues of the uterus, erosions and ulcers form in their place.

With the formation of erosions and ulcers, blood and lymphatic vessels are exposed, as a result of which microbes penetrate through the wall of these vessels into their lumen, are carried by the flow of lymph and blood throughout the body and cause the development of metastases and sepsis. The wall of the uterus in areas of tissue decay and ulcers often becomes thinner. Subsequently, a rupture of the thinned portion of the uterus is possible under the influence of the pressure of the exudate accumulated in the uterus.

For necrotic metritis, a reddish exudate is discharged from the uterus with an admixture of crumbly masses, which are decayed tissues of the upper layers of the uterus.

Necrotic metritis proceeds as a septic process. The general condition of the animal is severe. The body temperature rises, the pulse speeds up. Cows often develop atony of the proventriculus and mastitis. Profuse diarrhea and paraplegia of the hind limbs are possible due to damage to the spinal cord or lumbar and sacral nerve plexuses.

The uterus with necrotic metritis, unlike mild forms of endometritis, is very painful, does not contract, contains exudate and fluctuates, its walls are thickened. Simultaneously with necrotic metritis, vulvitis, colpitis and cervicitis are often observed.

Gangrenous septic metritis (Metritis gangraenosa septica). Gangrenous septic metritis is a severe acute inflammation of the uterus, proceeding with putrefactive decay of tissues.

The main cause of gangrenous septic metritis is traumatic damage to the tissues of the uterus, followed by the introduction of anaerobic microorganisms into them. Due to the putrefactive decay of the tissues of the uterus, a putrefactive or putrefactive-purulent exudate is formed, which accumulates in the uterine cavity. The walls of the uterus thicken and become painful. The waste products of microbes and the decay of exudate and uterine tissues in the process of absorption enter the bloodstream and cause intoxication. When microbes and toxins enter the bloodstream, sepsis develops.

With gangrenous metritis, oppression of the animal, an increase in the general body temperature, an increase in heart rate and respiration are noted. At the same time, the cessation of milk separation, lack of appetite and increasing general weakness, accompanied by forced lying down of the animal, are observed. The general condition of the animal is very serious. A brown-red or almost black exudate of a putrid odor is released from the genital slit with an admixture of mushy masses from decayed tissues. The uterus is painful, does not contract, fluctuates, its walls are thickened. Palpation of the uterus sometimes reveals crepitus. Gangrenous septic metritis is almost always accompanied by vulvitis, vaginitis, and cervicitis.

The disease in most cases in the first 2-8 days ends with the death of the animal from sepsis. Sometimes the animal dies from peritonitis, which occurs when inflammation spreads to the peritoneum or develops as a result of the contents of the uterus entering the abdominal cavity when its wall is ruptured. Rupture of the uterus in the places of decay of its tissues usually occurs as a result of an increase in intrauterine pressure from the accumulation of exudate in the uterine cavity. With gangrenous septic metritis, massage and washing of the uterus are contraindicated.

Treatment. High therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of cows with postpartum endometritis can be achieved with complex therapy, which includes etiotropic, pathogenetic and symptomatic.

With any use of chemotherapeutic and antibiotic drugs for the treatment of cows with postpartum endometritis, an irritating effect of many antimicrobial drugs on the uterine mucosa is observed, microbial resistance to these drugs develops. In addition, these substances accumulate in various tissues and organs of animals, are excreted in milk, and products cannot be used as food for people for a long time. At the same time, etiotropic therapy in many cases cannot be excluded from the overall complex treatment regimen due to the high virulence of microbes.

Iodobismuth sulfacid and metrazept affect the chemical and morphological parameters in cows with endometritis, they are unidirectional restorative in nature with a significant weakening or complete disappearance of leukocyte infiltration in the endometrium.

High antimicrobial activity, stimulation of regenerative processes in the uterine mucosa and an increase in local immunity have been established in the treatment of cows with postpartum endometritis using uterosan. Used for the treatment of cows with endometritis mefopran in the amount of 30 ml and fish oil - 70 ml per intrauterine injection. The mixture is prepared immediately before administration. The introduction is repeated after 72 hours. A high therapeutic effect was obtained.

Recently, in the treatment of cows with endometritis, they began to develop and use preparations of microbial origin. The high therapeutic efficacy of VIZHUS, which is a suspension of killed strains of different serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has been established. The drug is administered intrauterine at 50-100 ml per treatment with an interval of 24 hours. The high therapeutic effect is due to the fact that lymphocytes sensitized to a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain of a certain serotype, upon repeated contact with killed microbes of the same immunotype, secrete bactericidal factors that kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To increase the function of local protective factors of the uterine mucosa, 20 mg of a suspension of lactic acid bacteria is administered to cows intrauterinely during the period 8-12 days of the sexual cycle. In this case, a pronounced cellular infiltration of the endometrium by lymphocytes and macrophages is observed.

In the treatment of cows with postpartum endometritis, the drug collargol is used, containing 70% silver and 30% protein. A 1% solution of the drug is administered intra-aortically at a dose of 100 ml per injection with an interval of 48 hours.

In addition to the means and methods of local application, are widely used in the treatment of cows with postpartum endometritis, means of a general effect on the body of animals. Apply a 7% sterile solution of ichthyol in a 40% glucose solution in increasing-decreasing doses intramuscularly. This helps to restore the contractile function of the uterus and increase the body's resistance. An increase in the therapeutic effect was noted after the introduction of an ichthyol-glucose-vitamin solution into the tissue space of the pelvic cavity at a dose of 50 ml with an interval of 48 hours until recovery.

The positive effect of novocaine on the body of a sick animal is well known. Therefore, some researchers recommend the use of novocaine therapy for postpartum endometritis in cows after a single suprapleural novocaine blockade, the contractile function of the uterus is restored, the body's resistance increases and a quick recovery occurs. The therapeutic efficacy of intra-aortic administration of a 1% solution of novocaine in combination with a 2% solution of sinestrol and oxytocin is 92.3% in the treatment of cows with endometritis.

For the first time in the practice of veterinary gynecology, a specific therapeutic serum was developed and tested in the treatment of cows with endometritis as a therapeutic agent. In order to restore the contractile function of the uterus in cows with postpartum endometritis, it is recommended to use oxytocin (10 units per 100 kg of body weight subcutaneously in the morning in the evening) and sinestrol (0.8 ml per 100 kg of body weight twice with an interval of 24 hours) in the schemes complex treatment. The neurotropic drugs carbacholin and prozerin have proven themselves well. These drugs were used in the form of 0.1% (carbacholine) and 0.5% (prozerin) solutions of 2 ml per subcutaneous injection.

Metritil and tylosinocar have a high therapeutic effect. Metritil is a complex preparation containing tylosin tartrate, carbacholin, ascorbic acid and a base. It is a homogeneous yellowish liquid. Tylosinocar consists of tylosin tartrate, carbacholin, caroline and base. The drugs have a wide spectrum of antimicrobial action, enhance the contractile function of the uterus and promote the regeneration of the uterine mucosa in cows with endometritis. Metritil and tylosinocar are used intrauterinely using a Janet syringe, to which a polystyrene pipette is attached by means of a rubber tube for recto-cervical insemination of cows, at intervals of 48-72 hours, heated to a temperature of 38-40 ° C, at the rate of 20 ml per 100 kg of body weight animal.

In the practice of veterinary gynecology, a number of other treatment regimens for cows with endometritis are also used, which have significant therapeutic efficacy and can be used by veterinary specialists. A 1% solution of sinestrol is administered twice with an interval of 24 hours at a dose of 4-5 ml, followed by daily injections for 4-5 days of 40-50 IU of oxytocin or pituitrin; intrauterine 2-3 foaming tablets (Exuter M, Gynobiotic, Geomycin F) or 4-5 capsules of septimethrin; 2-3 suppositories of neofur, ichthyofur or metromax; 3-5 furazolidone or furagin sticks;

In more severe forms of inflammation (fibrinous, necrotic, gangrenous metritis), i.e. when there is a threat of sepsis, intravenous administration of a 10% solution of norsulfazole at 40-50 mg/kg of body weight of the animal 1 time per day for 3-7 days is recommended in addition to the treatment regimens described above. In case of a serious condition of the animal, general treatment is also recommended: 10% solution of caffeine-sodium-benzoate 20-40 ml or 25% solution of cardiamine 10-20 ml subcutaneously; 40% glucose solution and 10% calcium chloride 100-200 ml intravenously. Effective serum according to Kadykov (4-5 g of camphor, 60 g of glucose, 300 ml of 96.6 ° rectified alcohol, 650 ml of distilled water), intravenously at 200-250 ml per 1 injection, twice with an interval of 24 hours.

Prevention. Preventive measures to prevent the incidence of cows with postpartum endometritis should be carried out with animals during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. For correct and systematic work in this direction, it is necessary to introduce obstetric and gynecological medical examinations in farms. During the current (monthly), seasonal and main medical examination, shortcomings in the feeding of pregnant animals are revealed, the schedule for the duration of the dry period is more correctly observed, which makes it possible to adjust feeding in a timely manner and eliminate the detected shortcomings. During the clinical examination, the implementation of the plan of preventive veterinary measures, the preparation of animals for childbirth and the delivery are monitored. When conducting an early obstetric and gynecological examination (on the 7th, 14th day after childbirth), the course of the postpartum period is monitored and preventive measures are taken to prevent the occurrence of an inflammatory process in the uterus.

For the prevention of postpartum diseases, trivitamin is used in dry cows (A - 1 million IU, D - 100 thousand IU, E - 500 mg), which is administered to animals 55-60, 28-30, 10-12 and 3-5 days before calving and a complex of biologically active preparations, including vitamin A - 200 thousand IU, D - 25 thousand IU, C - 3 g, - 0.5 g, B2 - 0.1 g, dicalcium phosphate - 60 g, octestrol - 50 thousand U, which were fed daily to cows in the last 10-15 days of pregnancy. This contributed to a decrease in the incidence of endometritis from 33.8% to 20.0%. The use of microelements (copper, manganese, zinc and cobalt) as an additive to the diet with concentrated feed in the second half of pregnancy contributed to the successful course of the postpartum period and reduced the incidence of postpartum endometritis in cows.

The use of antimicrobials in the early postpartum period for prophylactic purposes is more effective in animals with high levels of immunoglobulins in the blood serum.

An oily solution of beta-carotene is a biologically active drug obtained by dissolving beta-carotene in vegetable oils. The drug is administered intramuscularly in 40 ml per injection, 4-5 injections with repetition after 7 days in the dry and postpartum periods.

Timalin is a preparation of a polypeptide nature obtained by extraction from the thymus of cattle. It is an immunomodulatory agent that affects the T-system and indirectly - on the B-system of the animal body. To increase the effectiveness of the prevention of postpartum endometritis in cows, the drug is administered intramuscularly 1.5 - 2 months before the expected birth at a dose of 0.2 mg per 1 kg of animal body weight, 1 time per day for 3 consecutive days.

Postpartum sepsis (Sepsis puerperalis).

Postpartum sepsis, or general postpartum infection (puerperal fever) is a severe general animal disease that occurs as a result of pathogenic microbes and their toxins entering the lymph and blood, as well as tissue decay products from an inflammatory focus in the genitals and less often from foci of a dormant infection. Foci of postpartum sepsis are: the uterus with gangrenous and necrotic inflammation, inflamed ligaments of the uterus and peritoneum, penetrating infected wounds, ruptures of the uterus and vagina. Exhaustion, overwork, hypo- and beriberi, hypothermia predispose to postpartum sepsis. The causative agents of postpartum sepsis can be streptococci, staphylococci, diplococci, E. coli. In some cases, the genitals become infected with pathogens of malignant edema and gas gangrene.

Depending on the course of the pathological process and clinical signs, there are three forms of postpartum sepsis: postpartum septicemia; postpartum pyemia; postpartum septicopyemia.

Postpartum septicemia (Septicaemia puerperalis), acute sepsis without metastases is characterized by continuous or periodic entry of microbes (bacteremia) and their toxins (toxinemia) from the septic focus into the blood, occurs mainly in carnivores, mares and less often in cows and small ruminants.

Etiology. Postpartum septicemia is caused by hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci in association with Escherichia coli, clostridia and other microorganisms.

Symptoms and course. The disease is characterized by general depression of the animal, lack of appetite, a sharp decrease or cessation of lactation. The animal has difficulty lying down and getting up. Body temperature rises and reaches 40-41 °C. Subsequently, the body temperature is high with slight fluctuations, and upon recovery or before the death of the animal, it drops critically to normal or lower. Respiration is rapid, pulse is weak and frequent. Dryness and yellowness of the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose and vagina appear. Observed skin exanthema, pustular rashes and bleeding from the mucous membranes due to damage to the walls of blood vessels by toxins. Often noted violations of the functions of the digestive system - atony of the proventriculus in ruminants, diarrhea or constipation. Mares during illness usually stand, and cows lie with their heads thrown to the side, as in puerperal paresis.

In the septic focus of the reproductive system, signs of an acute purulent-putrefactive process are usually found. Sometimes there is no reaction of tissues in the area of injury of the birth canal, which indicates the weakness of the defenses of the animal's body and the significant severity of the disease. The affected areas of the genital organs are covered with a gray-dirty fibrinous coating, the growth of granulations stops, an unpleasant odor is felt. When putrefactive microflora enters the septic focus, the exudate has a specific putrefactive odor, and crepitus is noted on palpation of the affected tissues. In the blood, the number of red blood cells decreases, the percentage of hemoglobin decreases, and a sharp shift to the left and the absence of eosinophils and monocytes are observed in the leukogram; decompensated acidosis.

Postpartum septicemia in mares is acute, after 2-3 days the animal dies. In cows and sheep, the disease can last up to 6-8 days. In pigs and dogs, the lethal outcome of the disease occurs after a few hours or 2-3 days.

Postpartum pyemia (Pyaemia puerperalis), or sepsis with metastases, is a septic process accompanied by the formation of secondary septic foci in various organs and tissues of a sick animal.

Etiology. The primary septic focus is usually localized in the genitals. Most often, the pyemic process is caused by staphylococci and streptococci. Sepsis with metastases is often preceded by a septic process without metastases. Pyemia is more common in large and small ruminants, as well as in pigs and rarely in horses and dogs.

In the primary septic focus, there is a progressive development of hyoid-putrefactive processes, thrombophlebitis, followed by softening and suppuration of blood clots. With the blood flow, the particles of blood clots are brought into the internal organs, joints, tendon sheaths, mammary gland and other parts of the body, where they cause the formation of metastatic abscesses.

The symptoms and course of pyemia depend on the pathogenicity of microorganisms, the location of metastases and their number.

The animal has depression, refusal to feed, fever. It is characteristic that fever is observed remitting type with periodic fluctuations in body temperature by 2-4 0C. An increase in temperature is associated with the appearance of new metastases. Some animals don't experience fluctuations in body temperature. The pulse is frequent and weak, breathing is rapid. Sepsis with metastases often lasts up to 10-15 days, and with intensive treatment, the animal usually recovers. With a prolonged course of the disease (chroniosepsis), the animal has progressive exhaustion and weakness, which often leads to its death.

Septicopyemia, or a mixed form of sepsis, is characterized by clinical signs inherent in both septicemia and pyemia, arising from the entry of microflora into the blood and the formation of secondary purulent foci (abscesses).

Treatment. A sick animal is isolated and given complete rest. Highly nutritious, easily digestible feeds of good quality (hay, germinated oats, bran and grass flour mash, root crops) are introduced into the diet, they are provided with clean water, and 0.5% of drinking soda is added to water to reduce acidosis. Massage of the uterus and frequent therapeutic manipulations are contraindicated.

Thoroughly clean the injured areas and cover with antimicrobial emulsions, if the septic focus is in the uterus or deep in the vagina, it is advisable to introduce a bandage moistened with a disinfectant solution for drainage.

Intravenously, a cow and a mare is injected with a 40% glucose solution at a dose of 200-300 ml with the addition of 10-20 ml of a 0.5% solution of ascorbic acid; once a day, 100-150 ml of a 10% solution of calcium chloride or calcium gluconate. Twice a day, large animals are injected with 20-40 ml of a 40% solution of hexamethylenetetramine (urotropine). It is recommended to administer a 4% solution of sodium bicarbonate, a 0.25% solution of novocaine at the rate of 1 ml per 1 kg of animal live weight, blood-substituting solutions. Assign one injection daily of ethyl alcohol 60 ml, calcium chloride-10, glucose-40, 0.85% sodium chloride solution - 200 ml. It is also recommended to administer intravenously camphor serum according to Kadykov 250-300 ml twice a day or camphor serum according to Plakhotin (camphor 3 g, ethyl alcohol 200 ml, glucose 80 g, urotropin 10, calcium chloride 20 g, 0.9% solution sodium chloride 1000 ml) 250 ml twice a day or 10% norsulfazole solution at a dose of 100-150 ml.

Antibiotics are injected intramuscularly in high doses - gentamicin, streptomycin, neomycin, monomycin, oxytetracycline, bicillin, and some antibiotics can be used intravenously (morphocycline, oxytetracycline). In small animals, amputation of the uterus is a radical technique.

Treatment of postpartum diseases of cows must be undertaken as soon as possible. Without fail, it must be comprehensive, aimed at normalizing the body's defenses and metabolic processes - the expulsion of pathological contents from the uterus, the removal of the inflammatory reaction, and the suppression of microflora activity.

Postpartum vulvitis, vestibulitis and vaginitis

First of all, the tail and external genitalia are thoroughly washed; the tail is bandaged and tied to the side to avoid unnecessary irritation of the vulva.

The cavity of the vestibule of the vagina is cleaned by irrigating with disinfectant solutions: potassium permanganate, lysol, creolin. A good effect is achieved by using a 1-2% saline-soda solution (1: 1 ratio) or hypertonic sodium chloride solution. It should be remembered that irrigation can give a negative result and even contribute to the further spread of inflammation due to the mechanical movement of pathogens, therefore, it is necessary to wash the vestibule of the vagina with the genital slit open, so that the solution used immediately pours out. Under no circumstances should solutions be poured under pressure.

After irrigation and cleansing, the mucous membrane is lubricated with Vishnevsky's liniment, streptocide emulsion, iodoform, xeroform, creolin, ichthyol or other ointment. Powdered preparations, especially those insoluble in water, do not give positive results: during urination and together with exudate, they are quickly removed. The ointment prevents the fusion of surfaces exposed from the epithelial cover; located in a layer on the mucous membrane or on its damaged area, it replaces the bandage that protects the focus of inflammation from additional infection. With severe soreness, dikain (1-2%) should be added to conventional ointments. Ulcers, wounds and erosion after their cleaning are cauterized with lapis, a 5-10% iodine solution. As an aid, ichthyol swabs deserve attention. Tamponation should be repeated after 12-24 hours.

Treatment for postpartum vaginal eversion and uterine prolapse

It comes down to the fastest repositioning of the prolapsed organ after its thorough toilet, which is more expedient to carry out as cold as possible with a 0.1% concentration of tannin, weak solutions of potassium permanganate or furacillin. In order to reduce the volume of the uterus before reduction, oxytocin can be used in the form of injections into the thickness of the uterus in various places, 1-2 ml each, with a total dose of 50 IU. After repositioning the vagina or uterus, measures must be taken to securely fix them.

Fixation methods using nylon threads, rollers, metal wire are ineffective and eventually lead to rupture of the vulva at the suturing site. The most reliable and justified is the method of fixation with a wide bandage. To carry out fixation, it is necessary to sharpen Pean or Kocher tweezers in the form of a wide needle on a grinding unit and use it to pierce the wall of the vulva, followed by capture with a bandage and suturing. Before suturing, one of the antiseptic preparations is injected into the uterus.

Weak contractions and pushing

This pathology causes the lengthening of the birth act. Initially, conservative treatment is carried out. The cow is injected intramuscularly with 4-5 ml of a 1% oil solution of sinestrol (1 ml per 100 kg of body weight) and subcutaneously with 30-40 IU of oxytocin or pituitrin. 100-120 ml of a 10% solution of calcium chloride (calcium gluconate) and 150-200 ml of a 40% glucose solution are injected intravenously. After 1.5-2 hours, it is advisable to introduce one of the preparations of prostaglandin F-2 alpha (estrophan at a dose of 2 ml or enzaprost at a dose of 5 ml).

In case of weakness of labor activity, manifested by an increase in the duration of the labor act, low-intensity laser radiation (LILI) can be used by the transrectal method in exposure modes of 3-5 minutes, pulse rate of 64-512 Hz, if the Rikta-MV apparatus is used and the same exposure time during treatment with the STP device. If after 1-2 hours there is no effect, then the irradiation is repeated. The effectiveness of the laser beam in lengthening the birth act is explained by the fact that laser irradiation has mitonic and analgesic effects.

If there is no effect in the next 3-4 hours, proceed to operative delivery in compliance with the rules of asepsis and antisepsis. After surgery, tricillin is injected into the uterine cavity in the form of a powder - 18-24 g or a mixture of antimicrobial drugs in the following combinations:

Furacilin - 1 g, furazolidone - 0.5 g, neomycin - 1.5 g, penicillin - 1 g, norsulfazol - 5 g or oxytetracycline - 1.5 g, neomycin - 1.5 g, polymyxin-M - 0, 15 g and norsulfazol -5 g. In the absence of these nitrofuran, antibiotic and sulfanilamide preparations, their analogues can be used in the same combination, as well as neofur, metromax, exuter, hysteroton and other preparations in the form of sticks and suppositories.

With complicated childbirth, in order to prevent postpartum complications, cows are prescribed sinestrol in combination with oxytocin or pituitrin. You can also use a 0.5% solution of prozerin, a 0.1% solution, carbacholin at a dose of 2-2.5 ml or one of the preparations of prostaglandin F-2 alpha, as well as colostrum taken from the puerperal in the first 4- 6 hours after the birth of the fetus. Colostrum is injected subcutaneously with a sterile syringe at a dose of 20-25 ml. The cow is examined for mastitis before colostrum collection by one of the rapid mastitis tests.

Detention of the placenta

If after 6-8 hours after the birth of the calf the afterbirth has not separated, then proceed to conservative treatment for its separation.

1. Introduction into the uterine cavity using a Janet syringe and a rubber adapter of a solution consisting of 3 ml of hellebore tincture and 97 ml of boiled water. Perhaps intravenous administration of hellebore tincture at a dose of 2-3 ml once in order to enhance the motility of smooth muscles.

2. Parenteral administration in the first hours after calving of prostaglandin preparations: estrofan, superfan, aniprost, clatraprostin - at a dose of 2 ml or enzaprsta at a dose of 5 ml intramuscularly or subcutaneously once. The introduction is designed for resorption of the possibly delayed corpus luteum of pregnancy as a blocking link in the contractile activity of the uterus and strengthening its contractions.

3. Injection of a double dose of prostaglandin with the addition of 1.5 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone. The latter prolongs the action of prostaglandin.

4. To enhance uterine motility, enter: subcutaneously carbacholin 0.1% or prozerin 0.5% in the form of an aqueous solution at a dose of 2-2.5 ml every 4-6 hours; intravenously 150-200 ml of 40% glucose solution, 100-200 ml of calcium gluconate or calcium chloride.

5. Instillation of 2-3 ml of a 1% oil solution of sinestrol or folliculin, followed by the introduction of 50 IU of oxytocin or pituitrin after 12 hours. Oxytocin is more directed and active against the background of estrogens.

6. Subcutaneous injection with 3-hour intervals in increasing doses (30-40-50 IU) of oxytocin or pituitrin.

Recently, drug-free methods of treating retained placenta in cows have been actively used. A good therapeutic and prophylactic effect is achieved when using an electronic placenta separator for cattle. The device is a compact sealed capsule. After the conventional preparation of the external genital organs of the cow, the capsule is introduced into the uterine cavity, into the horn-fetus between the uterine wall and the delayed placenta. Upon contact with the wet surface of the uterine mucosa, amniotic fluid, the device turns on and delivers short current pulses according to a given program for about 30 minutes, after which it turns off. Therapeutic efficiency is 50-90%. The device is easy to handle, does not require special storage methods and is absolutely electrically safe.

Also noteworthy is the use of a device for electrical neurostimulation ETNS-100-1V for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes when retaining the placenta in cows. It is a fabric belt with electrodes applied to the lumbar region in the region of the 4th sacral vertebra. The device gives impulses with a frequency of 5-10 Hz and an amplitude of 50-80. Within 3-5 minutes. With proper use of the device, the service period is reduced to 45-50 days.

If there is no effect from the methods used, a day after the fetus is removed, 200-300 ml of a 10% solution of ichthyol is injected into the uterine cavity (amniotic membranes), and 10 ml of a 10% solution or 100 ml of 1 % solution of novocaine (trimecaine). You can also use the suprapleural novocaine blockade according to V.V. Mosin. It is advisable to combine injections of anesthetics with oxytocin or pituitrin in doses of 40-50 units.

In case of non-separation of the placenta within 36-48 hours from the birth of the fetus, they proceed to the operational (manual) separation of it using the "dry" method. At the same time, special attention is paid to the thorough processing and disinfection of hands, as well as external genital organs. The introduction of any disinfectant solutions into the uterine cavity, either before or after separation of the placenta, is not allowed. After manual separation of the afterbirth, in order to prevent the development of subinvolution of the uterus and endometritis, the cow is injected subcutaneously for 2-3 days with oxytocin at 40-50 units or any other myotropic agent, 150-200 ml of a 40% glucose solution and 100-120 ml are injected intravenously 10% solution of calcium chloride (calcium gluconate), intrauterine administration of broad-spectrum antimicrobials. With a belated separation and putrefactive decomposition of the placenta, a full course of complex preventive therapy is carried out as with endometritis.

Surgical intervention with strong attempts in a cow is carried out against the background of low sacral anesthesia (introduction of 10 ml of a 1-1.5% solution of novocaine into the epidural space) or novocaine blockade of the pelvic nerve plexus according to A. D. Nozdrachev.

Subinvolution of the uterus

Treatment of cows with delayed reverse development of the uterus should be comprehensive and aimed at restoring its contractile function and retraction ability, freeing the uterine cavity from accumulated and decomposing lochia, preventing the development of microflora, increasing the overall tone and defenses of the animal's body. When choosing treatment regimens, it is necessary to take into account the severity of the course of the pathological process.

In the acute form of the course (5-10 days after birth), cows are injected twice with a 24-hour interval with a 1% solution of sinestrol at a dose of 4-5 ml and within 4-5 days they are injected with 40-50 IU of oxytocin or pituitrin, or 5-6 ml of a 0.02% solution of methylergometrine or a 0.05% solution of ergotal, or 2-2.5 ml of a 0.5% solution of prozerin, or a 0.1% solution of carbachol. (Table No. 2)

Along with this, one of the means of pathogenetic or general stimulating therapy is used: novocaine therapy, vitamin therapy, ichthyolotherapy or hemotherapy or UHF, laser therapy and laser puncture.

Of the methods of novocaine therapy, suprapleural novocaine blockade of the celiac nerves and sympathetic border trunks according to V.V. Mosin or perirenal novocaine blockade (300-350 ml of a 0.25% solution of novocaine is administered), or intra-aortic or intraperitoneal administration of a 1% or 10% solution of novocaine (trimecaine), respectively, at a dose of 100 or 10 ml. Injections are repeated 2-3 times with an interval of 48-96 hours.

During ichthyol therapy, a 7% sterile solution of ichthyol, prepared in a 0.85% sodium chloride solution, is injected into cows six times, subcutaneously with a 48-hour interval, starting from the first day of treatment, in increasing-decreasing doses: 20, 25, 30, 35, 30, 25 ml.

To prevent the development of endometritis, it is advisable to introduce broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs once or twice into the uterine cavity (clause 5.4.).

In the subacute form of the course of subinvolution of the uterus, the same means and treatment regimens are used, with the only difference being that a 1% solution of sinestrol is administered only once at a dose of 3-4 ml (0.6-0.7 ml per 100 kg of body weight), and antimicrobial drugs intended for administration into the uterine cavity are not used.

In chronic subinvolution and atony of the uterus, along with means of pathogenetic general stimulating therapy (ichthyolo-hemotherapy, tissue therapy) and myotropic drugs, prostaglandin F-2 alpha preparations and gonadotropic hormones are also prescribed. If there are functioning corpus luteum or luteal cysts in the ovaries, at the beginning of the course of treatment, estuphalan is administered at a dose of 500 mcg or clathroprostin 2 ml. Repeated prostaglandins at the same dose are administered on day 11 in combination with a single injection of FFA gonadotropin at a dose of 2.5-3 thousand i.e. With subinvolution of the uterus, accompanied by hypofunction of the ovaries, prostaglandins (estuphalan, clathroprostin, gravoprost, gravoclatran) are administered to cows once at the beginning of the course of treatment. On the 11th day, only FFA gonadotropin is injected into the animals at a dose of 3-3.5 thousand IU.

In all cases of dysfunction of the uterus, treatment of cows should be carried out against the background of the organization of daily active exercise, rectal massage of the uterus lasting 2-3 minutes (4-5 sessions), communication of cows with probe bulls. In the presence of medical indications, vitamins (A, D, E, C, B), caiodine and other mineral preparations are prescribed.

Igor Nikolaev

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Responsible attitude to calving in cattle determines the health of future offspring and high milk productivity of the mother. But sometimes childbirth takes place with complications. It is important not to miss the occurrence of diseases at this stage in order to preserve the reproductive functions of the cow and save the breeder from long-term treatment. The main diseases in the postpartum period will be discussed in the publication.

The time from the separation of the placenta to the completion of the process of restoration of the uterus is called the postpartum period. This is observed by the fact that the cervix closes, its muscle fibers become smaller.

After a week, colostrum becomes milk. In a healthy state, secretions of a natural color, size and smell are formed.

The animal is gaining strength to bear the next fetus. Usually fertilization occurs soon. Or the cow cannot get pregnant again and remains barren.

Postpartum complications occur for several reasons. In some cases, this is a lack of feeding and maintenance. Pregnant animals are kept in cramped stalls, crowded, they are not sent for walking. In other cases, infectious diseases intervene in the process. In case of any difficulties, you should seek the help of a specialist.

Injuries of the birth canal

Spontaneous and violent injuries lead to rupture of the vagina. They can occur due to such factors:

strong attempts during childbirth;
incorrect presentation of the calf;
large fruit;
actions of the obstetrician with tools, ropes

With small gaps, wounds form and blood flows from the vagina. In case of serious injuries, a through wound of impressive size appears. It happens that loops of the intestines and the bladder are found in the vaginal cavity.

The specialist must determine the place of the gap. Bandages with hemostatic solutions mixed with antiseptics are introduced into the vagina. The fallen organs are inserted into place. Then the obstetrician promptly sews up the tears so that the animal does not lose a lot of blood. It also plays a role in getting microbes into open pathways, in the reproduction of opportunistic microflora.

A similar outcome leads to the development of gynecological diseases in cows.

Detention of the placenta

If after calving the placenta did not come out after a maximum of eight hours, then they talk about his detention. Most of the time this happens for the following reasons:

the uterus contracts weakly and does not push out the placenta. This can happen due to a lack of vitamins in the animal;
rare and irregular exercise during gestation. When the animal moves a little, a lot of problems appear in the body;
the muscles of the uterus are weak due to the presence of the disease;
the placentas of the mother and fetus were connected again due to the presence of serious infections (brucellosis, trichomoniasis, and others).

Already on the second day after birth, the placenta begins to decompose. From here, inflammation of the mucous membranes of the vagina, cervix, general infection of the body can begin. It is enough to respond in time and remove the placenta in an operative way. Otherwise, infertility and other diseases of cows may occur.

First, they try to force the uterus to contract with special preparations. Also in the course are immunomodulators. If the process does not start, the afterbirth is tried to be separated manually. This is done with clean hands after sanitizing and applying a moisturizing ointment.

You should be careful during the operation so that the afterbirth particles do not remain in the womb. They can lead to rotting and inflammation. Then the uterine cavity and birth canal are washed with antibacterial solutions. Drug residues are removed from the cavity by pumping. The procedure is repeated for three days in a row.

Uterine prolapse

Immediately after the birth of the calf, the uterus may completely prolapse into the open cervix. Most often this is due to strong attempts after calving, which are needed to expel the placenta.

Another specialist could pull out the fetus too abruptly or there was a natural rapid delivery. The cow could be bothered by a cough that provoked a prolapse. Among the reasons, an uneven floor is distinguished: the cow gave birth with an inclination to the back.

Eversion of the uterus develops into its edema, cracking, tearing and tissue death. Therefore, the intervention of a specialist is necessary according to the instructions:

first remove the placenta;
the inverted uterus is washed with a solution of potassium permanganate;
butt cows put higher;
the uterus is taken in a clean blanket and carefully put in place. You need to start from the vagina with the straightening of the folds;
for some time the animal should be in a position with a raised back;
in rare cases, the place is sutured.

Prolonged lying down after childbirth

After calving, the cow cannot get up and lies all the time. She can be lifted by force, but she cannot stand. The back leans towards the floor. There is no paralysis of the limbs. The female appears healthy.

Such a turn is at risk of damage to the sacral plexus of the sciatic nerve with a large fetus or its incorrect position, and injuries of the pelvic ring. Poor nutrition during the period of bearing a cub or lack of walking. It is necessary to exclude leg injuries and give the animal peace.

You can help by doing the following:

lay a fresh, clean and dry bedding;
turn over several times a day so that bedsores do not occur;
be sure to massage the sides, back, limbs;
recommend warm lotions on areas of the sacrum;
the diet should be balanced, fortified.

After that, the cow is observed for several days. If she does not get up even after five days, then she is provided with a supporting device.

This pathology is considered one of the most severe among postpartum diseases in cows. The female quickly becomes helpless due to the fact that her tongue, pharynx, digestive organs and limbs are paralyzed. The animal may even lose consciousness. This outcome occurs in highly productive cows with a large weight.

Paresis is associated with nutrition. In particular, the lack of glucose and calcium in the feed and overfeeding concentrated food without alternating with juicy and coarse.

An aggravating factor is the lack of walking:

the cow's limbs tremble, she lies down and does not rise;
if the position is not critical, then the head is supported by weight, although the neck is tilted;
in more severe cases, the cow lays its head on the chest wall, throws it back;
the temperature drops by two to three degrees;
the area near the horns is cool;
the tongue may fall out;
the animal closes its eyes and groans.

Treatment consists of regularly milking the milk so that it does not stagnate and become rancid in the udder. Then air is blown into the udder. In parallel, an injection of caffeine is made, the body is rubbed and the cow is warmed.

Intravenous prescribe a solution of calcium chloride and glucose to restore strength. Vitamin D, minerals, sweetened water are added to the feed. It is necessary to monitor the emptying of the intestines and bladder. In which case, help with catheters and enemas. Until the cow gets up, provide her with warm bedding and prevent bedsores from appearing with massages and special preparations.

Poisoning and infections

In the first time after calving, the cow may begin intoxication. This is facilitated by the absorption of decay products from the uterus, the activation of bacteria that enter the blood from it. Before that, trauma to the birth canal and infection could occur.

It is not difficult to determine the pathological process that has begun. The cow has no appetite, depression, body temperature rises. The pulse slows down, breathing becomes confused, diarrhea may begin. The scar does not shrink properly, the chewing gum disappears.

As a rule, such a development of events is preceded by inflammation of the vagina, endometritis and other postpartum diseases in cows. During the examination by a specialist, it turns out that the uterus is enlarged in size, it contains foreign fluid, it practically does not shrink and reacts painfully to the examination.

Timely assistance with a mild form of intoxication contributes to recovery:

But in some cases, if you do not pay attention to infections, death may occur. If you do not intervene promptly, sepsis may begin. It affects serious changes in almost all internal organs. The process may be irreversible.

Septicemia

Basically, the disease occurs due to trauma during childbirth. Streptococci or staphylococci, Escherichia coli and other bacteria interfere with the matter.

In addition to the lethargic state, the process of milk transfer stops in the animal. You can milk a small amount of milk, but it will be blue or red. The cow tries to lie down, as in paresis.

The difference between the pathology is the presence of a rash and bleeding from the mucous membranes. Blood can also be excreted with liquid feces. Sometimes there is no chair at all.

You can identify the disease by the following signs:

putrid secretions indicate an acute course of septicemia;
nothing happens around the wound. This means that the body does not respond to bacteria, to the beginning of a difficult process. In this case, there will be complications;
blood pressure is greatly reduced, the pulse becomes frequent, it is difficult to calculate;
protein is found in the urine;
putrid liquid flows from the uterus, its walls are dense and thick;
rarely the animal falls into a coma immediately, without obvious symptoms. Death is inevitable;
temperature jumps are called a clear difference. At first it rises sharply, then also falls. The result can be twofold: either recovery or death. The picture will clear up in a matter of hours.

Therefore, treatment is useless if sepsis is expressed in a putrefactive course. The life span of a cow is measured in two to three days. When the situation is not so difficult, they take action.

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Introduction

The development of animal husbandry, and in particular, cattle is unthinkable without normal fruiting, calving and complete restoration of the reproductive apparatus of cows. Successful biologically and economically justified reproduction of the cattle population is largely hampered by various diseases of the animal reproductive apparatus. In all climatic zones of Russia, postpartum diseases are often recorded in highly productive cows, among them the most widespread is acute postpartum endometritis, which cause great economic damage to farms.

The occurrence of acute postpartum endometritis is primarily due to the pathological course of childbirth and the postpartum period, however, a number of researchers note the incidence of animals with normal calving.

Most authors believe that opportunistic and pathogenic microflora that enters the birth canal, both from the external environment and through the lymphogenous-hematogenous pathways before childbirth, during and immediately after childbirth, reduces immunity and is the main cause of the development of acute postpartum purulent-catarrhal endometritis in cows.

This pathology is noted in 24-48% of cows in the post-calving period, and on large industrial-type farms and dairy complexes in 76% and above. Culling of infertile animals due to endometritis on small industrial-type farms and dairy complexes is 24-72% of the number of cases.

On traditional farms, the maximum incidence of acute postpartum endometritis in cows reaches in March - May, and on industrial farms and dairy complexes - in February - July.

It has been established that in sick animals, due to a violation of the reproductive function, the calving period before fertilization is extended by 75-134 days. Significant economic damage is caused by symptomatic infertility of cows due to the lack of offspring and livestock products. In order to prevent this, it is necessary to identify and treat sick animals in a timely manner, as well as to implement targeted preventive measures.

Despite advances in this area, the disease is ubiquitous, widespread and causes significant economic damage to the industry. Often, the means used are ineffective, the schemes for their administration are laborious and inconvenient to perform, or expensive. At the same time, it can be stated that in recent years the virulence of all types of isolated microorganisms and their antibiotic resistance have increased significantly.

In order to prevent this, it is necessary to identify and treat sick animals in a timely manner, as well as to implement targeted preventive measures.

Literature review

Endometritis is an inflammation of the uterine mucosa, which is divided into acute, subacute, chronic, and according to manifestation into clinically pronounced and latent. By the nature of the inflammatory process, acute endometritis is divided into catarrhal, purulent-catarrhal, fibrinous, necrotic and gangrenous.

The frequency of occurrence of postpartum endometritis in cows depends on the time of year and the nature of childbirth. Acute postpartum endometritis (mainly purulent-catarrhal) is recorded on average in 37.7% of calving cows. The largest number of patients is detected in the winter-spring (28.3-54.8%), and the smallest in the autumn (23.9-26.4%) periods of the year. After pathological births, the incidence of cows is 75.8% - 82.2%, after uncomplicated calving - 23.7%.

Etiology

The leading etiological factors of the disease are contamination of the uterus with opportunistic microflora and a decrease in the body's natural resistance. Microorganisms are isolated from the contents of the uterus of sick cows in 89.8% of cases. Also, the causes of endometritis are trauma, infection of the cervix during childbirth, the spread of inflammation to the cervix, irritation of the cervix with a delayed placenta, rough and incomplete separation of the placenta by hand, with subinvolution and prolapse of the uterus. In the development of postpartum inflammation of the endometrium in cows, a significant role is played by a decrease in the contractile function of the muscles of the uterus, which is manifested by a decrease in the strength, duration and frequency of contractions. In acute purulent-catarrhal endometritis, the value of the uterine contraction index is 16.7 times less than in the normal course of the postpartum period. cow catarrhal endometritis

Sometimes postpartum catarrhal endometritis is a consequence of exacerbation of vibriosis, brucellosis, trichomoniasis (1).

The analysis of the conducted studies made it possible to identify direct (injury and infection of uterine tissues), contributing (unfavorable conditions for feeding, keeping, operating, etc.) and predisposing (genetically determined) etiological factors of acute postpartum endometritis in cows.

In a microbiological study of the contents of the uterus in cows, strepto- and staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, fungi of the genera Candida, Apergillus and Mucor, less often other microbes (monoculture or other associations) were isolated in 100% of cases.

On dairy complexes and industrial type farms, in comparison with traditional farms, in samples of secretion from the uterine cavity, rod-shaped bacteria (by 23.1%), fungi (by 8.6%) and associations of microbes (by 18.6%) were more often isolated from sick cows. ), while there are more microbial strains (by 8.1 - 16.1%), which are pathogenic for laboratory animals, have hemolytic properties and have a plasma coagulation reaction.

Exogenous infection from the external environment is possible if the conditions for keeping cows in cattle yards and maternity wards are not observed. The identity of the species composition of the conditionally pathogenic microflora of the uterus of sick cows, the vagina and livestock buildings is recorded.

In the absence of active exercise in animals, which is especially characteristic of dairy complexes and industrial-type farms, the number of patients with acute postpartum endometritis increased by an average of 24%; when it was provided before and after childbirth with a length of 5 km, it decreased by 3.5 times.

With a lack of zinc, iodine, cobalt, copper and manganese in the diet in 41% of animals, the course of the postpartum period was complicated by acute endometritis, which led to a subsequent decrease in their fertility and lengthening of the duration of infertility. It is noted that acute postpartum endometritis occurs both after pathological and after normal childbirth. At the same time, cows of the black-motley breed get sick almost 2 times more often than the red steppe color. The low resistance of the organism and, consequently, a greater predisposition to a complicated course of the postpartum period are due to the fact that the genotype of this breed was formed in other environmental conditions (2).

The timing of the manifestation of acute postpartum inflammation of the uterus in cows largely depends on the time of its infection. If the disease is detected before or on the first day after birth, then the introduction of microflora occurred during insemination in violation of the recommended veterinary and sanitary rules, more often in stockyards. With improper obstetrics, inflammation manifests itself 4-10 days after childbirth.

Infection of the uterus at a later date (before the closure of the cervical canal, especially with premature transfer of cows from the maternity ward to the barnyard, or against the background of subinvolution of the genitals) causes the development of acute inflammation 12-20 days or more after birth.

Pathogenesis

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the uterus occurs as a response of the body to its injury and irritation by microbes. These irritations simultaneously with damaging effects cause protective reactions in the damaged tissues and the body of the animal. At the same time, a leukocyte shaft or barrier is formed in the tissues of the uterus, preventing the spread of the pathological process and contributing to its elimination. If the protective reactions of the body are significantly expressed, then the inflammatory process is usually localized in the mucous membrane of the uterus and does not receive further distribution (1).

Considering postpartum purulent-inflammatory diseases of the uterus in cows as a typical factorial infectious pathology, it should be noted that the critical mechanism that creates objective prerequisites for the activation of the vital activity of endogenous and exogenous microflora and ensures the development of local intrauterine infection is the state of the body's defenses, general immunological resistance and nonspecific factors of protection during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. It is during these physiological periods of reproduction that the body, experiencing both general and local immunodeficiency, is in a state of reduced resistance. Under these conditions, the balance of coexistence and interaction of macro- and microorganisms is inevitably disturbed and tends to increase the pathogenic action of endogenous-exogenous infectious agents. This is most clearly manifested against the background of metabolic disorders often detected in pregnant and lactating cows. It has been established that the endometritis of cows is accompanied by a deep secondary immune deficiency. In particular, violations of both cellular and humoral immunity were noted, as well as low levels of beta-carotene, vitamin A, total protein and protein fractions compared with healthy animals (3).

In the presence of predisposing conditions, the inflammatory process can occur even under the influence of low-pathogenic microbes that have penetrated the uterus, sometimes it develops due to the activation of the microflora present in the uterus (autoinfection).

The most important trigger is tissue damage. Regardless of the type of damaging agents - infection, ionizing radiation, mechanical trauma, poisoning with poisons and toxins in cells and subcellular structures, general, nonspecific changes characteristic of cell damage are found.

Cell damage that causes inflammation extends to subcellular structures - mitochondria, which are the main carriers of redox enzymes. As a result, oxidative processes in the inflamed tissue are less intense than in healthy intact tissue, and the respiratory coefficient decreases.

Damage to other subcellular structures - lysosomes is accompanied by the release of a large number of hydrolytic enzymes (proteases), cathepsins, and glycolysis enzymes. The source of these enzymes are lysosomes of macrophages and parenchymal cells of the tissue where inflammation occurs.

Enzymes released from lysosomes upon tissue damage can increase vascular permeability in two ways: directly, by affecting the endothelium and vascular wall, and indirectly, causing the release and formation of permeability mediators (histamine, activation of the kinin system. The formation of more one group of biologically active substances - prostaglandins (in particular type E), which are found in significant quantities during cell autolysis, contributing to the development of inflammation by increasing vascular permeability.

Inflammatory edema is an active reaction of the body, depending on the height of its organization. II Mechnikov pointed out that the formation of liquid exudate is a genealogically late process than the leukocyte reaction. This explains the significant influence of neurohormonal mechanisms on the intensity of the edematous reaction. The significance of each of the systems may vary depending on the nature of the inflammatory process. In particular, the results of P.P. Golikova (1967) indicate the seasonality of the rhythm of the intensity of the inflammatory reaction. The author links this phenomenon with different activity of the pituitary-adrenal system in different seasons of the year.

An increase in the permeability of microvessels and exudation should be considered as the first and most quickly activated link in the chain of protective physiological reactions during inflammation.

The protective role of inflammatory edema is manifested in limiting the spread of inflammatory pathogens and substances formed in the very focus of inflammation (toxins, tissue decay products, etc.) throughout the body; inflammation leads to functional and morphological delimitation of the affected tissues.

The difficult transition of substances from the focus of inflammation into the body and vice versa is associated with a weakening of the blood and lymph outflow in the inflamed tissue due to squeezing of the vessels by inflammatory exudate. I.I. Mechnikov pointed out that the healing power of nature, the main element of which is the inflammatory reaction, is not at all an adaptation that has reached perfection. An increase in vascular permeability and exudation, which begin as protective processes, can later become undesirable manifestations of inflammation, weakening the functions of the body and even threatening life. There is a need for anti-inflammatory therapy.

Symptoms

The clinical manifestation of acute postpartum endometritis (discharge of exudate, hypo- or atony of the uterus, ovarian dysfunction, changes in the general condition of the body, etc.) is accompanied by metabolic disorders, neutrophilic leukocytosis, an increase in the number of monocytes and neutrophils in the blood, a decrease in hemoglobin and erythrocytes, in 2 .4 times the hemocytological index against the background of a decrease in nonspecific and immunobiological reactivity of the body (blood bactericidal activity by 25.4%, phagocytic activity of blood leukocytes by 3.3%), (4).

In acute endometritis, purulent-catarrhal or purulent discharges are released from the external genital organs, especially noticeable on the floor where the animal lay, or when the uterus is massaged through the rectum. Puffiness of the mucous membrane of the vagina was recorded, the cervix was ajar and hyperemic with the presence of exudate, the uterus itself was flabby, hanging into the abdominal cavity, the size of 2-3 months of pregnancy. Fluctuation due to accumulation of exudate and reduced contractility or atony have occasionally been noted (10).

Catarrhal postpartum endometritis(endometritis catarrhalis puerperalis) is characterized by damage to the surface layers of the uterine mucosa and the release of mucous exudate. In the postpartum period, catarrhal endometritis is more often the initial stage of purulent catarrhal endometritis, or other more severe forms of inflammation of the uterus. Catarrhal endometritis occurs in the first days of the postpartum period, which leads to difficulties in diagnosing the allocation of lochia and changes in the uterus occurring in the process of postpartum involution. In this regard, it is rarely diagnosed under production conditions, and most often, already developed purulent-catarrhal endometritis is detected.

Postpartum purulent-catarrhal endometritis(endometritis purulenta et catarrhalis puerperalis) is an acute inflammation of the uterine mucosa of a purulent-catarrhal nature, characterized by a violation of the contractile function of the uterus, accumulation of exudate in it and its periodic release. Clinical signs appear on the 5th - 6th day after childbirth in the form of discharge from the uterus of altered lochia. Their color can be brown, yellowish or grayish white. Sometimes crumbs and small flakes of decaying caruncles and fragments of decaying fragments of the placenta stand out. In the future, the exudate acquires a mucopurulent or purulent character. It is released from the uterus when the animal strains, when lying down, and also when the uterus is massaged by hand through the rectum. Often exudate can be found on the ventral surface of the tail in the form of dried crusts. The mucous membrane of the vagina and cervix with endometritis is hyperemic, edematous, sometimes with hemorrhages. In the lumen of the vagina, especially near the cervix, there is exudate released from the uterus. The cervical canal is ajar and 1 - 2 fingers. Rectal examination reveals flabbiness of the walls of the uterus, sometimes of a doughy consistency, fluctuation. At the beginning of the disease, the uterus is palpated in the abdominal cavity in the form of a bubble of various sizes, and subsequently it decreases and is pulled up to the pelvic cavity. The general condition of the animal usually remains without deviations from the norm, and the disease can be judged by the release of exudate. With a more severe course of the process, some inhibition of the animal may be noted. An increase in body temperature indicates a severe course of the inflammatory process, intoxication, or the development of a postpartum infection.

Acute fibrinous endometritis(endometritis fibrinosa acuta). Acute fibrinous endometritis is an inflammation of the lining of the uterus.

flowing with the release of exudate rich in fibrin. Acute fibrinous endometritis usually occurs after childbirth. The main causes of this disease are infection of the uterus and traumatic damage to its mucous membrane during childbirth and during the separation of the delayed placenta. With a sufficient protective reaction of the body, manifested by the formation of a continuous barrier of leukocytes, which prevents the penetration of microbes from the upper layers of the uterus into the deep ones, and with a weak virulence of the microbes that caused endometritis, a mild form of fibrinous endometritis usually develops, characterized by a superficial lesion of the endometrium and effusion into the uterine cavity of fibrinous exudate. The general condition of the animal in such cases is not disturbed. A severe form of fibrinous endometritis is characterized by inflammation of the deep layers of the mucous membrane, the deposition of brown-yellow and dirty-dark films of coagulated fibrin on its surface and exudate of exudate rich in fibrin. Acute fibrinous endometritis is characterized by the release of yellow-brown exudate with fibrin flakes. The general condition of the animal, body temperature, pulse and respiration in mild cases of the disease remain within the normal range. With a stronger development of the disease, signs appear that are characteristic of septic forms of acute endometritis (6).

Necrotic metritis(metritis necrotica). Necrotizing metritis is a severe disease characterized by necrosis and breakdown of the endometrium, muscles, and sometimes the serosa of the uterus. Necrotic metritis occurs in a septic form. This disease occurs mainly after a difficult birth. The causes of necrotic metritis are the introduction of virulent microflora into the uterine tissue, severe traumatic damage to the uterine wall, and a weakening of the body's resistance. With an insufficient protective reaction of the body, as well as with a high virulence of microbes, the protective shaft of leukocytes in the uterine wall either does not form or is disturbed. In this regard, microbes that have entered the uterus can penetrate into the deep layers of the endometrium and into the muscles of the uterus. At the same time, inflammation of the tissues of the uterus develops with effusion of fibrinous exudate on the surface of the endometrium, into the deep layers of the mucous membrane and into the muscles of the uterus. In this regard, the affected areas of the uterine wall thicken, the nutrition of tissues in these areas is disturbed, and their necrosis occurs, followed by disintegration and rejection of necrotic tissues. After rejection of dead tissues of the uterus, erosions and ulcers form in their place. With the formation of erosions and ulcers, blood and lymphatic vessels are exposed, as a result of which microbes penetrate through the wall of these vessels into their lumen, are carried by the flow of lymph and blood throughout the body and cause the development of metastases and sepsis. The wall of the uterus in areas of tissue decay and ulcers often becomes thinner. Subsequently, a rupture of the thinned portion of the uterus is possible under the influence of the pressure of the exudate accumulated in the uterus. For necrotic metritis, a reddish exudate is discharged from the uterus with an admixture of crumbly masses, which are decayed tissues of the upper layers of the uterus. Necrotic metritis proceeds as a septic process. The general condition of the animal is severe. The body temperature rises, the pulse speeds up. At cows often experience atony of the proventriculus and mastitis. Profuse diarrhea and paraplegia of the hind limbs are possible due to damage to the spinal cord or lumbar and sacral nerve plexuses. The uterus with necrotic metritis, unlike mild forms of endometritis, is very painful, does not contract, contains exudate and fluctuates, its walls are thickened. Simultaneously with necrotic metritis, vulvitis, colpitis and cervicitis are often observed.

Gangrenous septic metritis(metritis gangraenosa septica). Gangrenous septic metritis is a severe acute inflammation of the uterus, proceeding with putrefactive decay of tissues. The main cause of gangrenous septic metritis is traumatic damage to the tissues of the uterus, followed by the introduction of anaerobic microorganisms into them, due to putrefactive decay of the tissues of the uterus, putrefactive or putrefactive-purulent exudate is formed, which accumulates in the uterine cavity. The walls of the uterus thicken and become painful. The waste products of microbes and the decay of exudate and uterine tissues in the process of absorption enter the bloodstream and cause intoxication. When microbes and toxins enter the bloodstream, sepsis develops. With gangrenous metritis, oppression of the animal, an increase in the general body temperature, an increase in heart rate and respiration are noted. At the same time, the cessation of milk separation, lack of appetite and increasing general weakness, accompanied by forced lying down of the animal, are observed. The general condition of the animal is very serious. A brown-red or almost black exudate of a putrid odor is released from the genital slit with an admixture of mushy masses from decayed tissues. The uterus is painful, does not contract, fluctuates, its walls are thickened. Palpation of the uterus sometimes reveals crepitus. Gangrenous septic metritis is almost always accompanied by vulvitis, vaginitis, and cervicitis. The disease in most cases in the first 2-8 days ends with the death of the animal from sepsis. Sometimes the animal dies from peritonitis, which occurs when inflammation spreads to the peritoneum or develops as a result of the contents of the uterus entering the abdominal cavity when its wall is ruptured. Rupture of the uterus in the places of decay of its tissues usually occurs as a result of an increase in intrauterine pressure from the accumulation of exudate in the uterine cavity. In gangrenous septic metritis, massage and uterine lavage are contraindicated (9).

Forecast

Catarrhal and catarrhal-purulent inflammation of the endometrium often ends in recovery within 1-2 weeks. However, catarrhal-purulent endometritis often takes a chronic course, causes degeneration of the uterine mucosa and, as a result, temporary or permanent infertility of the cow. Sometimes these endometritis cause more severe inflammation of the uterus, the development of sepsis (1).

Treatment

High therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of cows with postpartum endometritis can be achieved with complex therapy, which includes etiotropic, pathogenetic and symptomatic.

Furazolidone and neofur sticks, iodine-containing preparations (iodosol, iodoxide, iodinol), complex preparations (spumosan, NIL-1 emulsion, lefuran), foaming agents (metromax and exouter) have a therapeutic efficacy of 88.0 to 91.0%. Carrying out complex therapy with the use of etiotropic drugs in combination with oxytocin, sinestrol, glucose solution, 7% ichthyol solution leads to high efficiency in the treatment of cows with endometritis. Iodobismuth sulfacid and metrasept affect the chemical and morphological parameters in cows with endometritis, they are unidirectional restorative in nature with a significant weakening or complete disappearance of leukocyte infiltration in the endometrium.

High antimicrobial activity, stimulation of regenerative processes in the uterine mucosa and an increase in local immunity have been established in the treatment of cows with postpartum endometritis using uterosan. use for the treatment of cows with endometritis mefopran in the amount of 30 ml and fish oil - 70 ml per intrauterine injection. The mixture is prepared immediately before administration. The introduction is repeated after 72 hours. A high therapeutic effect was obtained.

In addition to the means and methods of topical application, widely used in the treatment of cows with postpartum endometritis, means of a general effect on the body of animals, use a 7% sterile solution of ichthyol in a 40% glucose solution in increasing and decreasing doses intramuscularly. This helps to restore the contractile function of the uterus and increase the body's resistance, there was an increase in the therapeutic effect after the introduction of an ichthyol-glucose-vitamin solution into the tissue space of the pelvic cavity at a dose of 50 ml with an interval of 48 hours until recovery.

Known to be a positive influence novocaine on the sick animal. Therefore, some researchers recommend the use of novocaine therapy for postpartum endometritis in cows after a single suprapleural novocaine blockade, the contractile function of the uterus is restored, the body's resistance increases and a quick recovery occurs. The therapeutic efficacy of intra-aortic administration of a 1% solution of novocaine in combination with a 2% solution of sinestrol and oxytocin is about 92.3% in the treatment of cows with endometritis.

For the first time in the practice of veterinary gynecology, a specific therapeutic serum was developed and tested in the treatment of cows with endometritis as a therapeutic agent. In order to restore the contractile function of the uterus in cows with postpartum endometritis, it is recommended to use oxytocin(10 units per 100 kg of body weight subcutaneously in the morning, in the evening) and sinestrol(0.8 ml per 100 kg of body weight twice with an interval of 24 hours) in complex treatment regimens. The neurotropic drugs carbacholin and prozerin have proven themselves well. These drugs were used in the form of 0.1% (carbacholine) and 0.5% (prozerin) solutions, 2 ml per subcutaneous injection.

Metritil and tylosinocar have a high therapeutic effect. Metritil is a complex preparation containing tylosin tartrate, carbacholin, ascorbic acid and a base. It is a homogeneous yellowish liquid. Tylosinocar consists of tylosin tartrate, carbacholin, caroline and base. The drugs have a wide spectrum of antimicrobial action, enhance the contractile function of the uterus, promote the regeneration of the uterine mucosa in cows with endometritis. Metritil and tylosinocar are used intrauterinely using a Janet syringe, to which a polystyrene pipette is connected by means of a rubber tube for recto-cervical insemination of cows, at intervals of 48-72 hours, heated to a temperature of 38-40 ° C, at the rate of 20 ml per 100 kg of body weight animal (9).

In more severe forms of inflammation (fibrinous, necrotic, gangrenous metritis), i.e. when there is a threat of sepsis, intravenous administration of a 70% norsulfazole solution at 40-50 mg/kg of animal body weight 1 time per day for 3-7 days is recommended in addition to the treatment regimens described above. In case of a serious condition of the animal, general treatment is also recommended: 10% solution of caffeine-sodium-benzoate 20-40 ml or 25% solution of cardiamine 10-20 ml subcutaneously; 40% glucose solution and 10% calcium chloride 100-200 ml intravenously, Kadykov's serum is effective (4-5 g of camphor, 60 g of glucose, 300 ml of 96.6 ° rectified alcohol, 650 ml of distilled water) , intravenously, 200 - 250 ml per 1 injection, twice with an interval of 24 hours (9).

Purulent-catarrhal endometritis among animals was diagnosed on the basis of clinical examination and rectal examination. The treatment complex included ginodixin at a dose of 100 ml, which was administered intrauterine until recovery. Gynodixin is an antimicrobial chemotherapeutic drug with a uterotonic effect, which is a sterile, clear yellow-green solution. Treatment of cows with ginodixin helped to eliminate the symptoms of inflammation. The clinical picture of the disease changed the very next day after the administration of the drug and was initially characterized by a sharp increase in the number of excreted lochia, and then their decrease and termination by the 3rd-4th day of the disease (11).

Many researchers believe that complex therapy is the most effective for endometritis, which should be aimed at stimulating the contractile function of the uterus and regenerative processes in the endometrium, increasing the body's nonspecific defenses and suppressing the viability of microorganisms. A laser beam has a similar effect. Its use allows you to abandon many drugs. Animals were treated by the laser-puncture method, affecting biologically active points in the region of the sacrum and lower back at a distance of 4 finger widths from the dorsal line of the back on the left and right using the contact-scanning method. Each side is irradiated daily for 4 minutes. The course consists of 5-8 sessions. But the effectiveness of laser therapy in combination with antibiotics and oxytocin is higher and reaches 90.8 - 92% (12).

As a means of providing a complex therapeutic and stimulating sexual cycling effect, a bionormalizer from the human placenta - PDS (denatured suspended placenta) was used. PDS is a drug made from human fetal membranes, where oxygen compounds of chlorine are used as an oxidizing agent. Experiments to identify the effectiveness of the use of PDS for the treatment of cows with acute postpartum purulent-catarrhal endometritis and the resulting changes in the level of metabolism were carried out on animals. The effectiveness of the recommended doses and various options for the complex treatment of cows with acute postpartum purulent catarrhal endometritis 10 days after calving was studied. Cows of the 1st group were administered s.c. PDS at a dose of 20 ml/head for 5 days. In the 2nd group, the course of treatment was carried out in a complex manner, where, together with PDS in a similar dose, the following were administered: 1% solution of novocaine at a dose of 100 ml/goal, intravenously, three times a day; Ichthyol 7% solution at a dose of 20 ml/head s.c., three times a day; oxytocin 50 units/head/day, every other day, three times, intramuscularly and bicillin-5 once, intramuscularly at a dose of 3 million units/head. Cows of the 3rd group (control) were treated only with the above-mentioned basic drugs without PDS.

The presence of recovery in animals was recorded by the absence of clinical signs of the disease and, subsequently, the restoration of sexual cyclicity and fertility.

The effectiveness of treatment of cows with acute postpartum endometritis of a purulent-catarrhal form after self-administration of PDS at a dose of 20 ml / head for 5 days was: 90% of recoveries on average 16 days after treatment and 80% of fertilized animals after 48 days, with an insemination index 1.7; with the complex use of PDS with basic preparations: 100% recovery on the 14th day after treatment and 100% of fertilized cows after 19 days with an insemination index of 1.2 (5).

It is possible to achieve a high therapeutic effect without a negative effect on the animal's body and a decrease in the quality of milk through the use of iodine-based preparations.

Iodine is one of the few substances to which microorganisms do not become addicted. Iodine is quickly excreted from organs and tissues, and its content in a small amount in the final product does not reduce its quality.

The only drawback of iodine-containing drugs, which significantly limits their use, is a strong irritating effect on tissues. This drawback can be minimized by using an organic iodine compound.

Company "Nita-Pharm" for the treatment and prevention of endometritis in cattle produces the drug Iodopen. Iodopen - foaming intrauterine suppositories, the active substance of which is a compound of polyvinylpyrrolidone with iodine (active iodine content 0.1%). After the administration of the drug, 350 ml of foam is formed, which is sufficient for maximum contact of the active substance with the endometrium. The foam remains stable for 40 minutes. During this exposure time, the vast majority of microorganisms die (at such an iodine concentration, Streptococcus aureus, Clostridium septicum, Aspergillus flavus die in 30 seconds, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans - in 60-120 seconds). In this case, the drug is devoid of irritant action.

Prophylactic administration of Iodopen after surgical separation of the placenta can reduce the duration of infertility by 9-14 days, increase the fertility of cows by 3.2-10.3%.

In the treatment of catarrhal-purulent endometritis with Iodopen, the recovery period is reduced by 3-4 days (compared to traditionally used drugs), the period of infertility is reduced by 5-6 days, the fertility after the first insemination is increased by 17.9%. After the introduction of Iodopen, there is a slight activation of uterine motility. This occurs 30-60 minutes after administration and lasts up to 3 hours. To enhance the contractile activity of the myometrium and accelerate the evacuation of exudate from its cavity, it is advisable to inject Uteroton after the first administration of Iodopen. This drug, acting on beta-blockers of the uterine myometrium, blocks the action of catecholamines on them, which, as you know, are released under conditions of stress factors and cause inhibition of the motility of the smooth muscles of the uterus. Not being a hormonal drug, Uteroton does not block the endocrine system of the body, but stimulates its work (pituitary gland). As a result, the amount of internal (organismal) oxytocin that is necessary for this individual is released, which cannot be achieved with the introduction of synthetic oxytocin. The drug also has an anti-stress effect. Unlike exogenous oxytocin, the effect of the drug is milder and much longer (up to 6-8 hours versus 30-40 minutes for oxytocin). The use of the drug in cattle immediately after childbirth makes it possible to reduce the incidence of postpartum complications such as atony and hypotension of the uterus, retention of the placenta and, as a result, acute postpartum endometritis by 50-70%. Intramuscular administration of the drug Uteroton at a dose of 10 ml per animal, immediately after the administration of Iodopen, increases the therapeutic efficacy of the latter by 8-10%. In order to effectively treat endometritis (catarrhal-purulent), we recommend using a combined scheme: intrauterine administration of iodopene 2 times at intervals of one day, two days later, intrauterine administration of Septogel in the amount of 2 syringes using a catheter by the rectocervical method (usually on 3-4 days of the neck the uterus narrows and the introduction of suppositories becomes impossible).

Uteroton is used simultaneously with the introduction of Iodopen at a dose of 10 ml intramuscularly. An equally important role in the prevention and treatment of postpartum complications belongs to the normalization of metabolism in the body of cows. At the final stage of pregnancy, the content of selenium and vitamin E in the blood decreases sharply. Violations occur in the body's antioxidant defense system. A key place in the antioxidant defense system belongs to vitamin E and selenium-containing glutathione peroxidase. In addition, selenium is involved in the formation of immune defense mechanisms and the synthesis of sex hormones - progesterone and estrogen, respectively, activates labor and postpartum involutional processes.

Therefore, the provision of the body with selenium and vitamin E is of no small importance for reducing the accumulation of peroxidation products and their damaging effects on the tissues of the reproductive system. The use of E-selenium can significantly reduce the frequency of postpartum complications and prevent white muscle disease in newborn calves. In order to prevent endometritis, the following scheme for the use of E-selenium is recommended: 1st injection - 2 months before calving, 2nd injection - 1 month before calving, 3rd injection - on the day of calving, 4th injection - on the day of the 1st insemination. The dose is 1 ml per 50 kg of body weight. Thus, the use of organic iodine compounds in the form of preparations

Iodopen and Septogel, preparations Uteroton and E-selenium can effectively prevent and treat postpartum complications in cattle, reducing the period of illness and infertility. This excludes the intake of environmentally unsafe compounds by people (8).

Prevention

Preventive measures to prevent the incidence of cows with postpartum endometritis should be carried out with animals during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. For correct and systematic work in this direction, it is necessary to introduce obstetric and gynecological medical examinations in farms. During the current (monthly), seasonal and main medical examination, shortcomings in the feeding of pregnant animals are revealed, the schedule for the duration of the dry period is more correctly observed, which makes it possible to adjust feeding in a timely manner and eliminate the detected shortcomings. During the clinical examination, the implementation of the plan of preventive veterinary measures, the preparation of animals for childbirth and the delivery are monitored. During an early obstetric and gynecological examination (on the 7th, 14th day after birth), the course of the postpartum period is monitored and preventive measures are taken to prevent the occurrence of an inflammatory process in the uterus.

For the prevention of postpartum diseases, dry cows are treated with trivitamin (A - 1 million IU, D - 100 thousand IU, E - 500 mg), which is administered to animals 55-60, 28-30, 10-12 and 3-5 days before calving and a complex of biologically active preparations, including vitamin A - 200 thousand IU, D - 25 thousand IU, C - 3 g, B1 - 0.5 g, B2 - 0.1 g, dicalcium phosphate - 60 g, octestrol - 50 thousand units, which were fed daily to cows in the last 10-15 days of pregnancy. This contributed to a decrease in the incidence of endometritis from 33.8% to 20.0%. The use of microelements (copper, manganese, zinc and cobalt) as an additive to the diet with concentrated feed in the second half of pregnancy contributed to the successful course of the postpartum period and reduced the incidence of postpartum endometritis in cows.

The use of antimicrobials in the early postpartum period for prophylactic purposes is more effective in animals with high levels of immunoglobulins in the blood serum.

Beta-carotene oil solution is a biologically active preparation obtained by dissolving beta-carotene in vegetable oils. The drug is administered intramuscularly at 40 ml per injection, 4-5 injections with repetition after 7 days in the dry and postpartum periods.

Timalin is a preparation of a polypeptide nature obtained by extraction from the thymus of cattle. It is an immunomodulatory agent that affects the T-system and indirectly - on the B-system of the animal body. To increase the effectiveness of the prevention of postpartum endometritis in cows, the drug is administered intramuscularly 1.5-2 months before the expected birth at a dose of 0.2 mg per 1 kg of animal body weight, 1 time per day for 3 days in a row.

Bibliography

1. V.A. Akatov. Veterinary obstetrics and gynecology - ed. Prof. G.A. Konova. - JI: "Spike", 1977

2. A.N. Turchenko. Etiology of postpartum endometritis and treatment of sick cows // Veterinary of agricultural animals. - 2005 No. 10. -p.48-50.

3. A. Vorobyov, K. Sadov. Immunostimulating therapy in the prevention and treatment of postpartum diseases of cows // Agro-Inform. - 2006 (98) December.

4. Yu.D. Klinsky, A.M. Chomaev, A.I. Charaburaev. Preparations for the treatment of endometritis in cows // Zootechnics. - 1994, No. 3. s.ZO.

6. A.V. Zharov, V.P. Goncharov. Morphological changes in the uterus of cows with postpartum endometritis // Veterinary. - 1955, No. 9. With. 44-47.

7. O.V. Rasputin, M.N. Skomarova // Oxidative homeosmosis in pregnant cows and in acute purulent-catarrhal endomnitritis // Veterinary.-2007, No. 1.

8. S.S. Makarimov, A.N. Agafonova, D.V. Mikhailov. Experience in the use of laser therapy for endometritis in cows // Veterinary.-2002, No. 4. With. 29-31

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