The truth about breast implants - what to prepare for the patient. How to train with breast implants? A complete guide for girls How long does it take for breast implants to sprout

When it comes to breast implants (implants), some people immediately remember busty blondes who enlarged their breasts to completely unimaginable sizes, while others remember hundreds of thousands of women, including young ones, who, due to breast cancer, are forced to agree to remove the diseased organ.

According to the World Health Organization, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide: according to WHO, it is breast cancer that accounts for more than 16% of cancers in women of any age. In the early years of the third millennium, WHO experts reported that breast cancer is common in all regions - in countries with a high level of development, and in developing countries, and in countries with low economic and social development.

However, the survival rate varies greatly from region to region: for example, in prosperous countries with a high level of development (USA, Canada, Japan, Sweden), this indicator exceeds 80%, but in countries with low per capita income, this indicator is half as high. . Of course, the problems of early diagnosis of a dangerous disease, the problems of the necessary equipment and the training of medical personnel are extremely important.

However, after successful treatment (and God forbid that there are as many such cases as possible), women most often need not only psychological rehabilitation, but also the restoration of a removed breast or even two, in order to continue to feel as confident as possible. Of course, absolutely healthy women who are simply unhappy with their bust are also interested in breast implants, but it is for women after the removal of the mammary glands that this issue is really especially important.

To the question of the safety of breast implants

Let's immediately consider the risks of breast implant surgery, although considering the risks in the first place may seem somewhat unconventional.

However, one should take into account the fact that this particular operation has practically no vital indications. And dissatisfaction with the size or shape of the breast, and not a threat to life, is considered quite a convincing reason for prosthetics of the mammary glands. That is why at first it would not hurt to understand that this operation, like any other surgical intervention, is a whole complex of rather complex medical measures.

And that is why I would like to immediately draw attention to the fact that in the absence of vital indications, before deciding on an operation (implantation of breast implants), one must carefully weigh and correlate the predicted benefits of such an intervention (in this case, such benefits are associated with aesthetic and psychological satisfaction) with a potential danger, which absolutely always exists during surgical interventions under general anesthesia.

Of course, the operation to implant breast implants has long been considered something unique or especially difficult. However, in any case, we should not forget that this is a surgical intervention, which has both its indications and its contraindications.

And it’s one thing when a woman decides to undergo surgery, whose mammary glands have been removed for medical reasons, and it’s completely different when a physically perfectly healthy young lady who dreams of super-sized breasts insists on breast implants.

Are breast implants safe? Of course, the operation is far from new and very well worked out to the smallest detail, however, in any case, this is a surgical intervention, in which there is always a chance that something may not go as planned.

If a breast implant is not a necessity, but just a whim, then we should not forget about the dangers that still exist during this operation.

1. First, do not discount the risks that exist during the operation. You must be fully aware that breast implant surgery is performed under general anesthesia, and general anesthesia is always unpredictable and can cause the most unexpected reactions.
2. Secondly, sometimes breast implants can rupture after installation, that is, inside the body. The elimination of the "consequences of the accident" requires additional surgical intervention so that damaged breast implants can either be removed or replaced with new ones. Unfortunately, the risk of damage to the implant remains completely regardless of what material the implant is made of.
3. Thirdly, today implants are manufactured and offered to consumers, which have completely different parameters and are made of more modern and safer materials than it was before. Therefore, many doctors strongly recommend replacing old implants with more modern ones that are of higher quality and higher performance. But it should be taken into account that any replacement of implants implies another surgical intervention.

And we should not forget that any surgical intervention always entails certain risks, including the risk of infection. If after the operation for the installation of breast implants, the doctor suspects that some kind of infection is possible, it is necessary to remove both implants. Such removal is another surgical intervention.

It should also be taken into account that individual intolerance to implants is possible. In addition, side effects such as a decrease or increase in breast sensitivity are possible, which can also be considered one of the risks.

In addition to possible medical problems, breast implants can cause emotional and cosmetic problems, which become quite real when a woman has a poor idea of ​​the result of the intervention and she is extremely unhappy with her appearance after the operation.

It is also important to understand that, in addition to the complexity of the operation itself, rehabilitation after this surgical intervention is also difficult and lengthy - it can last up to six months. The rehabilitation period after such an operation implies special procedures that require considerable expenses, and regular medical supervision and consultations, and the need for special underwear, which can hardly be considered the height of elegance.

Attention! The most serious drawback of breast implants should be considered that their presence complicates the diagnosis (detection) of breast cancer, since the condition of the mammary gland is inadequately reflected on the mammogram. The larger the size of breast implants, the more they interfere with the timely and accurate diagnosis of malignant tumors.

Thus, it becomes completely clear that the installation of breast implants can have completely different and not always fully predictable consequences. Therefore, it is very important that every woman who decides to have breast implants receive the fullest possible consultation and remember that the expected benefits from such an intervention should significantly outweigh the possible risks. That is, in any case, the risk must be justified.

What is the ideal chest?

Regarding the ideal chest, most likely, it is better to recall the Fox from Antoine de Saint-Exupery's The Little Prince. Fox, of course, did not say anything about the female breast, but confidently asserted that "there is no perfection in the world." However, what kind of woman agrees to fight for the ideal created (even if only by imagination)?

To be honest, there are lovers of big busts, but there are also fans of tiny, barely noticeable breasts, and there are also men who believe that it’s not about the size of the mammary glands at all, but about the ideal proportions of the female body ... Probably, many It will be interesting that for some people the bust is not important at all, but intelligence, kindness, skill and willingness to help, a sense of justice are important ...

But after all, there are some parameters that allow us to consider the chest, even if not ideal, then proportional?

Of course, female beauty has long attracted the attention of not only poets and artists, but also those who like to measure everything. One of these greatest lovers of measurements and a brilliant professional in many areas was Leonardo da Vinci, who owns the theory of "golden proportions".

Already in the 20th century (in 1958), scientists Erczy and Zoltan asked the question of the ideal proportions of the female body, who carefully measured various indicators of both real women and classical sculptures, which are considered the ideal of female beauty.

According to the results of such studies and measurements, it turned out that for the breast of an eighteen-year-old nulliparous girl, who has an average height (162 cm), the following parameters can be considered ideal: the distance between the cervical cavity and the nipple should be 17-18 cm; the ideal distance between the nipples should be considered 20-21 cm; the diameter of the base of the ideal mammary gland should be 12-13 cm; the ideal diameter of the areola of the nipple should be within 3-4 cm; the distance between the two mammary glands should be approximately 3-4 cm.

As for the ideal nipple, its diameter should be 6-8 mm, and its height should be 3-4 mm. The ideal weight of the mammary gland of a young nulliparous and non-breastfeeding woman was also determined, which, according to the results of these research works, will be 350-400 g.

Of course, no scientific research will force lovers of impressive forms to cool down a bit and abandon their grandiose plans, but well-founded figures have long existed.

What are breast implants?

Breast implants are otherwise known as breast endoprostheses. At the present stage of the development of medicine, research and development of such endoprostheses, as well as their production, represent a whole separate industry.

In 1994, a fundamentally new silicone gel filler for implants was developed, which was called a cohesive filler, or paragel, and which allows you to imitate (reproduce) the mammary gland of any size and any shape (today, round and anatomical forms of mammary gland endoprosthesis are in demand).

Important! Breast implants to correct the size and / or shape of the breast are produced under the strictest multi-stage control.

In today's medicine, two types of breast implants are used, which are saline and gel (silicone). In both cases, the endoprosthesis shell is made of silicone, but the filler can be saline or silicone gel.

Saline breast implants have many disadvantages, including the sensation of gurgling or transfusion of liquid, and sometimes even gurgling sounds. In addition, sometimes when the shell of the saline implant is damaged, saline may leak into the breast tissue. This, of course, is not dangerous, but it is extremely unpleasant.

But despite quite tangible shortcomings, saline breast implants still have their consumers, since their price is lower than the price of gel (silicone) products.

As for the shape of breast implants, it can be anatomical (it is sometimes called teardrop-shaped) or round. The choice of implant shape in each case depends on personal preferences. However, one should take into account world practice, which shows that it is more effective to increase the so-called flat chest with the help of anatomically shaped implants, but if it is necessary to correct sagging breasts, then it is better to give preference to round-shaped implants.

Attention! Anatomical, or teardrop-shaped, breast implants look more natural. Now it is precisely such breast implants that are most in demand, which does not allow prices for these products to fall.

Almost always, women are interested in what breast size they will have after surgery. It is not difficult to assume this, because the size of the implant should be added to the size of your natural breast.

The size of a breast implant is measured in milliliters and is in increments of 150 ml. For example, the first breast implant size is 150 ml and the second size is 300 ml. However, the breast after the operation will have a size that can be calculated using the formula "own breast plus the size of the implant." For example, if a woman had breasts of the second size and a breast endoprosthesis (implant) was also installed in her second size, then as a result, a breast of the fourth size will be obtained.

Attention! All questions about the shape, size and texture of the implant can only be qualified by a surgeon who is familiar with all the features of the structure and functioning of the body of his patient.

The need to replace old-style breast endoprostheses should also be discussed with the doctor.

What is the sectional view of a silicone implant?

Important facts about breast implants

As the number of surgeries to place or replace breast implants (breast endoprostheses) increases every year, researchers and practitioners have tried to identify the most important facts about breast implants that will be interesting and useful for every woman who is interested in these issues. The results of this study were made public in the spring of 2013 with reference to plastic surgeons who work in the United States.

1. One of the most important and indisputable facts about the installation of breast implants is that breast implants cannot be placed once for a lifetime. Practicing surgeons warn their clients that even the highest quality and most expensive implants, even with an absolutely flawless operation, will not be able to stay in the body for the rest of their lives.

   Plastic surgeons say that ten to fifteen years should be considered quite normal for implants. However, the longer implants are in the body, the higher the risk of complications, including chest pain, tissue atrophy, toxic shock syndrome, and other complications, some of which require immediate surgical care.

2. The second indisputable fact regarding breast arthroplasty is that there is no redundant information on this issue. Before deciding on a surgical intervention, it is necessary to obtain the maximum amount of information about the clinic, about the doctors and about the specific surgeon, about the models of implants and any other information that may be of interest when carefully considering this issue. It is very important to make sure that the clinic and implants have all the necessary certificates, and that the surgeon and other medical staff are appropriately qualified.
3. The third indisputable fact that should certainly be taken into account before the operation to install breast implants is the need for thorough and comprehensive consultations with the surgeon who will perform the surgery. Before starting the operation, the surgeon must have not only exhaustive information about which breast he should "sculpt", but also the most detailed information about the patient's health, even if this information does not seem to be of any importance.
4. The fourth and no less important fact says that before deciding on the need for an operation, one should obtain any available information about the possible risks, even if the likelihood of such risks is negligible. The same applies to information about possible side effects. All this is very important so that you can respond in a timely and adequate manner to any danger, even if it seems just a minor misunderstanding.
5. The fifth most important fact, which was identified and published by American plastic surgeons, says that after the installation of breast implants, they must be carefully and closely observed - it is necessary to observe your feelings, the shape of the implant, its elasticity and other indicators. It is very important to periodically undergo the procedure of magnetic resonance imaging and mammography.

Conclusions and reviews about breast implants

The desire to look good and the desire to meet certain criteria of beauty is not only the driving force behind many women's decisions and actions, but also the basis on which an entire beauty industry with a colossal cash flow has grown.

But, probably, the most important thing is that a woman, getting a new beautiful breast, receives new hopes, and self-confidence, and determination. Will the plans that have appeared be realized, will the hopes come true? Is it not in vain that forces and resources will be spent?

That's just it depends not on the shape of the breast implant and not on its size, but only on willpower, perseverance and faith in victory. And it is simply impossible to reach any heights without self-confidence. But it is precisely confidence in one's strengths, in one's abilities and in one's future that breast implants return to women.

And who said that the quality of life does not depend on breast size?

Many girls are wondering how breast examination will take place after breast augmentation. Will all examined areas of the chest be visible on the devices?

Every woman, of course, takes care of her health. And everyone knows that after 35 years you need to undergo a mammogram once a year. And after breast augmentation and even more so. Fluorography is also carried out once a year.

We all want to be healthy and therefore girls who care about their future always undergo examinations on time.

So what will it look like? Do implants interfere with breast exams?

How to do ultrasound after mammoplasty? How is fluorography performed with breast implants? CT and MRI after mammoplasty? Ultrasound after breast augmentation? We will help you figure it out.

We would like to note that the presence of breast implants does not affect the examination in any way, it is always possible to establish an accurate diagnosis using one of the methods.

But of course, with the availability of modern technology for examining the breast after mammoplasty.

Modern clinics are usually equipped with the latest models of technology. When registering at the clinic for an examination of a girl, you should clarify what devices are worth, whether it is possible to conduct an examination in this clinic if there are breast implants, and of course, consult with a specialist to select the exact method of examination in an individual case.

And we will dispel the existing myths about the impossibility of conducting a survey.

Ultrasound - ultrasonography. After breast augmentation is carried out annually. One of the most common survey methods in our time. It is also a mandatory examination before plastic surgery on the breast. Ultrasound of the mammary glands after breast augmentation allows you to identify pathologies of the mammary glands before surgery, assess the condition of breast implants and the tissues themselves, as well as exclude possible complications, such as inflammation, tissue changes, and the formation of a capsule during the rehabilitation period.

Mammography after mammoplasty is the most thorough examination method. Mammography examination method after mammoplasty has some difficulties. You need to know about this! The implant may block some areas of the breast during the examination, to a greater extent and in percentage terms, this applies to cases where the implant is placed above the pectoral muscle. In the case of an implant placed under the muscle, the obstructed area of ​​the mammary gland is much smaller. Also, this research method is not informative in cases of rupture or leakage of breast implants.

MRI after mammoplasty is magnetic resonance imaging of the mammary glands.

A method for examining gland tissues using a powerful magnetic field. With this method, foci of tumors, metastases, ruptures of breast implants are detected.

CT or computed tomography after mammoplasty, this type is referred to as X-ray methods for examining the mammary gland. For the diagnosis of cancer is the most informative and accurate type of study. CT is prescribed to clarify the diagnosis already in a narrow circle of women.

FLG after mammoplasty or fluorography after breast augmentation.

Before undergoing this examination, the patient must warn the doctor about the presence of breast implants. Many people wonder if the implants are visible in the FLG image. We will answer, yes, it is clear.

As you can see, the silicone implants that are used in mammoplasty are X-ray permeable, their presence will not complicate the examination of the lungs in FLH.

Breast plastic surgery - mammoplasty - is a serious surgical intervention that can lead to a number of postoperative complications. In addition to general surgical problems (infectious processes, hematomas, scars, scars), it is possible to develop specific complications that occur only after this procedure.

Specific complications of mammoplasty

The most common complications are:

1. Capsular fibrous contracture.
2. Calcification.
3. Violation of the integrity of the endoprosthesis.
4. Specific chest deformity (double fold).
5. Displacement of the endoprosthesis.
6. Symmastia.
7. Allergic reaction.
8. Decreased information content of mammography.

According to various estimates, the risk of developing specific complications is 30-50%.

Capsular fibrous contracture

The individual reactivity of the organism in response to the implantation of a breast implant can manifest itself in the form of capsular fibrous contracture. As a result of inflammation, a dense connective tissue capsule gradually forms around the endoprosthesis.

According to the classification of Baker (1976), capsular fibrous contracture has 4 degrees of severity:

1. In appearance, the breast does not differ from healthy, soft to the touch.
2. The implant can be palpated. There is no visible deformation, in appearance the breast does not differ from a healthy one.
3. The chest becomes hard. Noticeable deformation.
4. The chest is cold, hard, significant deformation is noticeable.

In practice, treatment is required only for grades 3 and 4.

The causes of capsular fibrous contracture are not fully understood. It is known that breast implants with a smooth surface are more likely to cause this specific complication. The location of the prosthesis under the skin is often accompanied by fibrous contracture.

Treatment of capsular fibrous contracture is surgical. The breast implant is replaced during the operation, the fibrous tissue is excised.

Calcification

Calcification is also a manifestation of individual increased reactivity of the organism. In this specific complication around the implant occurs aseptic inflammation , as a result of which calcium salts are deposited in limited areas.

Foci of compaction may be visible on examination or detected on palpation. Severe calcification deforms the mammary gland and dramatically reduces the aesthetic effect of the operation.

There is no specific prevention for this complication.

In severe cases of calcification, it is necessary to replacement of the endoprosthesis and excision of foci of seals.

Violation of the integrity of the endoprosthesis

Violation of the integrity of the implant can be a consequence poor quality shell or strong mechanical impact .

Too thin shell material is found in cheap or defective implants.

Excessive mechanical impact on the implant can be caused by trauma (shock, fall, accident), during some sports training.

Violation of the integrity of the endoprosthesis wall manifests itself in different ways - depending on whether the saline or silicone implant was chosen.

Salt Implants after damage to the membrane, within a short time after the injury (up to 24 hours), they completely shrink and the breast is restored to the preoperative size. This is due to the fact that such a prosthesis is filled with liquid, which quickly leaves even through a small wall defect.

Silicone implants after damage, the walls can retain their former shape for a long time. Such prostheses are filled with gel, which slowly leaks through a small hole in the wall. Sometimes a violation of the integrity of the endorothesis is detected only a few months after the injury. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be required to clarify the condition of the implant wall.

Prevention of violation of the integrity of the implant is careful choice of the manufacturer, paying attention to those that meet all modern safety requirements.

In addition, a woman must comply all the rules of the regime after the operation , including avoiding situations that are traumatic to the mammary gland.

Treatment of this specific complication – only surgical. The damaged endoprosthesis is replaced. Inflammation, fibrosis resulting from the outflow of a solution or gel are treated with medications (anti-inflammatory therapy, antibacterial drugs) and surgically (excision of fibrosis foci).

Specific chest deformity (double fold)

A change in the correct shape of the breast after arthroplasty may be associated with the development of severe calcification, capsular fibrous contracture, and implant displacement. A specific deformity of the breast is considered double fold formation .

On examination, the mammary gland lying on the surface of the prosthesis is contoured.

The cause of the double fold may be incorrectly installed prosthesis or inaccurately selected size . Round, low-profile implants are more likely to cause this complication.

Prevention consists in the exact selection of the implant and the place of its installation.

Treatment of specific breast deformity– surgical (repeated mammoplasty).

Displacement of the endoprosthesis

Displacement of the breast endoprosthesis reduces the aesthetic appearance after surgery.

Incorrect position of the implant can be fixed in the immediate postoperative period, or occur later.

Displacement may be the result of surgeon errors: neglect of anatomical features, the choice of an oversized prosthesis. The technique of implant placement through the armpit increases the risk of this complication.

Besides, injury, capsular contracture can also lead to displacement of the breast endoprosthesis.

Treatment of endoprosthesis displacement- surgical. Asymmetry is eliminated during the second operation.

Simmastia

Simmastia is too close location of endoprostheses. Visually, the mammary glands "grow together." This complication is formed due to the choice of oversized implants.

The anatomical features of a woman (the proximity of the mammary glands to each other before surgery) can also be considered the cause of the complication.

Prevention of symmastia is a careful selection of the volume of the endoprosthesis before surgery.

Treatment of complications– only surgical. Breast implants are replaced with smaller ones.

Allergic reaction

Allergy to implant materials is rare. The manifestations of such a reaction can be in the form dermatitis, edema, rashes and etc.

To prevent complications, it is necessary to use high-quality implants made of hypoallergenic materials. In women with a history of polyvalent allergies, the risk of developing a reaction to the implant is higher, so the feasibility of surgery should be carefully evaluated.

Treatment for an allergic reaction is carried out therapeutically (antihistamines, hormonal drugs).

In severe persistent cases of allergy, the removal of endoprostheses or their replacement with hypoallergenic counterparts is indicated.

There is probably no woman who would be one hundred percent satisfied with her figure. The part of the body that usually gets the most criticism is the chest. Someone wants to enlarge it, someone wants to reduce it, many women simply do not like the shape of their breasts and they would be happy to change it. Today, breast implants provide such an opportunity.

The first modern breast implants appeared in the second half of the last century. Then silicone gel was invented, which made it possible to create implants that resemble real breasts as much as possible. Today, the implant is a silicone shell with liquid, and allows you to create a breast that is almost indistinguishable from natural.

Types of implants by production material

Almost all modern high-quality implants have a similar silicone shell, but their filling may differ slightly. Most often there are implants with silicone and saline filler.

Silicone filler is a gel, while the viscosity of the gel from different manufacturers can vary significantly. The thicker the gel, the less likely it is to run out of the shell. This makes such implants safer and their shape more stable.

The advantages of silicone implants include their natural appearance. They are pleasant to the touch and almost indistinguishable from natural. In addition, silicone is a fairly light material, so implants rarely move under the influence of gravity. Yes, and wearing such breasts, even large sizes, is not difficult. In addition, such implants are ideal for women with very small breasts, they do not wrinkle at all, so they will look very natural.

This type of filler also has disadvantages.. The first is the high cost of a silicone implant. The second is that when it breaks, it is difficult to find the place of leakage. In order not to miss the problem, it is necessary to systematically undergo a special scan. And one more drawback - the length of the incision during the operation depends on the size of the prosthesis, and it can be quite large.

Salt filler is most commonly saline or aqueous sodium chloride solution. The solution is pumped into the implant after it is installed, directly during the operation itself.

Such implants have many advantages over silicone ones. Firstly, they are much cheaper, and secondly, they are much safer. If the implant shell ruptures, it will be easy to detect, and only a harmless saline solution will enter the body. In addition, after the operation to install such an implant, very small scars remain, since it is inserted empty and inflated later.

Salt-filled implants also have disadvantages - they can wrinkle and move. That is why they are not recommended for women with very small breasts, as it will look unnatural, and the implant itself will be palpable.

Forms of implants

When choosing the shape of the implant, it is very important to take into account the natural shape of the woman's breasts. All implants are conditionally divided into two groups according to their shapes - round and drop-shaped.

Round implants are the cheapest and most common type and are widely used if a woman wants to have a rounded upper bust contour. But women with small breasts or very thin skin are not recommended, as the bust can take on an unnatural shape. But such implants do not distort the shape of the breast when turned over. Their surface is made smooth and they slide easily without wrinkling.

Teardrop implants imitate the natural shape of the breast very well, but they cost much more. In addition, when turned over, they distort the shape of the breast and look unnatural. Their surface, to prevent turning over, is roughened, and this can lead to the formation of wrinkles.

What should a woman who decides to change her breasts be ready for?

The first difficulties, and, by the way, considerable ones, begin even before the operation, at the stage of searching for a surgeon. Plastic surgery is a very profitable business, so many non-professionals and outright amateurs are trying to make money on it. Be sure to check the reputation of the clinic and the doctor before agreeing to the operation.

It is imperative to understand that breast implantation is not the easiest operation. Before it is carried out, it is necessary to carefully examine the patient to identify all kinds of risks. If the doctor does not insist on such an examination, then you should run away from such a clinic.

Breast implant surgery is performed under general anesthesia. During the operation, small incisions are made near the armpits, a pocket is formed between the gland itself and the muscle, and then the implant is placed in the resulting cavity.

The postoperative period is also quite painful, you have to wear special compression underwear, attend dressings, adhere to and undergo systematic observations with a doctor. But, starting from the fifth day after the operation, most women feel quite satisfactory.

Benefits of breast implants

Many consider breast implantation to be a purely cosmetic operation, but this is not entirely true, it can bring a lot of benefits. Exactly implantation is the only way to change the shape of the breast. No medicines and physical activity can help, while everything can be done very quickly and efficiently with the surgical method.

Very often, the breast loses its shape with age or after breastfeeding. Even in young women, the breasts can completely lose their volume and shape, and the whole figure will become inharmonious.. This leads to psychological and physical discomfort, and implantation in such cases is simply an indispensable tool. It helps to return the figure to its former proportions, and the woman to feel normal and comfortable.

Very often, the operation helps to get rid of psychological problems and unnecessary. Due to small breasts, many women experience and lose self-confidence. The operation helps to take a fresh look at the world and change your life. Often a change in the shape or size of the breast increases self-esteem and improves the well-being of a woman so much that she very soon achieves success in matters not at all related to appearance.

Separately, it is worth remembering about women who have undergone a mastectomy or removal of the mammary gland. For them, plastic surgery becomes a real salvation. After all, living a lifetime with a disproportionate figure, reminiscent of a terrible operation, is very difficult even for the most persistent. Implantation allows you to completely recreate the missing breast, which will not differ from the natural one, and will return the normal quality of life.

Cons of Breast Implantation (Video)

There are a lot of different rumors about breast implantation today, and not all of them are true. There is no doubt that plastic surgery carries many risks. Despite the fact that modern breast implants are of high quality and there are many qualified and experienced surgeons who perform such operations, breast implants still have many disadvantages.

The first thing that comes to mind is the risks of the operation. No one can guarantee its positive outcome, since the operation is performed under general anesthesia, which can cause the most unexpected reactions of the body. In addition, anesthesiologists often make mistakes.

We must not forget that breast implants are foreign bodies for the human body. This explains the high probability of their rejection or the formation of capsules around the implant, which leads to long-term treatment or repeated operations.

There used to be an opinion that breast implants increase the risk of cancer, but it has already been proven that this is not the case. Truth, the presence of an implant significantly complicates the diagnosis, therefore, if a neoplasm occurs, it will not be easy to notice and cure it.

Like any operation, breast implantation can lead to infection. If the operation is performed without proper sterility, this can cause the development of inflammatory processes in the chest. In addition, the implants themselves may not be of the highest quality. Sometimes they leak, deform or move, and you have to do the operation again.

Those who want to quickly get beautiful breasts should be prepared for the fact that the operation will be difficult and painful, and the rehabilitation period can be delayed for as much as six months. All this time you will have to wear uncomfortable and ugly underwear, and special, systematically observed by a doctor and pay for expensive procedures.

And the last thing: about a third of women after breast implantation have to resort to surgery again, as it does not give the desired result.

The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!

What is embryo implantation?

An embryo can only be formed by the fusion of a male germ cell ( sperm) with a female reproductive cell ( ovum). Each of these cells contains 23 chromosomes responsible for the transmission of genetic information. During fertilization, the chromosomes of male and female germ cells unite, resulting in the formation of one full-fledged cell ( zygote), which contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Under natural conditions, this process proceeds as follows. During ovulation, a mature and ready-to-fertilize egg leaves the ovary and moves into the fallopian tube ( connects the uterine cavity to the ovaries), where it remains for about a day. If during the stay of the egg in the fallopian tube it is fertilized by a sperm cell, this will lead to the formation of a zygote.

The resulting zygote begins to divide, that is, first 2 cells are formed from it, then 3, 4, 5, and so on. This process takes several days, during which the number of cells in the developing embryo increases. Some of the cells formed accumulate inside the embryo, and some outside ( around) them. The inner part is called the "embryoblast" ( of which the embryo will develop), while the cells surrounding the embryoblast are called "trophoblast". It is the trophoblast that is responsible for the process of embryo implantation and its nutrition throughout the entire period of intrauterine development.

In the process of division, the embryo embryo) gradually moves from the fallopian tube into the uterine cavity, after which the process of its implantation begins. The essence of this process is as follows. Initially, the embryo attaches to the surface of the uterine mucosa. In this case, peculiar villi are formed from trophoblast cells ( threads), which grow into the mucous membrane and begin to produce specific substances that destroy it. As a result of this, a kind of depression is formed in the mucous membrane of the uterus, into which the embryo is immersed. Subsequently, the mucosal defect closes, as a result of which the embryo is completely immersed in it. At the same time, the trophoblast filaments continue to penetrate into the tissues of the uterus, receiving nutrients and oxygen directly from the mother's blood. This ensures the process of further development of the embryo.

The timing of embryo implantation in the uterine mucosa ( endometrium) after ovulation and conception ( How many days does embryo implantation take?)

As mentioned earlier, a mature female germ cell is released from the ovaries during ovulation. Then it moves into the fallopian tube, where it remains for about 24 hours. If during this time she is not fertilized, she dies and is excreted from the woman's body, followed by menstrual bleeding. If fertilization occurs, the resulting embryo will penetrate into the uterine cavity and implant in its mucous membrane ( endometrium).

Before embryo implantation occurs:

• Fertilization of the egg- there is a maximum within 24 hours from the moment of ovulation ( ovulation itself takes place approximately 14 days after the first day of the last menstruation).
• The transition of the embryo from the fallopian tube to the uterine cavity- observed on 3 - 5 days after fertilization.
• Start of implantation- begins on the 6th - 7th day after fertilization.

When is embryo implantation considered early or late?

The reasons for the violation of the terms of implantation can be:

• Individual characteristics of the female body. All the figures and terms given earlier are considered optimal, observed in most women. At the same time, absolutely normal embryo implantation can occur both on the 7th and 10th day from the moment of ovulation.
• Fallopian tube anomalies. With partial obstruction of the fallopian tube, the fertilized egg can stay in it a little longer, as a result of which implantation can occur 1 to 2 days later.
• Anomalies in the development of the embryo. If the process of cell division in the emerging zygote is slower than usual, this can also cause late implantation. At the same time, faster cell division can lead to implantation of the embryo on the 7th or even 6th day after ovulation.

How do pinopodiums affect embryo implantation?

Under normal conditions ( during almost the entire menstrual cycle) pinopodiums on endometrial cells are absent. They appear during the so-called “implantation window”, when the uterine mucosa is most prepared for the introduction of an embryo into it.

At the beginning of the menstrual cycle, the mucous membrane of the uterus is relatively thin, does not contain glands and other structures. As ovulation approaches, under the influence of female sex hormones ( estrogen) the mucous membrane thickens, a large amount of glandular tissue appears in it, and so on. However, despite all these changes, the endometrium is still not ready for the "introduction" of the embryo. After ovulation, there is increased production of the hormone progesterone, which prepares the uterine lining for the upcoming implantation. It is believed that it is under the influence of this hormone that the so-called pinopodia are formed - protrusions of the cell membranes of mucosal cells. This facilitates the process of attachment of the embryo to the uterus and its introduction into the mucous membrane, that is, it makes the implantation process itself possible. Pinopodium data exist for a short period of time ( 1 – 2 days), after which they disappear. The chance of successful implantation of the embryo after this is greatly reduced.

It has been scientifically proven that pinopodia appear on the surface of the uterine mucosa on about 20-23 days of the menstrual cycle, that is, 6-9 days after ovulation. It is at this time that the developing embryo passes from the fallopian tube into the uterus and can be implanted into it.

How long can an embryo live without implantation?

From the moment of fertilization until implantation in the uterus, the embryo receives nutrients and energy directly from the environment. This is provided by trophoblast cells ( outer shell of the embryo). They have the ability to process the decay products of the tissues of the uterine mucosa, which are constantly present in its cavity, using them to nourish and develop the embryo. However, this mechanism for obtaining energy is effective only as long as the nucleus remains relatively small ( that is, it consists of a small number of cells). In the future, as it grows and develops, the number of cells in it increases significantly, as a result of which it needs much more nutrients, oxygen and energy. The trophoblast cannot provide these needs on its own. Therefore, if the embryo is not implanted in the uterus within a maximum of 14 days from the moment of fertilization, it dies and is removed from the uterine cavity along with menstrual bleeding.

Artificial insemination and embryo implantation

IVF can happen through:

• Fertilization in vitro. Several mature eggs are placed in a test tube, to which a certain amount of spermatozoa is added. Within a few hours, each of the eggs can be fertilized by one of the sperm.
• Intracytoplasmic sperm injection. In this case, the sperm is injected directly into the egg using special equipment.

For this procedure to be successful and effective, doctors must take into account the peculiarities of the course of the woman's menstrual cycle, as well as the peculiarities of the development of the endometrium ( mucous membrane of the uterus).

It is recommended to start the procedure on the day of ovulation ( approximately 14 days after the first day of the last menstrual period). This is due to the fact that after direct fertilization, the embryo will have to continue to develop in a special incubator for several days ( outside the woman's body). Only when it reaches a certain stage of development can it be moved into the uterine cavity.

It is important to note that the transfer procedure ( also called "planting") embryos should be carried out at the moment when the uterine mucosa is most prepared for implantation. As mentioned earlier, this is observed 6 to 9 days after ovulation. If the embryos are transferred into the uterine cavity earlier or later, the likelihood of their implantation in the endometrium will be significantly reduced.

What day after the transfer ( replanting) Does the implantation of the embryo occur during IVF?

How thick should the endometrium be for embryo implantation?

The fact is that in the process of implantation of the embryo, the cells surrounding it ( trophoblast cells) destroy the mucous membrane of the uterus, as a result of which a kind of depression is formed in it, called the implantation fossa. The entire embryo should be immersed in this hole, which will ensure its normal development in the future. If the endometrium is too thin ( less than 7 mm), the probability increases that during the implantation process the embryo will not fully attach to it, that is, part of it will remain on the surface of the uterine mucosa. This will lead to a violation of the development of pregnancy in the future or even cause it to be interrupted. At the same time, if the embryo is immersed too deeply, the trophoblast filaments can reach the muscular layer of the uterus and grow into it, which will later cause bleeding.

It has also been proven that the probability of successful implantation is significantly reduced in cases where the thickness of the uterine mucosa at the time of embryo transfer exceeds 14–16 mm, but the mechanism for the development of this phenomenon has not been finally established.

What is the difference between implantation when transferring 3-day and 5-day embryos in IVF?

It should be noted right away that the choice of the transfer time is determined individually in each specific case and depends on many factors. To better understand this, you need to know how the embryo develops after the in vitro fertilization procedure ( ECO).

As mentioned earlier, the most common IVF method is in vitro mixing of female and male germ cells. After a few hours, the eggs are selected and transferred to special nutrient media, which are placed in incubators. Whether they were fertilized is still unknown.

If the egg has been fertilized, on the second day it turns into a zygote ( future embryo) and starts to divide. As a result of this division, by the third day of development, the embryo consists of several cells and has its own genetic material. Further ( for 4 - 5 days) the number of cells also increases, and the embryo itself becomes the most prepared for implantation in the uterine mucosa.

It has been scientifically proven that for successful implantation, it is best to use three-day-old embryos ( the success rate is about 40%) or five day old embryos ( success rate is about 50%). younger ( two-day) embryos do not yet have their own genetic material, and therefore the likelihood of their further development is reduced. At the same time, with a longer ( more than 5 days) the stay of embryos outside the body of a woman increases the likelihood of their death.

The choice of one method or another is influenced by:

• The number of fertilized eggs. If, after crossing male and female germ cells, only a few eggs were fertilized, it is recommended to transplant three-day embryos. The fact is that being outside the female body can adversely affect the viability of the embryos, and therefore the likelihood of their death increases. Therefore, the sooner they are transferred into the uterine cavity, the higher the chances of success of the procedure.
• viability of fertilized eggs. If many eggs were fertilized during the crossing, but most of them died during the first 2 days in the incubator, it is also recommended to resort to the implantation of three-day embryos. If, by the third day after fertilization, the number of developing embryos is large enough, it is recommended to wait another 2 days and perform a five-day embryo transfer. In this case, the chance for successful development of pregnancy will increase, since a five-day embryo is considered more viable, and the implantation process itself will be as similar in time as possible to that during natural fertilization ( that is, it will take place approximately 6-7 days after ovulation).
• Failed IVF attempts in the past. If, during previous attempts, all fertilized eggs died by 4-5 days of cultivation in an incubator, the doctor may resort to transferring three-day or even two-day embryos. In some cases, this allows you to achieve pregnancy.

When a three-day embryo is implanted, it continues to develop in the uterine cavity during the day, while not attaching to its wall ( attachment is hindered by the same fertilization shell). After about a day, the fertilization membrane is destroyed, after which the embryo begins to implant in the uterine mucosa ( The whole process takes about 2 more days.). Therefore, from the moment of transfer of a three-day embryo to its complete implantation, about 3-4 days can pass.

If a five-day period is transferred into the uterine cavity ( more mature) the embryo, its fertilization membrane can be destroyed almost immediately ( during few hours), as a result of which, after 2 days, the process of embryo implantation can be completed.

Embryo implantation after cryotransfer in natural cycle

The selection of embryos for freezing is carried out at the stage of their development in a special incubator. As a rule, this is done during the first IVF procedure ( ), and some of the embryos are transferred into the uterine cavity, and some are frozen. In this case, both three-day and five-day embryos can be frozen. If the first embryo transfer procedure did not give any results ( that is, if they were not implanted in the uterus, and pregnancy did not occur), during the next cycle, the procedure can be repeated, while frozen embryos can be used ( which are preliminarily thawed before being introduced into the uterine cavity). If, after the transfer of a viable embryo, it is implanted in the uterine mucosa, then the pregnancy will proceed as usual.

The advantages of implantation of thawed embryos include:

• No need to re-stimulate ovulation. Before the usual IVF procedure ( in vitro fertilization) a woman is prescribed special hormonal preparations, which leads to the maturation of several follicles in the ovaries at once ( that is, by the time of ovulation, not one, but several eggs mature at once). When using the method of cryoembryo transfer, the need for this disappears. The doctor simply determines the moment of ovulation, after which he calculates the time during which the thawed embryos should be transferred to the uterus ( usually 6-9 days after ovulation).
• Optimal preparation of the endometrium ( mucous membrane of the uterus) to implantation. Against the background of ovarian hyperstimulation ( during which the simultaneous development of several eggs at once is stimulated) there is a significant violation of the hormonal background of a woman. This can lead to abnormal and incomplete development of the uterine mucosa, as a result of which implantation may not take place. Before transplantation of thawed embryos, hyperstimulation is not carried out, as a result of which the uterine mucosa is more prepared for implantation of an embryo into it.
• No need to re-obtain male germ cells. Since already fertilized eggs are frozen, it is not necessary to re-receive the seminal fluid of the husband or donor.

Is it possible to implant two embryos on different days?

As mentioned earlier, the lining of the uterus is ready for implantation of the embryo from about 20 to 23 days of the menstrual cycle. If an embryo is implanted in her on one of these days, her functional state will not change immediately, that is, she will still remain ready for implantation. Therefore, if 1-2 days after that, another viable embryo enters the uterine cavity, it will also be able to implant in its mucous membrane and begin to develop.

This phenomenon can be observed during in vitro fertilization, when several embryos are placed in the uterine cavity at once. At the same time, they can be implanted on different days. However, if this happens, doctors usually remove all the "extra" embryos, leaving only one of them to develop ( or two, if the patient wishes and there are no medical contraindications).

Feelings, symptoms and signs of pregnancy with successful embryo implantation ( can you feel the implantation of the embryo?)

• drawing pains in the lower abdomen ( mild or moderate);
• mild increase in body temperature up to 37 - 37.5 degrees);
• slight spotting from the vagina;
• general weakness;
• increased irritability;
• decreased mood ( depression);
• change in taste sensations a metallic taste in the mouth).

Basal body temperature during and after embryo implantation

Basal body temperature is the body temperature that should be measured in the morning ( after a good night's sleep) in the rectum, vagina, or mouth ( measurement should be taken at the same place and, if possible, at the same time). Under normal conditions, in the first phase of the menstrual cycle ( during maturation of the follicle and egg) the woman's body temperature drops slightly ( up to 36.3 - 36.4 degrees), which is due to hormonal changes occurring in the female body. Immediately before ovulation, the concentration of female sex hormones in a woman's body changes, as a result of which an even more pronounced, sharp decrease in temperature will be noted ( up to 36.2 degrees). After ovulation, a so-called corpus luteum forms at the site of a mature follicle, which begins to produce the hormone progesterone. Under the action of this hormone, the uterine mucosa is prepared for the implantation of the embryo, and there is also a certain increase in body temperature during the following days of the menstrual cycle.

If the egg is fertilized and the embryo implants in the lining of the uterus, pregnancy begins to develop. At the same time, the concentration of progesterone ( hormone responsible for maintaining and maintaining pregnancy) in the blood of a woman is maintained at a high level. This explains the moderate increase in basal body temperature ( up to 37 - 37.5 degrees), recorded in a woman during the first 16-18 weeks from the moment of implantation of the embryo.

At the same time, it is worth noting that an increase in body temperature associated with the production of progesterone will be observed during the second phase of the menstrual cycle ( about 15 to 28 days) even if pregnancy does not occur. Therefore, this symptom should be regarded as a sign of successful implantation and pregnancy should not be earlier than 2 weeks after ovulation and only in conjunction with other data.

Is there going to be blood? brown, bloody discharge) after implantation of the embryo in the uterus?

During implantation of the embryo, its outer shell ( trophoblast) grows with filiform processes into the tissue of the mucous membrane of the uterus. At the same time, the trophoblast secretes specific substances that destroy the tissue of the mucous membrane, as well as small blood vessels, glands, and so on located in it. This is necessary in order to create a kind of depression in the mucous membrane ( implantation fossa) where the embryo should be immersed. Since there is a violation of the integrity of blood vessels, a small amount of blood ( usually no more than 1 - 2 ml) can be excreted from a woman's genital tract 6-8 days after ovulation or 1-3 days after embryo transfer during IVF ( in vitro fertilization). These discharges are observed once and quickly stop without causing the woman any serious concerns.

At the same time, it is worth remembering that profuse or repeated spotting may indicate the development of any complications ( improper attachment of the embryo, rupture of the cyst, and so on). If these symptoms are found, a woman should immediately consult a doctor.

An increase in the level of hCG during embryo implantation ( by days)

The placenta is an organ that forms from embryonic tissue and provides a link between the developing fetus and the mother's body. It is through the placenta that the fetus receives oxygen, as well as all the nutrients and trace elements it needs in the process of intrauterine development.

The formation of the placenta begins with the formation of the so-called chorionic villi - structures consisting of embryonic tissue. By about 11-13 days of development, chorionic villi penetrate the tissue of the uterine mucosa and destroy its blood vessels, closely interacting with them. At the same time, oxygen and energy begin to pass from the mother's body through the chorionic villi into the fetus's body. Already at this stage of development, the cells that make up the chorionic villi begin to secrete chorionic gonadotropin into the mother's bloodstream, which can be determined using special tests.

As the embryo develops, the chorion turns into a placenta, the size of which increases up to 3 months of pregnancy. In accordance with this, the concentration of hCG, determined in the woman's blood, also increases. This can serve as one of the reliable signs of the normal course of pregnancy.

HCG levels in a woman's blood depending on the gestational age

Breast after embryo implantation

Changes in the cervix after embryo implantation

After embryo implantation, you may experience:

• Change in color of the cervix. Under normal conditions ( outside of pregnancy) the mucous membrane of the cervix has a pinkish tint. At the same time, after implantation of the embryo and the onset of pregnancy, new blood vessels are formed in the organ, which is accompanied by an increase in blood flow. This leads to the fact that the mucous membrane becomes slightly cyanotic.
• Softening of the cervix. If the cervix was relatively dense before pregnancy, after implantation of the embryo it softens, becomes more plastic, which can be determined by the doctor during a gynecological examination of the patient.
• Changing the position of the cervix. After the onset of pregnancy, the cervix drops below normal, which is associated with the development of the muscular layer of the uterus and an increase in its size.
• Change in the consistency of cervical mucus. Under normal conditions, there is a mucous plug in the cervix, which is formed from cervical mucus. It protects the uterus from the penetration of infectious and other foreign agents. During the period of ovulation, under the influence of female sex hormones, the cervical mucus becomes more liquid, which facilitates the passage of spermatozoa through the cervical canal. At the same time, after ovulation, the hormone progesterone is released, which again makes the cervical mucus thicker. If the egg is fertilized and the embryo is implanted in the uterus ( i.e. pregnancy), the concentration of progesterone will be maintained at a relatively high level for a long time, and therefore the cervical mucus will also remain thick.

On what day after the implantation of the embryo, the test will show pregnancy?

The essence of all rapid pregnancy tests is that they determine the presence or absence of human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG) in a woman's urine. As mentioned earlier, this substance is produced by special cells of the embryo ( chorionic villi) and enters the maternal circulation almost immediately after the process of embryo implantation ( that is, from the moment when the tissues of the embryo began to grow into the mucous membrane of the uterus and into its blood vessels). Once in the woman's bloodstream, hCG is excreted from her body along with urine, as a result of which it can be determined during special tests.

To date, there are many varieties of pregnancy tests, but their essence is the same - they contain a special substance that is sensitive to hCG. To conduct the test, a certain amount of urine should be applied to a specially designated area. If it contains a sufficiently high concentration of hCG ( more than 10 mIU/ml), the chemical will change color, resulting in a second line or the inscription “pregnant” appears on the test ( in case of using electronic tests). If there is no hCG in the urine, the test will show a negative result.

At the same time, it is worth noting that a negative result can be observed if the concentration of hCG in the urine of a woman is below the minimum detectable ( i.e. less than 10 mIU/ml). In doubtful cases, women are advised to repeat the test after 24 hours. If there really is a pregnancy, within a day the concentration of hCG will certainly increase to the required level, as a result of which the test will be positive.

Can ultrasound help detect embryo implantation?

The essence of the method lies in the fact that with the help of a special device, ultrasonic waves are sent into the body of a woman. Different tissues of the body reflect these waves with different intensities, which is recorded by a special sensor and displayed on the monitor.

Under normal conditions ( outside of pregnancy) the mucous membrane of the uterus reflects ultrasonic waves evenly. Immediately after implantation of the embryo, its dimensions do not exceed 1.5 mm. This is too small to be determined by ultrasound. At the same time, after a few days, the embryo doubles in size, and therefore can be determined using highly sensitive equipment.

It should be noted that conventional ultrasound ( in which the sensor is installed on the front surface of the woman's abdomen) will allow you to detect pregnancy only from 4 to 5 weeks of development. This is due to the fact that the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall will create additional interference in the path of ultrasonic waves. At the same time, with transvaginal ultrasound ( when an ultrasound probe is inserted into a woman's vagina) pregnancy can be detected already after 20-21 days from the moment of fertilization ( i.e. 10-12 days after implantation of the embryo in the uterine mucosa).

The procedure itself is considered absolutely safe and does not cause any harm to either the mother or the developing embryo.

Does D-dimer rise during embryo implantation?

Under normal conditions, the hemostasis system of the human body is in a kind of balance - the activity of the factors of the blood coagulation system is balanced by the activity of the factors of the anticoagulant system. As a result of this, the blood is maintained in a liquid state, however, at the same time, there is no pronounced bleeding due to injuries, bruises and other tissue damage.

During pregnancy, there is an increased activation of the blood coagulation system, resulting in an increased risk of blood clots - blood clots, which include fibrin protein. At the same time, the formation of a blood clot in the body of a pregnant woman triggers ( activates) an anticoagulant system that destroys this thrombus. In the process of destruction of a blood clot, the fibrin protein breaks up into smaller parts, which are called D-dimers. Consequently, the more fibrin is formed and decomposed in a woman's body, the greater will be the concentration of D-dimers in her blood.

Normally, the concentration of D-dimers in the blood of a healthy person should not exceed 500 nanograms in 1 milliliter ( ng/ml). At the same time, immediately after the onset of pregnancy, the concentration of D-dimers can gradually increase, which in some cases can cause complications.

Permissible levels of D-dimers depending on the duration of pregnancy

An increase in the concentration of D-dimers above the permissible level is associated with an increased risk of thrombosis. At the same time, thrombi blood clots) can be formed in the blood vessels of various organs ( especially in the veins of the lower extremities), clogging them and disrupting the blood supply to tissues, thereby leading to the development of formidable complications.

Why does the implantation of the embryo cause pain in the lower abdomen and lower back ( aching, pulling, sharp, sharp)?

At the same time, it is worth noting that pain after embryo implantation may indicate the presence of formidable pathological processes that require urgent medical intervention.

Pain during implantation may be due to:

• Inflammatory process in the uterine cavity. In this case, the patient will complain of severe, cutting pains that may occur paroxysmal or persist permanently.
• Spasms of the muscles of the uterus. Spasms ( long, strong muscle contractions) are accompanied by a metabolic disorder in the tissues, which is manifested by sharp, paroxysmal, aching pains in the lower abdomen that occur with a certain frequency. In this case, the probability of successful implantation of the embryo is significantly reduced.
• Violation of the integrity of the uterus. If the embryo is implanted not in the uterine mucosa, but in another part of the organ ( for example, into the fallopian tube or into the abdominal cavity), in the process of growth, it can damage neighboring tissues, thereby causing bleeding. At the same time, the patient will feel a sharp cutting pain in the lower abdomen, after which she may experience moderate or severe bloody discharge from the vagina.

Nausea, diarrhea ( diarrhea) and bloating during embryo implantation

At the same time, it is worth noting that the listed symptoms may indicate food poisoning - a pathology that poses a danger to the health of the expectant mother and to the upcoming pregnancy. That is why it is extremely important to identify signs of poisoning in time and seek help from a specialist.

Food poisoning can be indicated by:

• repeated vomiting;
• plentiful ( profuse) diarrhea;
• marked increase in body temperature over 38 degrees);
• severe headaches ( associated with toxicity);
• the onset of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea within a few hours after ingestion ( especially meat, poorly processed foods).

Signs of failed embryo implantation

An unsuccessful embryo implantation can be indicated by:

• Absence of the above signs of embryo implantation within 2 weeks from the moment of ovulation.
• Negative pregnancy tests ( performed on days 10 and 14 after ovulation).
• Heavy bleeding after ovulation is a sign of complications in which the normal development of the embryo is impossible).
• Isolation of the embryo during bleeding ( in some cases it can be seen with the naked eye).
• The appearance of menstrual bleeding 14 days after ovulation ( occurs only if pregnancy has not occurred).
• Absence of characteristic changes in the cervix and cervical mucus.
• Lack of human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG) in a woman's blood 10 to 14 days after ovulation.
• The absence of characteristic changes in basal temperature ( if pregnancy does not occur, after about 12 to 14 days, the initially elevated body temperature will begin to decrease again, while during the onset of pregnancy it would remain elevated).

Why is the embryo not implanted?

The likelihood of unsuccessful embryo implantation can be affected by:

• Women's hormonal disorders. For the normal development of the endometrium ( mucous membrane of the uterus) and preparing it for implantation requires certain concentrations of female sex hormones ( estrogen), as well as progesterone ( pregnancy hormone). Moreover, an increase in the concentration of progesterone in the second phase of the menstrual cycle is necessary for the normal process of embryo implantation, and in the event of pregnancy, to maintain it. Violation of the production of any of these hormones will make implantation impossible.

• Violations of the immune system of women. In some diseases of the immune system ( which is normally designed to protect the body from foreign bacteria, viruses and other similar agents) its cells may begin to perceive the tissues of the embryo as "alien", as a result of which they will destroy it. Implantation or the development of pregnancy in this case will be impossible.
• Lifespan of embryos transferred during IVF. As mentioned earlier, during in vitro fertilization, five-day, three-day or even two-day embryos can be transferred into the uterine cavity. It has been scientifically proven that the longer the embryo has developed outside the woman's body, the higher the likelihood of its successful implantation. At the same time, the probability of implantation of two-day-old embryos is considered to be the lowest.
• Time of embryo transfer in IVF. As mentioned earlier, there is a narrow time corridor when the uterine mucosa can accept an embryo implanted in it ( 20 to 23 days of the menstrual cycle). If the embryo is transferred earlier or later than the specified period, the probability of successful implantation will be significantly reduced.
• Anomalies in the formation/development of the embryo. If the process of fusion of male and female germ cells did not occur correctly, the resulting embryo may be defective, as a result of which it will not be able to implant in the uterine mucosa and will die. Moreover, various genetic abnormalities in the developing embryo can occur both during implantation itself and during the first days after it. In this case, the embryo may also be unviable, as a result of which it will die, and the pregnancy will be terminated.
• Developmental disorders of the endometrium ( mucous membrane of the uterus). If at the preparatory stage the uterine mucosa has not reached the required thickness ( over 7 mm), the probability of successful implantation of the embryo into it is significantly reduced.
• Benign tumors of the uterus. Benign tumors of the muscular tissue of the uterus can deform its surface, thereby preventing the attachment and implantation of the embryo. The same can be observed with pathological growth of the endometrium ( mucous membrane of the uterus).

Can a cold and cough interfere with embryo implantation?

It is also worth noting that a strong cough can disrupt the implantation process. The fact is that during a cough, pressure rises in the chest and abdominal cavity, which leads to an increase in pressure in the uterus. This can provoke the “pushing out” of the embryo that has not yet attached from the uterine cavity, as a result of which implantation will not occur. At the same time, it should be noted that the practical importance of this mechanism of unsuccessful implantation remains in doubt.

Can I have sex during embryo implantation?

At the same time, other scientists argue that sexual intercourse can adversely affect the process of attaching the embryo to the uterine mucosa. It is assumed that contractions of the muscular layer of the uterus observed during intercourse can change the state of the endometrium ( mucous membrane), thereby reducing the likelihood of successful implantation of the embryo into it. Moreover, during sexual intercourse, seminal fluid entering the uterine cavity can disrupt the condition of the endometrium and the embryo, which will also negatively affect subsequent implantation.

Despite many years of research, it was not possible to reach a consensus on this issue. At the same time, it should be noted that when performing IVF ( in vitro fertilization) doctors forbid sex after embryo transfer into the uterine cavity. This is due to the fact that transferred embryos can be weakened ( especially in case of transfer of 3-day or 2-day embryos), as a result of which any, even the most insignificant external influence can disrupt the process of their implantation and further development.

Is it possible to implant an embryo on the day of menstruation?

Under normal conditions, the uterine mucosa consists of two layers - basal and functional. The structure of the basal layer remains relatively constant, while the structure of the functional layer varies depending on the day of the menstrual cycle. In the first days of the cycle, the functional layer begins to grow and develop, gradually thickening. Blood vessels, glands and other structures grow in it. As a result of such changes, by the time of ovulation, the functional layer becomes sufficiently developed to accept a fertilized egg in a few days.

If implantation of the embryo does not occur, the tissue of the functional layer of the endometrium separates from the basal layer. In this case, there is a rupture of the blood vessels that fed it, which is the direct cause of the onset of menstrual bleeding. Together with blood from the uterine cavity, torn fragments of the functional layer of the mucous membrane are released. Embryo implantation under such conditions is impossible in principle ( even if the embryo enters the uterine cavity, it simply has nowhere to implant).

Will there be periods after embryo implantation?

If menstrual bleeding appears 14 days after ovulation, this will indicate unsuccessful implantation and the absence of pregnancy.

How to behave in order to increase the chances of successful embryo implantation?

The chances of successful embryo implantation increase:

• In the absence of sexual intercourse after embryo transfer during IVF ( in vitro fertilization). As mentioned earlier, having sex can disrupt the process of attaching the embryo to the lining of the uterus.
• With complete physical rest during the expected moment of implantation. If conception occurs naturally, a woman is prohibited from lifting weights and doing any physical work for at least 10 days after ovulation ( until, theoretically, implantation of the embryo into the uterine mucosa is completed). With IVF, physical activity is also contraindicated for a woman for 8-9 days after embryo transfer.

• When taking a sufficient amount of protein food within 10 days of ovulation. A woman is advised to eat foods that contain a large amount of protein ( cottage cheese, eggs, meat, fish, beans and so on). This contributes to the implantation of the embryo and its development in the uterine mucosa. It is important to note that one should not switch exclusively to protein foods, but its share in the daily diet should be increased.
• When calculating the day of ovulation and the “implantation window”. If a couple is planning a pregnancy, a woman is advised to calculate the ovulation period, when a mature egg leaves the ovary and moves into the fallopian tube. Since the egg remains in the tube for only 24 hours, sexual contact must take place during this period of time. At the same time, if conception occurs during IVF, embryo transfer should be performed taking into account the time of the so-called “implantation window” ( 6-9 days after ovulation), when the mucous membrane of the uterus is maximally prepared for the penetration of embryos into it.
• When replanting five-day embryos during IVF ( in vitro fertilization). It is believed that five-day-old embryos are the most viable, since their genetic apparatus has already been formed. At the same time, during the transplantation of two-day and three-day embryos, their genetic apparatus is formed in the uterine cavity. If any abnormalities occur, the embryo will die.
• In the absence of inflammatory processes in the uterus. Inflammation of the uterine mucosa can reduce the likelihood of successful implantation, as a result of which any infections or other inflammatory diseases of the genital organs should be cured before planning a pregnancy.