Blood suffocation. Asphyxia. Simple vagal syncope

- this is a state of suffocation, accompanied by a critical drop in the level of oxygen (hypoxia) and an excess of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) in the blood and tissues. With asphyxia, the phenomena of respiratory failure increase acutely or subacutely: cyanosis of the skin, tachypnea, participation in breathing of auxiliary muscles; in the terminal stage, coma, convulsions, respiratory and cardiac arrest develop. The state of asphyxia is diagnosed on the basis of an assessment of complaints and physical data, pulse oximetry. In this case, emergency care is required, which includes restoration of airway patency, oxygen inhalation, tracheotomy, mechanical ventilation, and drug therapy.

ICD-10

R09.0 T71

General information

Asphyxia (asphyxia; Greek - a - negation + sphyxis - pulse; literally - "no pulse") is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired gas exchange, the development of hypoxic and hypercapnic syndromes and leading to respiratory and circulatory disorders. Asphyxia may be based on dysfunction of the respiratory center, a mechanical obstruction to the flow of air into the lungs, and damage to the respiratory muscles. All types and forms of asphyxia, regardless of the reasons, require urgent (and sometimes resuscitation) measures, since death can occur within a few minutes after the development of acute oxygen starvation. In medicine, the problem of asphyxia is relevant for neonatology, pulmonology, traumatology, toxicology, resuscitation and other disciplines.

Causes of asphyxia

All causes leading to asphyxia can be divided into pulmonary and extrapulmonary. The first of them are most often associated with external compression of the airways or their intraluminal obstruction (obturation). Compression of the airways from the outside is observed during strangulation (hanging, strangulation with a noose or hands), compression of the trachea, neck injuries, etc. Obstructive respiratory disorders are most often caused by retraction of the tongue, blockage of the trachea and bronchi by foreign bodies, intraluminal tumors, ingestion of food into the respiratory tract , vomit, water for drowning, blood for pulmonary hemorrhage. Acute airway stenosis can develop with tracheobronchitis, asthmatic attack, allergic edema or burns of the larynx, swelling of the vocal cords. Also among the pulmonary causes of asphyxia include gas exchange disorders caused by acute pneumonia, massive exudative pleurisy, total pneumothorax or hemothorax, atelectasis or pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism.

Among the extrapulmonary factors of asphyxia, conditions leading to damage to the respiratory center are in the lead: intoxication, traumatic brain injury, stroke, overdose of drugs and drugs (for example, morphine, barbiturates). Paralysis of the respiratory muscles, as a cause of asphyxia, can develop against the background of infectious diseases (botulism, poliomyelitis, tetanus), poisoning with curare-like drugs, spinal cord injury, myasthenia gravis, etc. Violations of oxygen transport in tissues occur with massive bleeding, circulatory disorders, carbon monoxide poisoning gas, methemoglobin formers.

Traumatic asphyxia is based on compression or damage to the chest, which makes it difficult to breathe. Asphyxia caused by insufficient oxygen content in the inhaled air can develop with prolonged stay in poorly ventilated mines and wells, with altitude sickness, with a violation of the oxygen supply to limited closed systems (for example, divers). Fetoplacental insufficiency, intracranial birth trauma, aspiration of amniotic fluid most often lead to asphyxia of newborns.

Pathogenesis

The mechanism of development of asphyxia in all types of suffocation has common pathogenetic features. The consequence of oxygen deficiency is the accumulation in the blood of products of incomplete oxidation with the development of metabolic acidosis. Severe violations of biochemical processes develop in cells: the amount of ATP decreases sharply, the course of redox processes changes, pH decreases, etc. The result of proteolytic processes is autolysis of cellular components and cell death. First of all, irreversible changes develop in the cells of the brain, and if the respiratory and vasomotor centers are damaged, death quickly occurs. In the heart muscle during asphyxia, edema, dystrophy and necrosis of muscle fibers occur. On the part of the lungs, alveolar emphysema and edema are noted. In the serous membranes (pericardium, pleura), small-spotted hemorrhages are found.

Classification

Depending on the rate of development of suffocation (impaired respiratory function and hemodynamics), acute and subacute asphyxia are distinguished. According to the mechanism of occurrence, it is customary to distinguish the following types of asphyxia:

mechanical- restriction or termination of air access to the respiratory tract caused by their compression, obstruction or narrowing;
toxic- suffocation develops as a result of inhibition of the respiratory center, paralysis of the respiratory muscles, impaired oxygen transport by the blood as a result of chemical compounds entering the body;
traumatic- Asphyxiation is the result of closed injuries of the chest.

Another classification option proposes to distinguish asphyxia from compression (compression and strangulation - suffocation), asphyxia from closure (aspiration, obstruction, drowning) and asphyxia in a limited enclosed space. A special type of suffocation is asphyxia of newborns, considered in the framework of pediatrics.

Symptoms of asphyxia

There are four phases in the clinical course of asphyxia. The first phase is characterized by a compensatory increase in the activity of the respiratory center in conditions of oxygen deficiency. During this period, the patient has a fear, anxiety, arousal; dizziness, cyanosis of the skin, inspiratory dyspnea with forced inspiration; tachycardia, increased blood pressure. With asphyxia caused by compression or obstruction of the airway, the patient coughs heavily, wheezes, attempts to free himself from the compressive factor; the face becomes puffy, purple-blue.

In the second phase, against the background of depletion of compensatory reactions, shortness of breath acquires an expiratory character (expiration intensifies and lengthens), the cyanotic color of the skin increases, the frequency of respiratory movements and heart rate decreases, and blood pressure decreases. In the third, preterminal phase, there is a short-term cessation of the activity of the respiratory center: episodes of apnea occur, blood pressure drops, reflexes fade, loss of consciousness and coma develop. In the last, fourth phase of asphyxia, agonal breathing is observed, convulsions are noted, pulse and blood pressure are not determined; involuntary urination, defecation and ejaculation are possible.

With gradually developing asphyxia (within several hours or days), the victim sits with his torso tilted and his neck stretched forward; with a wide-open mouth greedily catches the air, the tongue is often stuck out. The skin is usually pale, pronounced acrocyanosis of the lips and nails; the face shows the fear of death. With decompensation, asphyxia acquires a staged course, described above.

Complications

Asphyxia is complicated by ventricular fibrillation, pulmonary and cerebral edema, traumatic shock, anuria. Pregnant women may experience spontaneous miscarriage. The cause of death of the patient is usually paralysis of the respiratory center. With acute development, death occurs within 3-7 minutes. In the long term, patients who have experienced asphyxia may experience aspiration pneumonia, vocal cord paresis, various types of amnesia, changes in emotional status (irritability, indifference), intellectual impairment up to dementia.

Diagnostics

In acute cases and with a known cause, the diagnosis of asphyxia is not difficult. If the patient is conscious, he may complain of dizziness, shortness of breath, blackout in the eyes. Objective data depend on the phase of asphyxia. Pulse oximetry allows you to determine the value of the pulse and the degree of saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen. To identify and eliminate pulmonary causes of asphyxia, a consultation with a pulmonologist, sometimes an endoscopist, is required. In other cases, traumatologists, neurologists, infectious disease specialists, toxicologists, psychiatrists, narcologists, etc. can be involved in the diagnosis. The diagnostic stage should be as short as possible in time, since an in-depth examination (radiography, diagnostic bronchoscopy, etc.) often actually impossible.

Pathological signs indicating that death was caused by asphyxia are cyanosis of the face, hemorrhages in the conjunctiva, bluish-purple cadaveric spots with multiple ecchymosis, liquid state of the blood, stagnation of blood in the right parts of the heart with an empty left half, blood supply to the internal organs and etc. When suffocating, a strangulation groove from a compressive loop is visible on the neck, fractures of the cervical vertebrae are determined.

First aid for asphyxia

The complex of urgent measures is determined by the cause and phase of asphyxia. In case of mechanical suffocation, first of all, it is required to restore the patency of the airways: remove accumulated mucus, blood, water, food masses, foreign bodies using tracheal aspiration, bronchoscopy, special techniques; loosen the loop compressing the neck, eliminate the retraction of the tongue, etc. In the absence of spontaneous breathing and cardiac activity, they proceed to cardiopulmonary resuscitation - artificial respiration and closed heart massage. If there are indications and technical feasibility, tracheostomy or tracheal intubation can be performed with the transfer of the patient to mechanical ventilation. The development of ventricular fibrillation serves as the basis for electrical defibrillation.

In some cases, the primary measures to eliminate asphyxia are thoracocentesis or drainage of the pleural cavity. In order to reduce venous pressure, bloodletting is performed. First aid for toxic asphyxia is the introduction of antidotes. After restoration of lung ventilation and cardiac activity, drug correction of water-electrolyte and acid-base balance is performed, maintenance of the function of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, dehydration therapy (to prevent cerebral and pulmonary edema), blood transfusion and blood-substituting solutions (with heavy blood loss) . If the cause of asphyxia was other diseases (infectious, nervous, etc.), it is necessary to carry out their pathogenetic treatment.

Forecast and prevention

With acutely progressive asphyxia, the prognosis is extremely serious - there is a high risk of death; with prolonged development - more favorable. However, even in those cases when it is possible to restore vital functions, the consequences of asphyxia can make themselves felt in the near or distant time after the patient leaves the critical condition. The outcome of asphyxia is largely determined by the timeliness of the conduct and the volume of resuscitation. Prevention of asphyxia is the avoidance of situations that can cause suffocation: early treatment of potentially dangerous diseases, prevention of chest injuries, aspiration of liquid substances and foreign objects, suicides; exclusion of contact with toxic substances (including the treatment of substance abuse and drug addiction), etc. After suffering asphyxia, patients often require careful care and long-term observation of specialists.

Choking techniques (suffocations) are a reliable and effective combat weapon at a capture distance. If circumstances allow, and the performer has managed to correctly carry out a choke hold, then it will be extremely difficult for the object to free itself. Even in cases where the performer fails to complete the chokehold and the subject manages to free himself, he is short of breath, which drastically limits his combat capabilities. Choking techniques in many combat situations do not require preliminary relaxation or pulling of the object, they do not depend much on the difference in physique, in particular, they are available to the performer, who is significantly inferior to the object in weight and strength.

Along with the listed strengths, chokes have a number of tactical limitations. The clothing worn by the subject - a raised collar, a scarf wrapped around the neck - can make them difficult or even impossible. Thick, bulky clothing on the performer also makes it difficult, and in some situations excludes the execution of strangulations. In general, choking techniques are not reliable enough and, in some cases, are impossible in the cold season, when both the performer and the object are dressed appropriately for the weather. A number of techniques of this group, if successfully applied, lead to severe injury to the object - retraction or fracture of the thyroid cartilage, colloquially known as the Adam's apple, which, in the absence of timely specialized medical care, usually ends in death. The vast majority of chokeholds are intended for a single fight, they cannot be used in a fight against several opponents.

The damaging effect of all suffocating techniques is to stop the access of oxygen to the brain, as a result of which oxygen starvation of the brain develops, which primarily leads to loss of consciousness. If a dozen or two seconds after losing consciousness, the choke hold is removed, then the fainting will turn into sleep, which will last 10-20 minutes and end without consequences for the object.

If, after losing consciousness, the supply of oxygen to the brain is not restored for some time, then certain parts of the brain begin to die from oxygen starvation - the so-called. irreversible consequences of oxygen starvation of the brain. Even in those cases when it is possible to restore the supply of oxygen to the brain at this stage of suffocation, the person remains disabled - he may lose speech, vision, may remain partially or completely paralyzed, and the psyche may suffer. The irreversible consequences of oxygen starvation in some cases can occur within 40-50 seconds of continuous suffocation after loss of consciousness, although usually this takes much longer. If the supply of oxygen to the brain is not restored, then death occurs.

Oxygen starvation of the brain can be caused in two ways.

You can deprive a person of the opportunity to breathe. This is called respiratory suffocation. There are three ways to induce respiratory suffocation.

The first of these, laryngeal strangulation, consists in pinching the larynx. A variant of laryngeal suffocation is covering the subject's mouth with an object, sticking his face into the ground, or immersing him in water.

The second method, pulmonary suffocation, consists in squeezing the torso, usually in the region of the lower part of the lungs and the diaphragm.

The third method is called respiratory shock strangulation. As a result of blows to some of the nerves that control the respiratory muscles, in those areas where they pass near the surface of the body, a spasm of the respiratory muscles occurs, which, in turn, leads to suffocation. Everyone knows about the effect of hitting the solar plexus. Almost the same result, although with different external manifestations, causes a blow to the side of the neck, which injures the cervical plexus, in particular the phrenic and vagus nerves, and causes spasm of the diaphragm and neck muscles. There are other strikes that have a similar effect. A strong blow to the front of the neck causes retraction or fracture of the thyroid cartilage.

The techniques of this group have high combat effectiveness, because, in the event of a successful hit, they lead to an immediate loss of combat capability for a period from several seconds to tens of seconds, or even to death. This either completely removes the object from the battle, or creates favorable conditions for the performer to develop an attack and end the fight.

At the same time, the risk of unintentional death is minimal, because. even if the object loses consciousness, carbon dioxide accumulating in the blood as a result of suffocation causes the medulla oblongata (the area of the brain responsible for breathing) to give the command to relieve the spasm, and breathing is restored without outside interference. A serious danger is only the retraction of the tongue, if the object, having lost consciousness, falls on its back - in this case, the larynx is blocked, and breathing is not restored. With very strong and precise blows, the natural resources of the body may not be enough and intervention is necessary for resuscitation.

Therefore, percussion chokes can be successfully used in any kind of hand-to-hand combat, both as finishing moves and as relaxing and distracting ones.

The use of the techniques of this group is complicated by the fact that in order to achieve the desired effect, a very high accuracy of impact is required, which is far from always achieved in real combat. Tight clothing, which in our climate is worn most of the year, also reduces the effectiveness of percussion chokeholds. However, percussion suffocations, although they are suffocating techniques in the physiological sense, from the point of view of the execution technique and tactics of application, they are related to blows.

Oxygen starvation of the brain also occurs as a result of the cessation of blood access to it. This is achieved by clamping the carotid artery and is called arterial strangulation. There is another mechanism of arterial suffocation. A strong blow to the side of the neck can lead to rupture of the branches extending from the carotid artery and / or veins passing next to it. In these cases, a hematoma is formed, which can compress the carotid artery. Percussion arterial strangulation is especially insidious and dangerous, because. develops slowly, is difficult to diagnose and requires mandatory surgical intervention.

Chokes

Choking techniques (suffocations)- a reliable and effective weapon of combat at a capture distance. If circumstances allow, and the performer has managed to correctly carry out a choke hold, then it will be extremely difficult for the object to free itself. Even in those cases where the performer fails to complete the strangulation, the object that manages to free itself becomes breathless, which leads to a sharp limitation of combat capabilities.

Fedor Emelianenko win over Tim Sylvia asphyxiation

Choking techniques in many combat situations do not require preliminary relaxation or pulling of the object, they do not depend much on the difference in physique, in particular, they are available to the performer, who is significantly inferior to the object in weight and strength. Along with the listed strengths, the deterioration has a number of tactical limitations. The clothing worn by the subject - a raised collar, a scarf wrapped around the neck - can make these techniques difficult or even impossible.
Thick, bulky clothing on the performer also makes it difficult, and in some situations eliminates the use of strangulation. In general, choking techniques are not reliable enough and in some cases are impossible in the cold season, when both the performer and the object are dressed appropriately for the weather. A number of techniques of this group, in case of successful application, lead to severe injury to the object - retraction or fracture of the thyroid cartilage, colloquially known as the Adam's apple, which, in the absence of timely specialized medical care, usually ends in death.

The vast majority of choking techniques are intended for a single fight, they cannot be used in a group fight. The damaging effect of all suffocating techniques is to stop the access of oxygen to the brain, as a result of which oxygen starvation of the brain develops, which primarily leads to loss of consciousness.

If 10-15 seconds after losing consciousness, the chokehold is removed, then the fainting will turn into sleep, which will last 10-20 minutes and end without consequences for the object. If, after losing consciousness, the supply of oxygen to the brain is not restored for some time, then certain parts of the brain begin to die from oxygen starvation - the so-called irreversible consequences of oxygen starvation occur.

Even in those cases when it is possible to restore the supply of oxygen to the brain at this stage of suffocation, the person remains disabled - he may lose speech, vision, may remain partially or completely paralyzed, and the psyche may suffer. Irreversible consequences of oxygen starvation in some cases are possible already after 40-50 seconds of continuous suffocation after loss of consciousness, although this usually takes much longer.

If the supply of oxygen to the brain is not restored, then death occurs. Oxygen starvation of the brain can be caused in two ways. You can deprive a person of the opportunity to breathe. This is called respiratory suffocation.
There are three ways to induce respiratory suffocation. The first of these, laryngeal strangulation, consists in pinching the larynx. A variant of laryngeal strangulation is covering the subject's mouth with an object, sticking its face into the ground, or immersing it in water. The second method, pulmonary suffocation, consists in squeezing the torso, usually in the region of the lower part of the lungs and the diaphragm. The third method is called respiratory shock strangulation.

As a result of blows to some of the nerves that control the respiratory muscles, in those areas where they pass near the surface of the body, a spasm of the respiratory muscles occurs, which, in turn, leads to suffocation. Everyone knows about the effect of hitting the solar plexus. Almost the same result, although with different external manifestations, causes a blow to the lateral surface of the neck, which injures the cervical plexus, in particular the phrenic and vagus nerves, and causes spasm of the diaphragm and neck muscles.

There are other strikes that have a similar effect. A strong blow to the front of the neck causes, as already noted, retraction or fracture of the thyroid cartilage. The techniques of this group have high combat effectiveness, since in the event of a successful hit they lead to an immediate loss of combat capability for a period from several seconds to tens of seconds, or even to death.

This either completely removes the object from the battle, or creates favorable conditions for the performer to develop an attack and end the fight. At the same time, the risk of unintentional death is minimal, since even if the object loses consciousness, carbon dioxide accumulating in the blood as a result of suffocation causes the medulla oblongata to give a command to relieve the spasm, and breathing is restored without outside interference.

A serious danger is only the retraction of the tongue, if the object, having lost consciousness, falls on its back - in this case, the larynx is blocked, and breathing is not restored. With very strong and precise blows, the natural resources of the body may not be enough, and intervention is necessary for resuscitation. Therefore, percussion choke can be successfully used in any form of hand-to-hand combat, both as finishing moves and as relaxing and distracting ones.

Complicating the use of the techniques of this group is that in order to achieve the desired effect, a very high accuracy of impact is required, which is far from always achieved in real combat. However, percussion suffocations, although they are suffocating techniques in the physiological sense, from the point of view of the execution technique and tactics of application, they are related to blows.

In these cases, a hematoma is formed, which can compress the carotid artery. Percussion arterial strangulation is especially insidious and dangerous, as it develops slowly, is difficult to diagnose and requires mandatory surgical intervention. According to the nature of the grip, the actual suffocating techniques are divided into those that are performed: without a grip on the clothes, with a grip on the clothes and strangulation with the legs.

Finger strangulation is not included in the professional arsenal of chokeholds without grasping clothes, but a strong person can successfully apply them. Professional strangleholds without grabbing clothes in a real hand-to-hand fight are carried out almost exclusively from the back with the elbow and forearm. They are convenient in that they do not require relaxation and tearing of the object, although if the performer has managed to achieve such an effect, he will not interfere.

In the front position, the choke is only effective when the subject is leaning forward. If the reception is carried out from the front on an object standing straight, it has the ability to effectively defend itself; success in this position can be achieved only by completely relaxing the opponent or with an overwhelming superiority in physical strength, but in such cases the need for strangulation disappears.

Choking techniques without grasping clothes are divided into 4 groups. The first includes arterial suffocation. Techniques that provide simultaneous clamping of the carotid artery on both sides of the neck are especially effective, which gives an almost instantaneous effect. The consequences of oxygen starvation of the brain in this case affect almost immediately - after about 3-5 seconds. the object loses consciousness, and this happens instantly, without transition, the person just tried to free himself, and the next moment he suddenly went limp.

Therefore, when performing such choking techniques, it is necessary to carefully monitor the reaction of the object - as soon as he has stopped moving and is limp, you can hold him for another 2-3 seconds to make sure that he is not feigning, and then you should loosen the grip.

The psychological trap in such cases is the shortness of the interval between the imposition of a choke hold and the loss of consciousness by the subject. The performer should firmly understand that in any case, the chokeholds of this group in a real fight should not be held for more than 30 seconds.

This time is quite enough to, on the one hand, deprive the object of the ability to resist even in the event of a not very successful capture, and on the other hand, it is guaranteed not to cause irreversible consequences of oxygen starvation of the brain. If during this time the object did not lose consciousness, it means that the strangulation failed and you should switch to another technique.

Arterial chokeholds are quite gentle, but at the same time they make it possible to quickly and reliably deprive the object of the opportunity to fight. They can be used in all types of pair fights, but are especially effective in neutralization and hard detention fights.

Choking techniques of the second group include techniques that provide laryngeal suffocation. As a result of their use, loss of consciousness can occur after a relatively long time, since the blood contains enough oxygen to support the work of even an untrained organism for one and a half to two minutes. A trained person holds his breath for three minutes, and in some cases up to five minutes.

Receptions from the second group can be carried out in a hard or soft version. The hard version of the reception allows you to purposefully instantly break the thyroid cartilage of the object or cause it to retract, and then the outcome is usually fatal. Moreover, a fracture of the thyroid cartilage may be accompanied by pain shock, which enhances the effect of strangulation. Such techniques are suitable only for the fight for destruction and fight for hard neutralization.

If the reception is performed in a soft version, the thyroid cartilage does not break, although there is a possibility of its retraction. In these cases, it is impossible to completely block breathing, oxygen continues to flow into the body, albeit in an organic amount, and a sufficient supply of oxygen remains in the blood for quite a long time, ensuring the functioning of the brain. The onset of oxygen starvation is delayed by tens of seconds, sometimes you have to wait much more than a minute for the result.

It is difficult to carry out such sparing variants of techniques without reliable relaxation of the object, which has a margin of time for release from a suffocating hold. Such techniques are not applicable in a group fight. The psychological trap inherent in this group of techniques lies in the fact that after a long struggle during strangulation, the performer may not realize that the object has already lost consciousness and continue to squeeze his throat with force.

The sudden relaxation of the muscles that accompanies loss of consciousness usually results in the subject receiving a retraction or fracture of the thyroid cartilage, even if the performer did not seek it, which already threatens to be fatal. Techniques of the second group are used mainly in the course of the fight for destruction, in the fight for hard neutralization or in the fight for detention.

They can also be used in cases where it was not possible to make a capture that ensures arterial strangulation. Choking techniques of the third group combine the damaging factors of the first and second groups. In these techniques, the strengths of the techniques of both groups are summed up, but at the same time the risk of an unforeseen lethal outcome increases. The fourth group includes techniques that combine the damaging factors of the first and second groups or only one of them, supplemented by a traumatic effect on the spine.

This is the most effective group of techniques that allows you to deprive the object of the ability to fight in the shortest possible time. At the same time, if the performer has a good command of technique and knows how to "feel" the object during the fight, when using arterial strangulation, the likelihood of serious injury is minimal. The psychological trap inherent in this group of techniques, in addition to what was said about the techniques of the first group, is also that the performer can continue the impact on the spine with full force after the object has lost consciousness.

This will result in severe injury even in the event of arterial suffocation. Garment chokeholds are generally well developed in jujutsu, but there are much more effective variations of such techniques. According to the physiological effect on the body, they belong to arterial and laryngeal strangulations and can be performed both when approaching from the front and when approaching from behind.

When approached from the front, these techniques are somewhat less effective than when approaching from behind, since the object, subject to good preparation, in principle, has the ability to successfully resist, while approaching from behind, it is more difficult to do so. Garment chokeholds, even when approached from the front, do not necessarily require relaxation of the subject, although such actions will not interfere.

These chokes allow the performer to have good control over the intensity of the hold, which makes it possible to avoid unnecessary harshness. They are applicable to any kind of single hand-to-hand combat. The techniques of this group also have a serious limitation - dependence on the clothes of the object. The widespread use of such chokes in judo, jiu-jitsu and other sports-applied systems should not be misleading.

Judoists and athletes of other disciplines are dressed in special, sportswear of a special cut, sewn from a material that is very tear-resistant and at the same time soft enough to ensure a secure grip. In a real fight, the opponent may wear clothes that are stretchy, such as a sweater made from a weak material, shabby, or overly rigid, such as a wet tarp.

Clothing can be so tight that it is difficult to grab it in a handful. Or it can be very spacious, such that a person will be able to turn almost around himself without removing it. A full grip on clothes in such conditions is impossible. Finally, the opponent may be completely naked and, as a rule, slick with sweat. In this case, there can be no talk of grabs for clothes at all.

Leg choke is used in prone combat. They can be applied to the throat, and then these techniques are similar to chokeholds without grasping clothes of the fourth group, since in the case of chokeholds it is very difficult to separate arterial chokeholds from laryngeal chokeholds, and when carried out to the end, they are very often accompanied by trauma to the cervical spine.

Everything that is written about these strangleholds fully applies to similar chokeholds with the legs, it is only necessary to make an allowance for the fact that the legs are much stronger than the arms, therefore such techniques are even less dependent on the difference in strength and physique of the performer and the object. The traumatic effect of their application occurs earlier and is more pronounced.

If a leg choke is applied to the body, it is a pulmonary choke. Everything that has been said about chokeholds by the throat can also be attributed to pulmonary chokeholds, with three serious exceptions. First, they take much longer to complete. Secondly, in the event of an injury, the object receives a fracture of the ribs in the area of squeezing the body, and this injury does not interfere with the restoration of breathing after the pressure is removed.

Consequently, lung chokeholds are less dangerous than those applied to the throat, and are quite applicable in combat for neutralization and, in some cases, for detention. Thirdly, in the case of pulmonary strangulation, success depends on the physique of the performer and the object much more than with laryngeal strangulation.

Such techniques require long and very strong legs, in addition, it is very rare to perform them against a person who is hypersthenic by type of physique or approaching him. Winter clothing further reduces the likelihood of a successful lung strangulation. Choking techniques require special attention, both in training and in combat.

During training, at all stages of training, it is necessary to observe the rule of three seconds, which means that any choke hold can be held for no more than three seconds, regardless of whether the partner gives the surrender signal or not. In the case of a successfully applied suffocation, three seconds is enough for the partner to feel the first signs of oxygen starvation in the form of mild weakness and dizziness in case of arterial suffocation, or increasing pain in the region of the thyroid cartilage or lower ribs, accompanied by dizziness and slight weakness, in case of respiratory suffocation.

The coach is obliged from the very first moments of learning choking techniques to accustom trainees to comply with the three-second rule under any circumstances, up to suspension from training in case of non-compliance with it. In cases where a trainee systematically violates the three-second rule, the question arises of his mental suitability for practicing applied hand-to-hand combat. Starting training in suffocating techniques, the trainer should himself, using both arterial and respiratory suffocation, carefully bring each student to the verge of losing consciousness so that they feel this line.

It is necessary that the coach knows the first aid techniques in case of loss of consciousness from suffocation and without fail taught them to his wards. In case of loss of consciousness, the first thing to do is to open the victim's eyelids and look into both eyes. If the pupils dilate and constrict, then the victim himself will soon regain consciousness.

To speed up recovery, you can take it under the armpits, lift it up and shake it, or rub both ears strongly with your palms. You can also blow hard on his nose. Another way is to sit the victim down and hit him hard with the palm of his hand on the spine in the area of the middle of the shoulder blades, then pat the palm on the right and left on the neck at the shoulders. If the pupils or one of them are steadfastly dilated, the person lost consciousness for a long time, and it is necessary to bring him to his senses.

The victim should be laid on his back, putting something under his shoulders so that his head falls back - otherwise the tongue may fall, and let him smell the ammonia. If ammonia is not available, you can tickle the victim's nose with a feather, a blade of grass, twisted thread, or a piece of paper to cause a sneeze. If necessary, make artificial respiration until spontaneous breathing is restored, but not by mouth-to-mouth method.

Strong sharp pressure on the eyeballs can also restore breathing. If, despite artificial respiration, independent breathing is not restored for a long time, it is best, without stopping it, to repeat the techniques described above.

Sometimes, in order to bring the victim of suffocation to his senses, they resort to pushes in the stomach, under the diaphragm. I absolutely do not recommend doing this. In principle, such actions restore breathing, but can also lead to squeezing out gastric juice, since as a result of suffocation, the victim has a relaxed sphincter that compresses the exit from the stomach into the esophagus. Therefore, gastric juice can get through the esophagus not only into the larynx and vocal cords, but also into the trachea and even into the bronchi, which will cause a chemical burn of these organs, accompanied by edema, which further makes breathing difficult.

After the victim has come to his senses, it is necessary to check him for the presence of residual effects of suffocation. There are three tests for this. Press on the eyeballs, then on the tragus of the auricle. If the victim feels a sharp pain, then he has not yet fully recovered. If there is no pain, you need to do the third test - smoothly move your finger left and right and back and forth in front of his eyes.

If there is twitching of the eyeballs when following the finger or if the gaze lags behind the moving finger, if the pupils constrict and expand not smoothly, but jerkily, when the finger moves back and forth, this also means that the consequences of strangulation have not passed. If the case occurs in training, the student should be suspended from the class until full recovery.

If this happened in battle, the victim should be provided with peace. As mentioned above, quite often as a result of the use of suffocating techniques, a fracture or retraction of the thyroid cartilage occurs, a symptom of which is the inability to breathe after the removal of the suffocating hold or shortness of breath with severe wheezing on inspiration and expiration.

First of all, it is necessary to facilitate the passage of air through the larynx. If the victim remains conscious, he should be placed on his knees, in a bowed position, his head thrown back and forced to stick out his tongue, while if breathing through the mouth is still difficult, he should try to breathe without effort through the nose. If the victim has lost consciousness, it is necessary to plant him and pull his head back to the limit.

If at the same time the passage of air is still impossible, then the tongue should be pulled out strongly. These are absolutely necessary initial measures for such injuries, providing at least some air access to the lungs. In this position, you should wait for qualified medical attention. In hopeless cases, for example, if it is impossible to provide at least partial breathing or if medical assistance is not possible, more drastic measures can be tried.

The simplest thing is to lay the victim on his back, putting something under his shoulders, stretch out his tongue and do artificial respiration from mouth to mouth and pressure on the chest at the same time, which can ensure the passage of air into the lungs. You can insert an endotracheal tube into the throat (it can be any elastic tube of a suitable diameter). You can try to put the thyroid cartilage in place. It is easier to do this when it retracts, but in absolutely hopeless cases - and in the event of a fracture.

There are two ways to do this. The first is to throw back the victim's head, put his hands on his forehead with his palm and inflict several light blows with his fist on it. The second way is to try to put the cartilage in place with a pinch *, simultaneously on both sides with four fingers and a thumb (while making sure that the skin on the front of the neck does not stretch and does not press on the thyroid cartilage) or by simultaneously pushing on both sides with the second knuckles of the fingers posterior-lateral sunken cartilage.

After elimination of retraction or displacement as a result of a fracture of the thyroid cartilage, the victim should not lower his chin. If these measures do not help, continue with the steps described above.

APPENDIX. Meaning of terms

Applied hand-to-hand combat does not mean a separate fact of physical power confrontation and not the name of a separate direction or school, but the very phenomenon of power confrontation in solving combat and service tasks, for self-defense, as well as to achieve any other goals, except for sports practice, and has a general designation for power confrontation systems designed exclusively for practical use.

Fight (synonyms: combat contact, clash, fight) - any forceful clash of opposing sides.

Type of hand-to-hand combat- according to the tasks, and therefore, according to the tactical and technical arsenal, applied hand-to-hand combat is divided into the following types.

1. Fight for destruction when both sides or one of the sides pursues the goal of physical destruction of the enemy; takes place in the course of hostilities, special operations and criminal attacks.

2. Fight for neutralization when both sides or one of the sides aim to deprive the enemy of the opportunity to fight without his physical destruction. This type of battle takes place mainly in civilian self-defense, in exceptional cases - when law enforcement officers perform their official duties (single counteraction to a group attack).

Depending on the danger of the enemy and the circumstances of the combat contact, the neutralization battle may have the following character. A fight for soft neutralization, when the physical impact on the enemy is, first of all, with the aim of his moral suppression. A fight for a sparing neutralization, when an injury is inflicted on the enemy, depriving him of the opportunity to fight, but not threatening his life and not causing injury.

3. Fight for hard neutralization when physical impact is exerted on the enemy in order to deprive him of the opportunity to fight at any cost, including inflicting injuries that could lead to injury and even threaten his life. In the latter case, the fight for neutralization differs from the fight for destruction in that the physical destruction of the enemy is not the goal of the fight.

4. Detention fight(synonymous with forceful detention), when one of the parties aims to arrest the other party, take it into custody, and ensure forceful control over the actions of the opposing party. It is an element of the activities of law enforcement agencies and private security structures, it is also found in civil self-defense.

A special case of a battle for detention is the capture of a captive "tongue" in the course of hostilities. Actions that are essentially forceful detention take place in the work of the personnel of psychiatric medical institutions - in relation to aggressive patients. The fight for detention has some similarities with the fight for neutralization, the main difference is that the forceful detention necessarily ends with actions that provide complete control over the detainee - pain fixation, handcuffing, tying, escorting.

Depending on the danger of the enemy and the circumstances of the combat contact, the engagement may take on the following character. Painless detention, when the detainee is controlled by force, but without causing him pain. Soft detention, when the detainee is controlled by pain without causing injury.

Sparing detention when a detainee is forced to inflict a slight injury in order to take him to a reception that provides control. Rigid detention, when a medium or severe injury is forced to be inflicted on a detainee during a battle.

Hypersthenic - By the nature of the physique, people are divided into hypersthenics, characterized by a barrel-shaped body, short thick limbs and neck, asthenics with a long thin torso, long limbs and neck, and normosthenics, occupying an intermediate position between the two. Naturally, pure types are rare in life; for the most part, people represent intermediate types between normasthenic and hypersthenic or between normasthenic and asthenic.

Group fight - Combat contact in which more than one fighter participates from each side or one of the sides.

Final action, reception - any technical action, definitively depriving the object of the opportunity to fight.

The performer is the side in the fight from whose position the actions are described.

Object - The opposing side in the fight.

A single battle is a combat contact in which one fighter participates on both sides.

Distracting activities, techniques - technical and tactical actions that ensure the pulling of the object.

Pulling is a technical and tactical action that forces the target to divide its attention between multiple targets or threats.

Relaxation

You never know where you'll be in a couple of hours. When will certain skills be needed? But as you know, it's better to know than not. This also applies to first aid for drowning and suffocation. Emergencies happen all the time, so armed with knowledge, someday you can save someone's life.

Respiration is a natural process during which the human body is saturated with oxygen. And strangulation is its termination, which can lead to death. Since the body, due to oxygen starvation, ceases to function properly.

In a closed space.

There are several types of strangulation:

From pressure: hanging, compression of the chest and abdomen.
From the closure of the respiratory tract with foreign objects - the ingress of any bulk substances, drowning.
In a closed space.

It is not difficult to perform actions to save a person from this type of asphyxia. First aid for strangulation is extremely important. In many ways, the life of a person depends on whether it is performed correctly. First aid for strangulation does not require a medical background. The main thing is to know the procedure.

First aid algorithm for strangulation:

Find out the cause and try to eliminate it.
Free the chest from clothing and everything that may interfere with free breathing. That is, try to completely expose the victim's chest.
Make artificial respiration. It should be performed if the person is unconscious and (or) unable to breathe in and out on their own.

The sequence of actions for artificial respiration:

Having wrapped a napkin around the fingers, free the oral cavity from foreign bodies.
Get on your knees, get closer to the mouth of the victim.
Move the tongue and hold it so that it does not collapse.
Cover the lips of the victim with a napkin.
Place one hand on the forehead, the other on the chin.
Take a deep breath. Hold the breath.
Pinch your nose with your hand. Exhale through the napkin on the lips.
Pull back and remove the hand from the nose, allowing the victim to exhale artificially.
The number of breaths per minute should be about 15.
After restoring breathing in the victim, cover the person with a blanket. Do not leave and constantly monitor him until the arrival of doctors.

Most often we hear about this type of asphyxia in the summer, during the swimming season. Many are not able to adequately calculate their capabilities and, as a result, ruin their lives.

Drowning is a type of asphyxia performed mechanically by liquid entering the respiratory tract of a person. Roughly speaking, after the penetration of water into the lungs, there is no opportunity to receive oxygen, as a result, cardiac arrest and death occur.

There are two types of drowning:

Blue type. Option when fluid enters the lungs.
Pale type. A variant when the liquid does not enter the lungs.

Most often we observe the blue type. Therefore, consider first aid using the example of drowning in a pond. This happens often, somewhere by negligence, sometimes in a state of intoxication - there are many reasons.

Call an ambulance.

Initial signs:

increased respiratory rate;

The respiratory rate slows down;

First aid for drowning and suffocation are similar. Algorithm of actions of the rescuer:

Get the victim out of the water. This should be done carefully, making sure that nothing is in the way. If a fracture of the spine is suspected, the victim should be taken out using a hard surface (board, shield, etc.).
Lay the victim on your knee, thereby allowing the remnants of the liquid to flow out of the nose and mouth. Having wrapped the fingers with a napkin, clean the victim's mouth from foreign objects (sand, mucus, vomit, etc.).
Call an ambulance.
On the carotid artery, try to feel for a pulse. It is not recommended to look for it on the wrist, as it is more difficult.
Listen for a heartbeat. Perhaps it will be very weak.
In the absence of the two previous indicators, proceed to artificial respiration and chest compressions.
After the restoration of the pulse and heartbeat, lay the victim on his side. Cover with a blanket. Keep under constant supervision until the arrival of doctors.

First aid for asphyxia depends on the reasons that caused it. The provision of first aid for asphyxia in each case has its own specifics and possible limits.

Today, the concept of asphyxia is used quite widely and includes cases of violent and non-violent suffocation, as a result of liquid or food entering the respiratory tract, as a result of other pathological processes, or respiratory arrest as a result of paralysis of the respiratory muscles or the respiratory center.

Symptoms of incipient asphyxia of a non-violent nature can manifest both abruptly with rapid dynamics, and gradually with a slow increase. In both variants, they develop with increasing difficulty in breathing according to the following scheme.

Initial signs:

Overexcitation, anxiety, fear;
increased respiratory rate;
the emphasis in the respiratory cycle is on inhalation;
acceleration of the heart rate, increased pressure;
blanching or redness of the face;
a strong cough aimed at eliminating an object that interferes with breathing (with obstructive, stenotic asphyxia);
stretching the neck, sticking out the tongue, opening the mouth strongly, tilting the head, and assuming a posture that facilitates breathing.

Symptoms of increasing asphyxia:

The respiratory rate slows down;
the emphasis in the respiratory cycle shifts to the expiratory phase;
heart rate slows down, blood pressure decreases;
the skin becomes gray or bluish in color.

Signs of asphyxia of a violent nature, such as strangulation and drowning, are always obvious. As a rule, in these cases, the victim is unconscious, depending on the duration of suffocation, he may have a pulse, convulsions, and discoloration of the skin.

Whether first aid is provided for asphyxia depends on whether a person survives and how much his health suffers.

While the ambulance is on the way, you should try to provide first aid yourself. There are few options for action. All of them are aimed at eliminating the cause that caused suffocation. Accordingly, depending on the cause, certain steps should be taken.

If a person is conscious, then there is still time to try to correct the situation:

Explain to the victim that he should not inhale deeply and sharply, but need to do intense exhalations and coughs, trying to push out the object that interferes with breathing with air pressure.

Sit or lay the person down so that breathing is less of an inconvenience.

For obturation syndrome, use mechanical methods (described below).

In cases where the flow of air in the respiratory tract has stopped due to compression (i.e., physical suffocation), then first aid for asphyxia involves releasing the neck from a squeezing object.

As a rule, a person after violent strangulation is unconscious, there is no breathing. The heart can still beat for 5-15 minutes even with stopped breathing. Therefore, first of all, if the victim has lost consciousness, then he is laid on his right side, the pulse on the carotid artery is checked or the heartbeat is heard with his ear in his chest.

If heartbeats are heard, then, when providing first aid for asphyxia, they are guided by the following algorithm:

The victim is turned over on his back;

throw the head back a little;

the lower jaw is pushed forward;

open the mouth (if necessary, use a spoon);

check if the tongue is sunk and does not block the throat;

if the tongue interferes with the passage of air, then take a piece of cloth or a napkin, and forcibly pull the tongue out (this can be difficult, use a spoon to change the position of the root of the tongue).

After that, begin to do artificial respiration:

The victim's mouth is covered with a handkerchief;

the lips of the resuscitating person are in close contact with the area around the mouth of the resuscitated person, the nose is pinched;

a strong deep exhalation is made so that the victim's chest rises slightly (raising the chest shows that artificial respiration is done correctly);

exhalation by the victim is done independently.

Forced inhalation lasts 3 s, exhalation - 1-2 s. The number of cycles per minute is 12-15.

Artificial respiration continues until the resuscitated person shows signs of his own breathing or until the arrival of emergency help.

After the victim has even the slightest signs of his own respiratory activity, artificial respiration is not stopped. Continue external support after 1 respiratory cycle until breathing returns to normal.

In cases where the tongue does not allow mouth-to-mouth breathing, the mouth-to-nose scheme is used according to a similar algorithm.

With the development of respiratory failure caused by chronic diseases, a person is usually placed in a horizontal position on the right side. Another position is also possible, in which the patient can breathe most easily. Depending on the chronic pathology, drugs are given that alleviate the condition.

Obturation in the context of suffocation is called blocking the passage of air by an object that accidentally enters the respiratory tract. If mechanical suffocation is caused by a foreign object, then several methods of first aid for asphyxia are used.

Standing

This is the main method of first aid for asphyxia, which is known to everyone, if not from personal experience, then at least from films.
A person is clasped "from behind" with hands taken "in the lock" (i.e. one hand in a fist, the second hand clasps the fist so that the position of the hands is perpendicular to each other) in the area slightly above the navel and below the ribs.

In order for the procedure to be successful and effective, the shoulders of the person providing first aid for asphyxia must be lower than the shoulders of the person being treated. That is, the victim should, as it were, be lifted up in the arms of the person helping him. Or, on the contrary, the helper should sit down a little to become lower than the victim.

With effort, a series of quick rhythmic pressures is carried out, making sure that the main effort falls on the pressure of a clenched fist at the point of contact of the thumb with the body of the victim. The series of pressures is repeated several times with 5-10 second breaks between them.

Lying down

If the victim has a lot of weight, then it is often impossible to effectively do the actions described above in a standing position. In order to provide first aid for asphyxia in this case, you can use the method in the prone position.

The person is placed on their back. The place of application of the force is the same as in the standing position: the upper abdomen in the center directly under the ribs. The fist is placed on this area, the second hand presses the fist. A series of fast reciprocating movements is made inward and upward, i.e. at an angle of approximately 45 0C to the horizontal plane.

Face down and head tilted

Alternatively, the person is placed face down with the head below the chest. Then, with rhythmic strong movements along a tangent (i.e., not at a right angle), they hit the area between the shoulder blades several times.

In a sitting position

The same method #3, but with less efficiency, can be used when the person is in a sitting position. We all know from childhood that if a person at the table choked, then he should be tapped on the back in the area of the shoulder blades. It is this maneuver that should be used, only to do it more intensively so that it is not a “tapping”, but a concussion of the chest.

The above methods of first aid for asphyxia allow you to increase intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure, change the spatial location of a foreign body inside the respiratory tract and contribute to its release.

With the negative dynamics of suffocation and the ineffectiveness of resuscitation, an early hospitalization is required. Attempts to restore breathing should not stop until the arrival of doctors.

The video shows how to assist with obturation

Breathing is a critical process for life. Difficulty or lack of breathing is a medical emergency. Therefore, in all cases, it is necessary to call doctors.

Qualified doctors have the necessary set of tools and methods to solve the problem of suffocation. First aid for asphyxia should be provided until the condition improves or the arrival of doctors.

Suffocation or asphyxia is a difficulty in breathing that is caused by a lack of oxygen. Because of this, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the body increases. The disease leads to the cessation of oxygen supply to the brain. Therefore, in case of suffocation, first aid is simply necessary. Most often, asphyxia occurs as a result of a foreign body entering the respiratory tract.

State types:

non-violent (cardiac asthma, swelling of the larynx as a result of allergies, and others);
violent (overlapping of the upper respiratory tract, squeezing the chest or neck).

One of the most difficult sections of self-defense is protection from strangulation with a noose. Hand-to-hand specialists can offer us very few sane techniques.

HOOK(garrote) is a strong thin cord, usually equipped with ring-shaped or oblong handles at the ends. But if the noose (garrote) is a specially prepared choking weapon, then a string or fishing line is an improvised weapon.

noose

Ordinary rope (towline) is also often used as a suffocating and flexible weapon. According to the hair dryer, the rope is called “karbole”, “kigma”, “village”, “slings”, “hevel”, “vareya”; rope with a loop - "officer's harness". Actually strangulation is called as follows - “throw a strap”, “hold the car”, “grant” (a specific method of strangulation when the victim is located in front of the attacker).

It is clear that the noose is a weapon used exclusively for deliberate killing.

When strangling with a noose - you will only have a few seconds before losing consciousness if you overslept the throwing phase.

There are plenty of ways to kill a person. Civilization has not bypassed such a non-trivial and very painful as strangulation with a noose. Humans have been strangling humans, it seems, throughout the history of our species. True, most often purely natural weapons were used for this - fingers, elbow bend. Later, soft and weighty items were used - for example, pillows. But still, at some stage, people realized that a special device in the form of a cloth tape, rope, metal wire or a strong leather cord is best suited for these purposes. And things will go faster if you equip this device with additional handles. Thus, the garrote was born.

Here, however, there has been some confusion. The Spanish word "garrote" itself means "twisting, tightening." And it refers not so much even to a device for a silent murder, but to a special device for the official death penalty. Initially, the garrote was just a noose with a stick. This noose was thrown around the neck of the convict, and the stick was used as a lever for tightening. The strangulation passed slowly, painfully and edifyingly. In general, everything you need for a demonstration execution. Later, the device was improved, and it began to consist of a special chair, a metal loop and a screw. Sometimes, for humanity, they added another point, which crushed the cervical vertebrae and accelerated the execution process. By the way, the last official use of such a garrote took place in Spain in 1974.

Nevertheless, the name is firmly entrenched in the murder weapon. Not just with a piece of rope or a belt picked up along the way, but behind a specially made device, which, due to the handles and the small section of the loop material, made it possible not only to apply more force to the strangulation process, but also cut the neck and crushed the trachea.

Worshiping the dark goddess

As you know, in India, a polytheistic country, there are many gods. And not all of them are distinguished by creative inclinations and meek disposition. Among the galaxy of aggressive deities, Shiva's wife, Kali, stands out. It was she who was worshiped by members of the infamous sect of killer-stranglers - the Thagas. In our country, they became known thanks to the translation of Gilby's book "Secret Martial Arts". There, the thugs were described as masterful masters of murder, a kind of Indian ninja. From this work, the bike about their irresistible art went for a walk. But the fact is that the author has repeatedly received serious complaints about the veracity of the material presented. Let's try to figure it out.

The first Europeans to face Indian stranglers were, of course, the British. They left (before thugs were wiped out) the most intelligible descriptions. So. Stranglers existed and did indeed commit their murders in honor of Kali. The method of killing was also chosen for a reason. After all, the goddess did not welcome the shedding of blood, which means there is only one way out - to strangle. For this, a special silk scarf "rumal" was used. Everything was thought out. The silk glided easily and quickly tightened around the victim's neck, and the handkerchief, unlike the cord, tightly fitted the neck, blocked the main blood vessels and did not allow the victim to easily slip out of the grip.

The tactics of the thugs were not based on a single attack. Everything was much more trivial and efficient. Stranglers acted as a group. While some distracted the victim, a special militant - bhutot - threw his rumal around her neck. Next is the matter of technology. If the unfortunate man began to kick, the whole crowd fell on him and pressed him to the ground. Of course, all members of the secret community of Thugs, to one degree or another, were trained in strangulation techniques with a silk scarf, but it is hardly possible to call this a system or a martial art. Rather, they were the simplest tricks common in the criminal environment around the world.

Excursion to anatomy

To understand how the stranglehold works, it is necessary to consider the strangulation process in anatomical detail. In fact, when squeezing the neck, there are two options for turning off a person. The first of these is provided by the overlap of the airways. This is a costly and time consuming process. The second (more common) is the compression of blood vessels, namely the carotid artery. The blood stops flowing to the brain and - hello. By the way, this requires a force of only 5 kg. For comparison, in order to block the airways, the force must be about six times greater.

The right to kill.

The noose is difficult to attribute to a legal weapon. It is understandable, because it is a murder weapon. Moreover, the murders are deliberate and calculated. Therefore, it is used only in two areas of human life - in criminal circles and, of course, in the army. Everything is clear with bandits - most often they use a noose to attack taxi drivers. A person sits in the back seat and at a certain moment throws a pre-prepared cord around the driver's neck. All. We've arrived.

In the army, the noose is used where it is necessary to quietly attack the enemy from the back. That is, in order to remove the sentry. But this method is long gone. A knife and a silent weapon give the attacker a much better chance. After all, no one is insured that the object will turn out to be more massive and stronger than the attacker, that at the most unnecessary moment the loop will slip off the trachea or the sentry will still have time to pull the trigger in convulsions.

A popular myth today is associated with the use of a noose by the army. Like, there is a special device - Jigli's saw. It is included in the equipment of special forces soldiers, and if used as a noose, it cuts off the head of the enemy completely. This bike came out of the book "Fighting Machine" by A. Taras. In fact, this tool, of course, is part of the military ammunition, but not for special forces, but ... for doctors. The fact is that Gigli's saw is a medical instrument and is designed to cut bones, not enemy necks.

Stranglehold today.

The noose is still in service today. And not only among legal and illegal killers. On some American sites you can find ads for funny devices based on it. More often, they are disguised as a watch strap and are presumably used for self-defense. But the noose, of course, cannot become a mass hobby: the scope of its application is very narrow. And the effectiveness in combat remains highly controversial.

Here, for example, are the words of A. Kochergin, a well-known domestic specialist in the field of hand-to-hand combat, published on a branch of his forum dedicated to the noose: "Unlike many of you, I was looking for answers to these questions in the loop, the first time with two baboons at the ends of the rope wrapped around the neck. Well, no shit, it just hurts a lot ... In general, they choke the one who is frozen. If you just try to turn in the direction of the enemy, choke will be impossible. ”

Methods to resist the stranglehold A. Medvedev.

1 Do not let anyone behind you.

2 Try to react to the throwing of the noose with the next movement of the hands.

From under the jaw to the ears...

If even one hand is caught between the noose and the neck...

Pull the noose over the head, around the face ..

If you overslept the cast - try to get your palm from the back of the head ...

Traffic...

The noose is often used in attacks on taxi drivers.

Quite often, people who are up to no good when getting into your car prefer to be in the back seat, behind you. This will make it easier for them to attack you.

Nooses come in many types, very thin ones that can cut through your throat, short ones and long ones. As soon as they put a noose on you, in no case do you need to panic, you need to open the door with one hand and immediately lower the pelvis to create a lever. The chair headrest works for you.

After that, we grab the nooses with our hands and begin to pull them away from the neck, trying to unscrew the lever that we have created. This will allow us to throw off the noose from our heads and quickly jump out into the already open door.

An experienced attacker will stop you from creating leverage and tilt his head as close to yours as possible.

Do not forget that our seat can lower its back. Slightly lowering the back of the seat, we create a lever.

Since the enemy will pull the noose on himself, it will be easier for us to throw it off our head.

If the attacker is inexperienced, then after he throws a noose on you, he will try to pull the noose on himself as much as possible and tilt the body back. This will give us an advantage, and we will be able to grab the part of the noose that is behind our seat with our hands.

More examples.

1 You are a driver. The car is standing. Bully in the back. He throws a loop (rope, fishing line) around your intelligent neck.

If you managed to react - lower your chin, tilt forward, put your hand out, then you are MO-LOD-CA! Well, if you didn’t have time, then, accordingly, no. God bless her - with a noose, then you will find out what she is made of. Turn your head to the side - to the right to remove the Adam's apple, at the same time quickly turn yourself to the right as much as possible to get the enemy. And he will be nearby, since the following fact is a feature of such an attack in a car. To effectively throw the rope, the attacker must rise from the seat, lean over it slightly to get closer to you. So so. With your hand (left), grab the enemy by the hair, tear-drag towards you. No hair, hit with your fingers in the eyes, scratch. Hit your nose with your fist, break it. All means are good in the name of saving your neck and car. If you are agile, then you may be able to kneel on a chair and reach out to the villain with both hands. And as soon as the loop loosens, or the scoundrel releases the noose, get out of the salon. Warm up now in hand-to-hand combat on the ground.

2 The vehicle is on the move. The passenger from the back seat puts a noose on you and tries to strangle you.

If your hands did not have time to intercept the noose on the way to the throat, forget about it altogether. Lowering your chin, turn your head to the right (this will free the larynx a little and give, albeit small, but the opportunity to breathe), at the same time unfasten the seat belt that binds you. Next, try to turn back as much as possible so that the enemy is in your reach. Now, depending on the situation, all available means of attack can be used. Grab the attacker by the hair or arm and pull towards you. The attacker's hand should not just be grabbed, but try to give it an unnatural position (twist) or just bite. Regarding hair, it should be noted that some mods may not have them. In this case, the best way out is to try to attack the eyes of the attacker. This will not only bring pain to the opponent, but also cause him to loosen his grip.

If you still manage to seize the initiative and stretch the enemy's head between the front seats - great! Now you can experiment with the brake and gas pedals. Emergency braking will cause the attacker to lose balance and therefore discourage him, but you should remember that if you are no longer strapped in, you can fly forward with him. Remember, in the event of an attack from behind with a noose, the main thing is to loosen the noose around your neck, then self-defense in the car will be successful. As soon as you succeeded, you should immediately throw it off yourself and hastily leave the car. Even if it keeps moving.